I aliʻi Markovnikov VV o Mānoa, a me examples

Ke Nine Inch reactions ma ka wahi o ka make ana o ka papalua hoopaa ma alkenes a me alkynes i loko o ka Triple ke hui kekahi mau (particles). He aha ka mea i na kanawai o keia kaʻina? Aʻu i aʻo i ka hana asymmetrical homologues o'etolina, a ma gidrogalogenirovanii hydration Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema VV Markovnikov. He loaʻa i ka naohʻano papa hana o ka pele hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ana i ka helu o ka hydrogen me ka kalapona e pili ana me ka papalua hoopaa. Ke kuhiakau i aku ma ke nä känaka 'epekema, hoʻopaʻa ma hope o ka discoveries i loko o ke kula o'ātoma' ole. Markovnikov ka rula i kau i ke kumu no ka haku o ka 'epekema pähola me ka pili ana. Ua apono 'oe, e oi ka maiau hoonohonoho i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o polymers, lubricants, waiʻona mai ke kino.

Markovnikov ka rula

Russian nä känaka 'epekema ma ka ha awina hoolilo nui manawa a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa' ana i asymmetric reagents IeIIeYOAʻano papa hana i unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ma kona 'atikala, paʻiʻia ma Kelemānia i ka makahiki 1870, VV Markovnikov huki mai i ka noonoo ana o ka' epekema kaiāulu ma ka selectivity o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka hydrogen halides me ka kalapona nā'ātoma aia ma ka papalua hoopaa i loko o ka unsymmetrical alkenes. Russian kanaka noiʻi kākau i nā ikepili ka mea, ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hoao ana i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Markovnikov i kākau i halogen pono hui i ka kalapona'Ātoma i loaʻa ka uuku helu o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma. Most Popularʻepekema hana loaa i ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia. He manaʻo ua kapaia ke kuhiakau o keʻano papa hana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ka "rula o Markovnikov."

Life a me ka hana ana o ke nä känaka 'epekema-aloha

Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov i hanau 25 (13 e like me ka 'atikala. Style) i loko o December 1837. He aʻo ma ke Kulanui o Kazan, a ao mai la hope ma ka ia kula a me ke Kulanui o Moscow. Markovnikov aʻo i ka hana o unsaturated hydrocarbons ma naoh me ka hydrogen halides mai 1864. Up a 1899, na aina e, kńnaka mai i paʻa nui i ka haʻina o ka Lūkini chemist. Markovnikov, koe nae ka noho aliʻi, ma ka inoa i loko o kona hanohano, i ka helu o nā haʻina.

• I loaa cyclobutanedicarboxylicʻakika;
• Au hoʻokolokolo i ka aila o ka Caucasus, a wehe ia ke aloha 'ona kūikawā haku mele' ana - naphtha;
• Au i ka mea likeʻole i loko o ka mahele heheʻe i ka omaka o na hui a me ka lala a me ka pololei kaula;
• hoao isomerism momoma nāʻakika.

Hana nä känaka 'epekema ka pilina me ka nui loa i ka ulu ana o ka wahi lulu Nine Inch hana a me ka' epekema.

Ke ae pā o ke kuhiakau i mua e Markovnikov

Ke nä känaka 'epekema i hoʻohala ai i na makahiki këia ka mea kemikala hou reactions i unsaturated hydrocarbons me kekahi papalua hoopaa (alkenes). Ua Ua kaulana ia ina ma ka huina lakou o ka hydrogen mohaiai, a laila ka mea, ua hoouna mai ai i ke kalapona'Ātoma, a iloko ona i kakauia oi (particles) o ia? Ueo. Ke anion ua pili i ka mea e pili kalapona. 'O kēia ka rula Markovnikov kona o Mānoa. ʻepekema ano akamai e wńnana i ka hana o na (particles), me ka 'ole o ka a ma ia manawa, he ole loa moakaka. E like me ka rula, a hiki i ka'etolina hydrocarbon hui hui lako me he haku mele 'ana HX, kahi X nei:

• halogen;
• OH;
• ʻakika koena o sulfuricʻakika;
• 'ē aʻe (particles).

Hoikehonua, kani Markovnikov rula ÿokoÿa mai ke nä känaka 'epekema mea haʻilula keimikala: he hydrogen'Ātoma mai ka NH nā lātoma attachable alkene ua kauoha e kalapona papalua hoopaa i mea kāinoa mua iloko ona hou hydrogen, a me ka X o ka huna hele ai i ka meaʻuʻuku hydrogenated'Ātoma.

Keʻano papa hana o ka IeIIeYOA o electrophilic (particles)

E noonoo i na ano o Nine Inch reactions ma i ka rula pili Markovnikov. examples:

1. Hou naoh o ka hydrogen koloriside i ka propene. Ma AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o na (particles) ua luku papalua hoopaa. ua kauoha Chlorine anion i ka hydrogenated emi kalapona ua aia ma ka waʻa hoopaa. Hydrogen reacts me ka hapanui o kēia mau hydrogenated nā'ātoma. Hana 2-chloro propane.
2. Ka wai lātoma hydroxyl hou naoh o kona wale nô ke hele mai i ka emi hydrogenated kalapona. Hydrogen ua pākuʻi i ka hapanui hydrogenated'Ātoma ma ka waʻa hoopaa.

Aia mau exemptions, mai ka manaoia Markovnikov rula i loko o kēlā mau reactions ma na reactants i na alkenes, ma a ka kalapona ma o ka waʻa hoopaa i mua i ka helu o ka io pūʻulu. Ua Nāna e koho i hapa 'ia' huina'ine nuʻa, a ua ana o Laielohelohe i ka ikaika hoopiiia hydrogen. Mai hahai ma muli o na rula, a ma na reactions hele ma'ano'ē ma mua o electrophilicʻano papa hana (Harish hopena). Kēia mau 'ia mai i detract mai ka pono o na rula loko koʻikoʻi Lūkini ke aloha chemist V. V. Markovnikovym.