Where o ka Central Forest Reserve? Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve: ano, ano a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Like pono, i loko o ko makou aina, ua pono i ka malamaia no ka manawa a me ka hanauna e hiki mai i nā hanana kaiaola, kahi e hiki ke loaa ia ia ke ano maoli i loko o konaʻoe i palapala, e makaala i nā holoholona i loko o ke ku okoa ana, e hanu ola-e haawi ana o ke ala hea o nā pua a me nā lau nahele! Kekahi o ia mau kihi - Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Ua loaʻa he hana moʻolelo, he huikau i hala, a me ka makana nui. ʻepekema, pana aku au i kā lākou nui noiʻi, hiki kaulike i ke ola ana o nā Lūkini nā kaiaola. Akā, me ka hookoe mea hamama no a pau ano aloha. No na keiki e hookipa anaʻaneʻi. No ia mea, e paa ana ia hana hoihoi 'hana ma ke ano maoli, hele, a me Baba Yaga, e noho ana i loko o ka ulu lāʻau, ua hoʻolālā ihola no opiopio botanists a me zoologists maoli hōʻike.

Location

Central Forest State Nature Reserve ua aniiei? Ma ka aina o ka Tver māhele ma ka hema-komohana o Tver. Ma helu, ia ka wahi i pili i kokoke nui kulanakauhale Ua like penei:

• mai Moscow ma ka laina pololei a hiki i ke koena ma kahi o 285 ei;
• mai Kaluga, 274 ei;
• mai Vitebsk 212 ei;
• mai Smolensk, 175 ei;
• mai Tver, 167 ei;
• mai Rzhev 75 ei.

Ma 68 ei, mai ka hoomaluia kumu splashing kaʻao Lake Seliger.

Geographically, ka Central Forest State Nature Reserve o Nyos i loko o ka Hills Valdai, ma ka watershed (Caspian-Baltic), ka luna ino i o na muliwai Volga a me Western Dvina. Close a hiki i na palena o ka caiiaaaieea, kekahi 'ana i loko o kona mokuna, ua hahauʻia mai o ka honua kumu o na muliwai Meza, Tyudma, Tudovka, Zhukopa.

Ka Ike no?

Wahi ma kahi o ka he Central Forest Reserve Tver māhele 'āina, kŘpa a pono hoolaia a hiki i ka 20th kenekulia no ka mea, o ka lepo me nā hale, a windfall nahele'āina, kena ae la pilikia no ka papa hana. Ma ka 18th kenekulia i kapaia ka mea, Okovskim a Volkonski ulu lāʻau. Aia i ka wao nahele. Wale he kakaikahi, ua hiki ke lawe malumalu kauhale ma na muliwai a me Tudovka Zhukopa. I Okovskom ulu lāʻau i ioioie? Eiooaa? General Romeyko, Sheremetiev a me kekahi mau landowners. I mai la lakou a pau e hele mai iʻaneʻi, e imi aku, a me ka oi ana ma kekahi aoao o ka nahele ua ole hoʻohana ', a me Romeyko hou ma luna o lākou kuleana o ka nahele hoola mea, i pāpā' poaching a me ka deforestation,ʻaʻole naʻe ma luna o kekahi mau puʻu, he wahi stagnant ka wai, mahiʻai aeʻalo nenoai a hou-a-kuni i ka mea hana o ka ho'āpono wale'āina,'ō'ō palau ia a me ka pili ana? eeuo noho.

I ka 1905, hoopuiwaia lakou ma ke kipi, hoomaka ae la na mea nona ma mua o ko lākou'āina, e kuai aku, a me ka mea hou nona no ka waiwai i hana ma luna o ia mea a lakou i makemake ai. Ua iʻAʻole loli kulana, a ma hope o ka Nui OctoberʻOiʻenehana o 1017. Wale nō i loko o nā 20s o ka Soviet Aupuni no ka hoʻoponopono 'i ke kahe o ka mālama o kumu waiwai.

kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kumu

Central Forest Reserve Tver māhele 'āina ma luna o nā palapala i kukuluia i ka 1931 ma ka Ewa o New Year aiiia, ma 31 December. Eia naʻe, hoomaka ae la e hana ia hana i loko o ka makahiki 1925. A laila, ÷ ino Kumu o ke kumu kiʻina aʻo Institute ma Smolensk, Grigory Leonidovich lua kupapaʻu, alakaʻi i ka huakaʻi e noiʻi i nā waiwai maoli kokoke Moscow a me ka verdict e ia i ka Tver Māhele 'aina ma waena o ka Volga a me Northern Dvina pono hoʻomākaukau e lilo kūlohelohe me ke koe. Keia ua kue lumbermen ia mau wahi, a 'Imi kua i lalo i nā lāʻau loa waiwai nō a hiki i ka aina i lilo a pau nui. I ka 1930, lua kupapaʻu i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i ka hou huakaʻi, a ho'ākāka' ia i ka hou 'āpana no ke koena. Mai kona kahiko kaʻaʻai kahakai i loko o ka mea komo wale 3,000 aa. Mahalo i ka hoʻoikaikaʻana o kēia kanaka ikea Reserve a me ka lua kupapau lilo kona mea kuhikuhi.

hoao ana i ka pilikia

Ma 30-40s Reserve Central Forest kokoke Tver aʻu i hana pu ana, a fruitfully - kukulu oihana hale, keʻena hoʻokolohua,? Aaiiai? Eeuy o ke alanui. Hana, he 61 kanaka, no ka mea, he 15 ka maluhia kiai a me 21 kanaka noiʻi. Hoolilo nui ho'āʻo pono i ke koena opiopio kaiapuniʻo Vladimir Stanchinsky, i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i noniakahi kokoke e hana. Akā, ua'alapahi kēlā i kēia kanaka i loko o 1941, hoomaau, ua hoʻohiolo hoʻi i loko o ka halepaahao, i kahi i make ai i ka makahiki ma hope.

Aupuni nā pāhana o ka caiiaaaieea no i hele maikai, a i mea e hiki ai, e lawe mai i na haʻawina a me ka mai i pono keia mau mea ekoprogrammy, akā, ua kela aoao ke kaua. Ua nui na limahana ma ka leo kahea, a iho aku la i ka mua, i ke koena i imi e evacuate i ke koena a me ka kūloko kanaka irresponsible kauo mai i na mea a pau e hiki. I ka 1941, i ka guerrilla mokuna hoʻohana ma o ka hookoe. Na Nazis a me kā lākou mau henchmen policemen, e hele hohonu i loko o ka ulu lāʻau makau, akā, lawe pio aʻela i ka kikowaena Manor a me ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha, i luku ai i na mea he nui i hoiliili ole a me nā moʻolelo i kākau lima, ma o na la pōʻino i ka 265 000, a ua he alahula mau dala no ka Soviet'āina.

A hiki i ke alo hoʻoneʻe i ke komohana, i ka Central Forest Reserve laila, kona hana. Kona koʻokoʻo oia o wale 13 kanaka. People iki ma ka iki nalowale laila, hou i hana mai i kekahi keʻena hoʻokolohua. Akā, i ka 1951, i ka makahiki o ka resurrected hookoe ua paʻa a me nā limahana i 'ae waiho aku. Wale i loko o 9 makahiki, i i hou i looted, a lilo ka hailona, hoomaka ae la ka mea hou i ka hoola. I ka makahiki 1985, ua komo pū kēia koena i loko o ka UNESCO kūwaho hoʻi pukapuka o ka hoomaluia hoʻopunipuni. Ano ka mea, hoohana ae la o 'epekema oihana, ke kookoo o ke kiai, craniological keʻena hoʻokolohua kūmole wahi, i ka haumāna ke ola o kaʻeleʻele bea, kūkulu hou kauhale no? Aaiuo, kukulu hookipaiaʻe e hale, a me ka hokele kaʻahele no iauaeoia oo? Ecia.

'ole

Central Forest Reserve uhi ka wahi o 70.500 aa. Ua Ua maheleia i cii:

• Warren kāna mau 'ōlelo;
• aooa;
• ka naauao ana.

Ma ka hoomaluia Kernel (i ka wahi o 24415 aa) kekahi ha awina e aʻe i ka Eco-koena ma ka ano. Aia He He oo? O loa koena, ka mea, o ke kulanakauhale hoano e.

Aooa? Iay - he loloa o ka aina ma ka Kernel anapuni laula o 1 ei, a he iauae ieiuaae o 130 km2. Ma ka mea e badger noho capercailyeʻikena me ke koe, mau palena, kūlohelohe kia hoʻomanaʻo i.

Na ka naauao ana o ka wahi like ka mea, ua mau keʻena kapu a me ka capercailyeʻikena. Eia hou, he mau wahi mea i 'ae' e ohi i Fish, cranberries a me nā hua, mowing mauʻu, lawaia mau laau la e hopu i ka iʻa.

maoli Hiʻona

Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve moe ma ka hilly papu, Kīwala'ō ma lalo ano o mauʻaʻei ke ola. Luna o kaʻilikai, kona elevation mea 220-280 mau mika. Ke me ke koe ?? eoi? Ua poe e moraine kualono. Aia Ua hoi he Lake pa holoi. I mau, He wai he hailona - no ka mea, 1 km2 ma kahi o 750 mika o nā kahawai, a muliwai. Groundwater he 3 wale mika mai ka 'ilikai. Nui wahi (6323 aa) uhi i Swamp. I waena o lākou, "Verkhovskii ka limu", "Staroselsky ka limu", "Demikhovsky ka limu" a me ka nui "Katin ka limu."

Lepo me ke koe ole ka loa, he pono ole. Aia i turf, podsolic, Marsh, peat, humus, alluvial, glei primers a me ka like ana o ia mea, e laʻa me, ho'āno podsolic, peat podzolic gleyey.

Ke aniau i loko o ke koena wai, a me ma ka kauwelaʻawelike o ma kahi o +16 ° C, ma ka hooilo -10 ° C, lā lā, 45%.

Flora

Central Forest Reserve, kŘpa a ilihune flora, ma muli o ia ke 'o ke aniau a me ka lepo. Eia ua Kīwala'ō ma Europa kanu, wale 546? Ueo ka hapanui e ulu ana pono i loko o ka malu. Iwaena o lakou, i ka grassy - 490 laha 'o ka laau uuku, a dwarf laau uuku - 34 laha' o ka laau - 16? Ueony, moʻomeheu - 6? Ueo. Ke hookoe Ua ulu birch, Aspen (CO), elm, lehu, tidara, spruce (he mau wahi pakahi aku la ia waiwai hema taiga spruce), linden, lāʻauʻoka, alder.

Mawaena o ka herbaceous kanu, ua nui ka poeikohoia o ka Red Book, no kekahi laʻana, grozdovik, resurgent honesty, ka lede o ka slipper. O nā mea ulu a me nā pua i loko o ke koena e ike hiki camomile, mallow, Ivan ka Marya, ka bele, Fern, calla, Veronica, lungwort, avens, a me ma ka wahi lepo wai, a kokoke ia ulu blueberries, cranberries, cloudberries, blackberries.

? aaoa

No ka mākou wahi paradaiso lilo Central Forest Reserve. Animals laila, a hooku iho la 335-la? Ueo. Mammals ma ka hookoe i nui (bea, na iliohae, Moose, lynx, alopeke, kia, hihiu puaʻa, i hahaiia dia) a me ka meaʻuʻuku (rodents, opeapea, otters, minks, ferrets, ili,ʻiole, hedgehogs) - i ka huina o ka 56? Ueo. I ike ia ma ka hookoe amphibians (rana, toads, newts), o ua moo nei, nahesa. Ma ka muliwai, a kahawai e kahe ana ma ka mokuna o ka caiiaaaieea no ua loaʻa 18? Ueo o ka iʻa. Akā, no ka nuiʻanoʻaneʻi, o ka papa, manu. 250? Ueo i ua kākau i loko o nā mea a pau o ia mau mea. Na lala chirp warbler, goldfinches, orioles, blackbirds, flytrap, finch, warbler, Robin, ke koko na alani. Night pueo e hele e imi i a me ka pueo, peregrine lā Ply, kikokikoʻaeto, gulaʻaeto, ulaula-wawae eha manu lele. Near loko aiacayueony Duck, woodcocks, o Ulili, nā manuʻioʻio, aredea. I ka mea hoʻonani o ka caiiaaaieea no i ka capercaillie, a i pela hoomaluia mai poachers.

Food no ka hapanui o na manu i nā mea kolo, a ua manaʻoʻia hoʻi i loko o ka hookoe 600? Ueo. Ole a pau o ko lākou mau 'elele eʻoluʻolu, e nana i a me ka mea hewa ole, akā, e pili ana i ka nani o Letra Kolohe Kai,ʻaʻohe kekahi hoopaapaa. Ka mea, he 250? Ueo. Ka loa nui Adimarala, keleawe-hahai, perlamutrovka, limonnitsa, polygonia.

hele'ūlili

Central Forest Reserve Biosphere rad a me nā kao keiki a me nā mākua pū. Here, ano ipo e iai? Oaiaaou mau'ūlili. ʻEkolu o ia e pōkole, e pili ana i ka kilomika o loa, akā, hana hoihoi. Here, mākaʻikaʻi ma e kali ana no Baba Yaga, akā,ʻaʻole eʻai ia, a, e haawi ia lakou i ka hoao ana o ka ike ana o ke 'ano o kēia mau wahi. Trail i:

1. "Nei Forest Okovskogo". Ekolu haneri tidara uluʻaneʻi 46 mika kiʻekiʻe, hoʻonoho niio? Paepae ai, a me ka ala a pau, he sapeiro me ka papa.
2. "Forest Hawaiʻi". Kēia Trail mea hana hoihoi 'e noiʻi i nā ko läkou' o ka nahele e noho ana, Eia kekahi laʻana o ka a i waiho ia ma ka papa.
3. "Staroselsky ka limu." Kēia Trail holo ma ke piholo maila, akā, i wālua i ke alanui papa. Ma ia oe e mahalo ole wale na manu (lapwings, sandpipers, wagtails, nā manuʻioʻio), akā, i Moose hoi bea, a i kekahi manawa hoʻokokoke i ke piholo maila i kaʻai hua.

No nā mākua i loko o ka hookoe hoʻololi i? Ooia o ma kahi o 25 ei ma ka lōʻihi. Ka mea, alakai hohonu i loko o ka ulu lāʻau, a i ka chaperone. Kēia "Red Mill", "Barsuchiha" a me ka "Siberia". Ma? Ooia lako pono hale, kahi au e hoʻonānea, eʻai a hiki i ka hiamoe nui.

Haʻalele 'ana a me nā kumukūʻai

Central Forest Reserve ma ka Tver Māhele 'Ua hamama i nā malihini a pau hebedoma (koe Poaono a me Sunday) mai 10:00 am a hiki i 12:00 pm o ka lā, i ukali ma ke awakea o ka hora, a laila, mau, e hana me ka 13-00 lā i 16-00 pm. Ka uku no ka komo mea:

• makahiki i ka 10 makahiki - 50 rubles;
• i ka 16 makahiki - 75 rubles;
• nā mākua - 150 rubles.

Kākoʻo ma ke ala hele lōʻihi o 25 ei ke kumukuai o 1000 rubles no 1 lā.

A kipa i ka iau koina 250 a hiki i 400 rubles (ke kaumaha ma muli pae nui).

Moe i ka pō i loko o ka hookoe mea hiki no 300 rubles no ka lā (ma Zaimka, a ma ka dormitory) a me 600 rubles i loko o ka hale malihini.

Hoolilo i kekahi kulanakauhale Nelidovo (42 ei, mai ke kauhale Timeless) i loko o kekahi ao ao o ka mai 600 a hiki i 3000 rubles, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka amo pa alima papa.