Where ua synthesized rRNA. RRNA Ribosomal RNA: characterization a me ka ano o ka 'ole

Hakakino kālaimeaola i këia ka 'ole a me ka hana ana o ke aloha nā lātoma mea e i keena e noho ana o nā mea kanu, a me nā holoholona kānaka. Pepeiaohao nui mawaena o lakou ua haawiia mai i kekahi pūʻulu o nā hui kapaia nukelea (nukelea) nāʻakika.

Aia i mau ke ano: deoxyribonucleicʻakika (DNA) a me ka ribonucleic. Ka hope loaʻa paha kekahi mau hoʻololi 'ia: mRNA, tRNA a me rRNA, a oko i loko o kā lākou hana a me ka wahi o ka IIeEeAIEUAA i loko o ka halepaahao. He 'atikala ua hoolilo i ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka kēia mau nīnau: auhea ua synthesized rRNA ma prokaryotic a me ka eukaryotic keena, i ka kona 'ole a me ka manaʻo.

mōʻaukala 'ike

Ka mua scientific hoomanao o ribosomalʻakika hiki ke loaʻa ma ka haʻawina ma R. Weinberg a me S. Penman ma ka 60-ies o XX kenekulia, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka pōkole polynucleotide lātoma pili i ka RNA, akā,ʻano māhele' ole a me ka sedimentation kaʻi lau waiwai o ka 'ike a me ka hoolilo RNA. Loa pinepine, ua loaʻa lākou nā lātoma i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka nucleolus, a aeea organelles - ribosomes, kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kelepona hele kumuʻiʻo. Ka mea, i kapaʻia ribosomal (Ribosomal RNA).

Characterization o RNA

Ribonucleicʻakika, e like DNA, o ka pīlali no a na monomers i nucleotides 4 ke ano: adenine, guanine, uracil a me ka cytidine pili phosphodiester paa ana i ka lōʻihi hookahi-ili nā lātoma, ka hoʻoluli i loko o kaʻoni iho me ka oi luna 'ole conformation. Aia i kekahi lua-ili Ribosomal RNA 'ia i loko o RNA nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a nānā me DNA oihana: ka malama ana a me ka EYI o hereditary kāna moʻolelo.

Ekolu 'ano o nāʻakika loaʻa i loko o ka halepaahao loa pinepine mea: he mua, a me ka ike, RNA amo Ribosomal RNA, e i i i pili'amino nāʻakika, e like me ribosomalʻakika, Aia ma ka nucleolus, a me ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao.

Ribosomal RNA mea o ka hola 80% o ka ribonucleic nāʻakika ma ka halepaahao a me ka 60% o ka nui o ka ribosome - organelle, ke kelepona hele kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. A pau ma luna o laha 'ka mea synthesized (i kāna mete ia) i loko o kekahi mau wahi o ka DNA, RNA mau nā'ōewe. Iloko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka lātoma ohana kūikawā'ūhū - RNA polymerase. Place i loko o ka halepaahao, kahi rRNA ua synthesized - o ka nucleolus, i mea ma luna o ka karyoplasm Kora naʻEsau.

Nucleolus, kona kūlana ma ke hoʻololi kemikala o

Ma ka noho ana keena, i kapa aeea kalapona maopopo ma waena o kona mau papa - interphase. I keia manawa, ma o ka halepaahao nucleus anuanu kino granular hale i kapa nucleoli a me ka mea he nui ke keʻena o nā nō hoʻi a me ka holoholona aeee i pono i nanaia.

Ma hakakino kālaimeaola, ka mea i loaʻa i ka nucleoli i na organelles kahi rRNA ua synthesized. Hou hoʻokolokolo 'ana i alakai aku ai i ka loaʻa cytology māhele o ka halepaahao DNA i loko i nā'ōewe e kuleana no ka' ole a me ka hoʻololi kemikala o ribosomal nāʻakika i loaʻa. Ka mea, i kapaʻia nucleolar hoʻokuhikuhi.

nucleolus hoʻokuhikuhi

Up i 60-ies o ka XX kenekulia ma ka kālaimeaola ua ka manao i ka nucleolus hoʻokuhikuhi, Aia ma luna o ke kahua o ka haumāna constriction i ka 13, 14, 15, 21 a me 22 hui o chromosomes, i ke ano o ka hoʻokahi paena. Noiʻi 'ole i loko o ke ao o ka chromosome poino, i kapaia o aberrations, ua ike ia i ka manawa nahā i chromosome ma ke kahua o ka haumāna constriction ua hana nucleoli ma kela a me keia o kona wahi.

Ke'ī mai, i kēia 'hiki ke olelo: nucleolus hoʻokuhikuhi ninoieo o ole kekahi akā, kekahi mau loci (nā'ōewe) kuleana no ka ho okumu ana o nucleolus. Ua ilaila synthesized rRNA Ribosomal RNA ho okumu i ke kelepona hele subunit kumuʻiʻo-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes.

He aha mea he ribosome?

E like me ka olelo mua, a pau ka papa kuhikuhi ano ekolu o RNA nei i loko o ka halepaahao, i kahi o ka mea, e synthesized i loko o kekahi mau wahi - DNA nā'ōewe. Ke kūpono ribosomal RNA Ekolu a palapala pono a pau o ia me nā polokina - RNPs o ka i 'ano apau loa he integral hapa o ka wā e hiki mai organelles, no laila,-kapaia subunits. Ma ili ma ka nukeleaʻili lahilahi i loko o ka cytoplasm, e hele nei a me ka hana i ka 'amelika' ole i loko ona, ec ka lātoma, a nō-RNA, a, t-RNA, kapaʻia polysomes.

Ribosome lakou ia lakou iho i ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ma ka hana o ke kalipuna Ion, a nei i loko o ka palapala o ke kaʻawale subunits. Nana e hoole ia kaʻina ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā compartments o ka halepaahao cytoplasm kahi unuhi keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻomaka ai - e akoakoa nui ana nā lātoma ke kelepona hele nā polokina. Kaʻeleu aeea oi intensively e kahe ana i loko pūnao, o ka oi ia ÷ ribosomes. No ka laʻana, iwi lolo keena, hepatocytes a me kanaka vertebrate holoholona wehewehe aku ma ka helu nui o kēia mau organelles loko o ka cytoplasm.

Pehea nā'ōewe i encoded rRNA?

Ma muli o ka keia, me ka 'ole, ke ano a me ka hana ana o rRNA nā'ōewe hilinaʻi ma ka nucleolar hoʻokuhikuhi. Ka mea, i hoʻonohonoho loci i loaʻa nā'ōewe helu kuʻina no ribosomal RNA. O. Miller, e mālama nei i ka noiʻi i loko o ovogenesis newt keena, keʻano papa hana kukuluia functioning o kēia nā'ōewe. No ka mea, i synthesized kope o rRNA (no laila,-kapaia iniiaiie transkriptanty) i loaʻa ma kahi o 13h103 nucleotides, a loaa i ka sedimentation kaʻi lau waiwai o 45 S. A laila, ua paa keia huakai kaapuni oo ana kaʻina pau ano ekolu nā lātoma o ka pa-RNA sedimentation coefficients o 5,8 S, 28 S, a 18 S.

Keʻano papa hana o ka ho okumu o ka pa-RNA

A hoʻi hou aʻela ia Miller ho okolohua i hoʻokolokolo i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ribosomal RNA, a hoike mai i ka DNA lawelawe nucleolar kumu (mua) no ka ho okumu ana o P-RNA - transkriptanta. He pū i loaʻa i ka huina o ka'ūhū RNA polymerase nā lātoma hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka helu oʻiliahi ribosomal nāʻakika (mālama '-rRNA), a i hana ai. A laila, i ka maturation (aaioee), a me ka pa-RNA nā lātoma hoʻomaka koke hoopaa i na peptides, i ka hopena o ka ribonucleoprotein - hale mea ribosome.

Features ribosomal nāʻakika ma eukaryotic keena

Ka pono ole kumu a me ka nohona ma 'ole o ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai maomeka o prokaryotic ribosomes a me nukelea meaola nō i tsitomolekulyarnye oko ao. E loaʻa iā lākou, study noiʻi hoʻohana i ka hana kapa X-Ray Ka Ikepili. Ua Ua loaʻa i ka nui o ka eukaryotic ribosome, a ma keia hope aku i ka pa-RNA i komo i loko o ia, a nui sedimentation kaʻi lau waiwai o 80 S. organelle, losing makanekiuma Ion, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia me nā hoailona i loko o nā subunits 60 S a me 40 S. Small huna maupaʻa kekahi lātoma o kaʻakika a me ka nui - ekolu, a laila nucleated keena pihaʻi me ribosomes, oia o 4 polynucleotide helicesʻakika kēia mau 'ano: 28 ke RNA - 5 tausani nucleotides, 18 mau - 2 tausani 5 mau - 120 nucleotides, 5, .. 8 S - 160. ka hapa i kahi rRNA ua synthesized ma eukaryotic keena - he nucleolus disintegrations wahahee ma ka karyoplasm nucleus.

Ribosomal RNA prokaryotes

Haʻalele pa-RNA i loko o ka nucleated keena, i kāna mete ia mea koʻohune ribosomal ribonucleic nāʻakika ma ka'opihia hapa o ka cytoplasm i loaʻa ka DNA, a kapa nucleoid. Ua loaʻa ka rRNA nā'ōewe. Hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha, he mau ano i hiki ke poe ma ka ike rewriting kaʻina me ka pa-RNA nā'ōewe i loko o ka DNA kaʻina o ribosomal ribonucleicʻakika nucleotide complementarity me na rula o ka aaiaoe kivila: adenine nukleoitid hoʻopili like uracil, a me ka guanine - cytosine.

R-RNA koʻohune i ka lalo hakakino kaumaha a me ka liʻiliʻi Ana ma mua o ka nucleated keena. Lākou sedimentation kaʻi lau waiwai S 70, a me na subunits elua i nā hoailona 50 S a me 30 S. ka uuku huna he hoʻokahi lātoma o ka pa-RNAs, a me ka nui - elua.

Ke kūlana o ka ribonucleicʻakika i ka unuhi

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o rRNA mea e i ke kaʻina hana o ka biosynthesis o aeea kumuʻiʻo - LIVE. He wale nō i loko o ke alo o ribosomes i loaʻa rRNA. Hui pu ma ka pūʻulu, e nakinaki i ka DNA lātoma o ka 'ike ho okumu i ke kulekele. No ka mea, mai ka cytoplasm o aeee kupono amo lātoma ribosomal ribonucleic nāʻakika'amino e lawe ana i nāʻakika, a, i kekahi manawa, ma polysomes ua hoʻopili pū ma kaʻakika'amino makaukau na kaula paa e hana i ka pīlali - kumuʻiʻo. He mea no ka mea nui ke aloha hui keena hana nui nui oihana: e kukulu, amo, ikehu,'ūhū, maluhia a me ka hōʻikeʻana.

Kēia 'atikala hookolokolo aku la ia i ke ano' ole a me ka hōʻikeʻano o ka ribosomal nukelea nāʻakika i ke aloha biopolymers keena o ka mea kanu, holoholona a me nā kānaka.