Wai ua o ka mua ao Mū Kākela champion? World Mū Kākela poe koa e ae i waena o na kanaka

ʻO i kahiko Aigupita nanea Mū Kākela, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ka paia i pena o ka manawa. I kahiko, i paʻa i ka nâ Pâʻani 'Olumepika a me nā kahua kolepa o, no laila, he mea hiki ole i ka olelo Ano, owai la i ka mua ao nei Mū Kākela kanaka koa i ka manawa. Pono kanaka hoʻoponopono Aey? Acaeoey i loko o kēia wahi, hoomaka ae la wale mai ka Middle Ages, ka wā e hoʻomaka e hoolaha i ka puke mua o ka Mū Kākela kulana a me ke akamai o ka mea hihiu, a me ka paa hou pololei oe Competition.

Kāʻei kua o mea Mū Kākela Competition

Ua i loko o ka Middle Ages ua akeakamai pepa e hōʻike ana ma-hohonu, Ka Ikepili o ka laua. He hiki i hiki pono i puka mai i nā kākau o kēia puke Winners i lahui kahua kolepa o. No laila, nalowale a kokoke mythical noʻonoʻo i ka hana Frantsiska Visenta, nolaila ia i kuu ia ma 1495 ma Valencia. Akā, extant hana Damiano, paʻiʻia ma Roma i ka 1512, Auerbach la e plagiarize ka puke Vicente.

Kekahi luawai-ike mea kākau ua Luis Ramirez de Ka Lucena, ka mea i paʻiʻia kona puke ma ka 1497 i loko o Salamanca. ka wā e manao ka mea i ka mea mua i kona candidacy nui noonoo i ka loa kūpono honua Mū Kākela champion.

Kahua kolepa a me ihoiho o ka 16th - hapalua like-19th kenekulia

Ike loea Documentary hoike o nā hanana nui e pili ana i ka hoʻokûkû ma Roma i ka 1560 o kahi o ka Hōkū hele kekeka Lopez de Ka Segura, nāna i pepehi iā ka ikaika loa Mū Kākela âlapa pôhili me o ka manawa. Ka Madrid International Mū Kākela Ahaolelo Lahui i paʻa i loko o 1575, ka mea hele ma ka pā hale o ke alii, Philip II. Here pepehi hou Giovanni Leonardo Da Cutro, mai Italia.

Best o ka mea maikaʻi, mai 1619 Ua noʻonoʻo pono Dzhoakino Greko. Kēia ka mea pâʻani pôpeku i hele ai i kekahi'āina, a me Palani, Italy, England, Spain a me Amerika, lanakila ana a pau na âlapa pôhili me ikaika.

Ma ka 18th kenekulia ke kaulana Mū Kākela poe koa e ae e like me Kermyur mea pono a me ka Andre Philidor Frantsua Danikan. Ka mea mua loa Haliʻaaʻela ka aoao me Saint Bris, kahi ia o ke kahua i kekahi hanana moena (moena ua loio i laila, i kapaʻia) i loko o ka holoholona hihiu me ka moku. Philidor i loko o kona wa opiopio i ala ka loio, akā, i ka 1747 ma hope o ka London külike me Philip Stamm i ka maikaʻi loa pâʻani pôpeku.

An hana hoihoi ń Lui Sharlya Pulau de Ka Louis-Charles Pulau de Ka La Bourdonnais me A. MacDonnell, a i wahi i ka 1834 ma Lākana. Uwa maila ua Louis-Charles Pulau de Ka La Bourdonnais, eia nae ke ń i keʻakeʻa. I ka ia makahiki, no hoi ma London, Louis-Charles Pulau de Ka La Bourdonnais poho mau pāʻani i Alexander mc Donnell. Ke ń i ka makahiki 1843 ma ka London, kahi Pierre Sharl Furne de Ka Saint-Amand hele Howard Staunton i ole pela huali ia. Ia manawa ua noʻonoʻo i ka emi. Staunton i hoopai ma Saint-Amand ma ka ń ma Palika ma ka ia i ka 1843, koe he champion. I ka 1949, ua paʻa i ka hoʻokûkû ma London ma ka kikeke-mai nenoaiu, a i ka mua Genri Tomas Buckle.

E hoomaka ana mai o ke au hou o ka Mū Kākela

New takeoff ma Mū Kākela o ka manawa mai ka makahiki 1851, ka wā ua he nui Adolf Anderssen, ka mea i lanakila 'o ia i loko o London no ka mea kikeke-mai ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele. Ma keia kahua, mai nā'āina a pau i kono wale i ka maikaʻi loa aku. No laila, Anderson hiki koi no hoi ia ia i ka mea nana i ka mea mua honua Mū Kākela champion.

Hahai aku la he ao alohilohi i hoku pii Morphy i ka 1858. He e hoʻokele i loaa i ka ń Andersen ma Palika. Kēia ka mea pâʻani pôpeku lanakila 'o ia i gula lei aliʻi, a me ke kālā lei i ka 1859 ma ka Boston.

Official Mū Kākela poe koa e ae i waena o na kanaka

Ke kumu o ka kūhelu Competition honua-mea, he akea ua nō noʻonoʻo i ka 1866, ka wā pahee ma ka palapala i kapaia o "Poʻokela Honua". Ua 'ae' arguing e pili ana i ka mea i ka mua ao nei Mū Kākela champion e hooki aku. Add-ma Ua hoike pono Vilgelm Steynits, ka mea i lanakila 'o ia i kēia ń Andersen.

Akā, mai ka 1867 a hiki i 1883 honua mau hoʻokûkû poʻokela ia i hana, naʻe Kolisch inoa Vinaver, Neumann a me Chigorin i mōʻaukala. Hookomoia ma ka papa inoa o ka poe koa e ae Ioganna Tsukertorta, ka poe i lanakila 'o ia i ka hoʻokûkû Naha Pōhaku ma Lākana mai i ka 1883

Elua i loko o ka Mū Kākela naita i loko o 1894 no ka German Emanuel Lasker, ka poe i lanakila 'o ia i ka' Amelika Steinitz. ʻOiai ka Naha Pōhaku-hoʻokûkû 1895 ma Hastings, ua neʻe akula i loko o kolu o ka wahi, akā, me ka uwa o ka hoʻokûkû poʻokela, Harry Nelson Pillsbury ia i hai mai. Akā, Lasker lanakila ma Naha Pōhaku kahua kolepa ma St. Petersburg i ka 1914, a me ka New York i ka makahiki 1924

I ka 1921 Lasker nalowale aku i ka inoa o ka Cuban Jose Raul Capablanca. He lilo ka mea e hiki mai ana champion Aleksandr Alehin, Capablanca lanakila i ka makahiki 1927. Ke ń i ka makahiki 1935 mamuli lanakila 'o ia i ka Hōlani Mahgilis Euwe, Alekhine e hoʻokele e kuikui aku, akā,ʻaʻole wale, akā, me ke kōkua o nā grandmasters alai ae e Lasker. I ka 1937 Alekhine hoopaa iho ai i ka inoa, noho undefeated champion a kona make ana: Uaʻapu kōheoheo i ka Mū Kākela pôpeku i ka 1946

Mai 1948, i ka World Mū Kākela Hui (piliwaiwai) ua ia ma ka hoʻolālā o ihoiho, kahi i manao ia e ka Poʻokela Honua. I ka 1948, ua lanakila 'o ia ma Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR). He Ua UAIAaIN e compatriot Vassily Smyslov i ka 1957. I ka makahiki 1960 a hiki mai i ka uwa maila Mikhail Tal (USSR). I ka makahiki 1963 Botvinnik lanakila Tigran Petrosian (USSR), ka mea i lilo i ka makahiki 1969 Borisu Spasskomu. Ka lanakila i ka makahiki 1972, hele aku no 'Amelika Bobby Fischer. A laila, ua ka Russian Anatoly Karpov i ka 1975, a ma ka makahiki 1985 la oia maluna o Garry Kasparov.

UPS, a iho i lalo o ka makahiki hope

Ma waena o 1992 a me 2006, i ka vague manawa. I ka makahiki 1993, Kasparov hakaka me piliwaiwai, i nele anei o ka inoa (champion i ka 1992, hoomaka ae la e noonoo lawaiʻa), a ua hana i kona mau kuʻikahi - ka Mea Pâʻani Mū Kākela Ahahui. Ma lalo o ka hou hoʻolālā, Kasparov ua lanakila ma luna o Hula, a lilo champion i ka makahiki 1993 e like me ka PCA a me ka piliwaiwai i ka mua Karpov. No laila, ma ka huli ana o ke kenekulia i na poe koa e ae ikaika o ka Mū Kākela Kasparov, Karpov, lawaiʻa.

Next, i wae i ka waihona o ka piliwaiwai kikeke-mai nenoaiu, kahi he mau na poe koa e like Khalifman, Anand, Ponomariov, Kasimdzhanov, Topalov. PCA i wawahi i ka berita Poʻokela Honua la ia mea no ka mea Classic mana (lanakila ma luna o ke aliʻi champion), kahi Kramnik lanakila Kasparov i ka 2000. wale i loko o ka makahiki 2006 i ka unification külike ma waena o na poe koa e ae o nā XAaOOEN, kahi Kramnik luku Topalov e lilo i ka undisputed honua champion.

I ka 2007 ua lilo ka ikaika loa Viswanathan Anand. I ka 2013, oia i UAIAaIN e Magnus Carlsen.

Ka pono Mū Kākela âlapa pôhili me o ka Honua

Inā Mū Kākela poe koa e ae iwaena o na kanaka hiki ke Hahai I hoʻi kenekulia, wahine 'Imi komo i loko o nā Competition hoomaka lawe nei. Ua Ua helu mai ka makahiki 1927, ka wā London i kauoha aku e paa ana ia Women ka Championship honua me ka unahiʻole. Vera Menchik - ka mua ao Mū Kākela champion. He noteworthy ia, me he kaikamahine o ka Czech a me ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia wahine, hanau a me ka mai i ka 15 makahiki, ua noho ia ma Moscow, akā, laila, ua hoomakaukau oia me kona mau makua i ka' Enelani. Menchik hooko mai oia i inoa i loko o na ihoiho a me nā kahua kolepa o, a i paʻa i loko o kekahi kūlanakauhale a puni ke ao nei i loko o ka manawa mai ka makahiki 1927 a hiki i 1939, akā, i loko o ka makahiki 1944, ua make, a koe champion.

Kekahi naita i ka Soviet Mū Kākela pôpeku Lyudmila Rudenko i ka makahiki 1950, ka wā o ka hou Poʻokela Honua ń. Ua Ua UAIAaIN e compatriot Elizabeth Bykov i ka 1953. kekahi Soviet Mū Kākela pôpeku Olga Rubtsov lanakila hoʻi i ka inoa i ka makahiki 1956, akā, hou nalowale i ka bipi kāne i ka 1958, a laila lilo ka 'oi ma ka honua e like me Soviet' âlapa, akā, mai Hawaii: Nona Gaprindashvili i ka 1962 a me Maya Chiburdanidze 1978

Wale i loko o ka makahiki 1991 i ka ikaika loa Chinese Inā Tszyun, hāʻawi aku primacy Hunakalia Zsuzsa Polgar i ka 1996 a me ka hou, kū aʻela ia i ka luna i ka 1999. I ka 2001, lilo ae la ka naita Zhu Chen o Kina i ka makahiki 2004 a hiki i maikaʻi aʻeʻike Antoaneta Stefanova mai Pulakalia , pono, a ma ka 2006 ua lilo i ka mea mua Chinese Syuy Yuyhua. I ka makahiki 2008, i ka Lūkini ua lanakila i ka inoa o Alexandra Kosteniuk, ka mea i pomaikai ae la lakou i ka 2010 Chinese Hou Yifan.

I ka 2012 Ukrainian Anna Ushenina e loaa i ka inoa, akā, i ka 2013 ua hou maikaʻi Hou Yifan.