Ka halepaahao nucleus a me kona kuleana pili i

'Ole a me ka hana ana o ka halepaahao i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution, undergoes i ka moʻo o ka loli. Ka muli o hou organelles mua ia e loli i loko o ka lewa a me ka lithosphere opiopio Honua. Kekahi o ka mea nui 'āpana ua i ka halepaahao nucleus. Ua loaa Eukaryotic meaola, ma muli o ia i ke alo o ka noho kaʻawale organelles, nui maluna iho o prokaryotes a koke mai i Kīwala'ō.

Ke kelepona hele nucleus, ke 'ole a me ka mana o ka i mea iki okoa ma kekahi nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko, ka hōʻoi' i ka pono o ka RNA biosynthesis a me ka hoolilo ana o aaiaoe 'ike.

me Kinohi

I ka lā, loaʻa nō nā papa kuhikuhiE hypotheses e pili ana i ke kahua o ka eukaryotic halepaahao. E like me ke kumumanaʻo o symbiotic organelles (e laʻa me, mitochondria ole flagella) lakou no kekahi prokaryotic meaola. Nā kūpuna o kēia eukaryotes ale iho la ia. E like me ka hopena he symbiotic meaola.

Na kāna mau 'ōlelo pela i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o oloko protrusion hapa o ka cytoplasmic ʻili lahilahi. Ua ua pono ia ma ka aoao o ka 'āpana o ke hou aoao o ke? Acaeoey o ke kelepona hele kino, phagocytosis. Hoʻopio aku i ka ai i ukali ia e ka hua i loko o ka degere o ka hoʻoneʻe o ka cytoplasm. Genofory ho i ka aaiaoe mea o prokaryotic halepaahao, a attaches i ka pā pōhaku, e hina i loko o ka ikaika "pele" ciia a pono ka palekana. E like me ka hopena, ka mea i hana i ka hohonu, hapa o kaʻili lahilahi invagination i loaʻa ka genofory pili. Kēia kuhiakau ua ho'āʻo ai ma ka mea ana i ka ili o ka Kernel ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i kaʻili lahilahi cytoplasmic o aeee.

Aia i kekahi mana o ka hanana. E like me ka mea hoʻomaʻi kuhiakau o ke kumu o ka nucleus, ka mea i hana i ka hopena o ka maʻiʻaʻai ana i keena o kahiko Archaea. Ua infiltrated DNA mea hoʻomaʻi, a ho'ōla loaa piha mana ma luna o ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana. ʻepekema manao i kēia kumumanaʻo hou pololei hopena ou wahi lihi iki o ka manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma kona lokomaikaʻi. Eia naʻe, i ka lā,ʻaʻole nō he paa loa hoike no kekahi o na? Ueony hypotheses.

One a oi

Ka hapa nui o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia eukaryotic halepaahao i ka nucleus. Ka lehulehu he hoʻokahi wale nō ia organelle. Aia mau, nae, a me na keena i pau ka liu o ka kāna mau 'ōlelo no ka mea, o kekahi o ka loiloi hiʻona. Mau nā, no ka mea hoike, ka mea ula koko keena. Aia nō kekahi mau keena (ciliates) a hiki mau Kora naʻEsau.

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahao nucleus

Ka nānā 'ana i nā' ano o ka meaola, ke kāna mau 'ōlelo' ole ua wehewehe aku ma ka lākou o typical organelles. Mai ka pahale halepaahao makahiki ua i pohā aku ma ka papaluaʻili lahilahi. Kona kūloko ma, a mawaho, ahu iho i loko o kekahi mau wahi merge, ho okumu i ka ili. Kā lākou hana o ka wehe ana o 'ona ma waena o ka cytoplasm a me ka nucleus.

organelles karyoplasm makahiki ua piha, i kapaia nukelea wai paha nucleoplasm. Ua Ua chromatin a me ka nucleolus ke aupuni '. I kekahi manawa, i ka hope o kēia mau organelles o ka halepaahao nucleus mea,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i loko o ka hoʻokahi kope. Kekahi o na meaola nucleoli, ma ka mea ku ole, aole.

ʻili lahilahi

Ke nukelea wahī ua hana o ka lipid, a he mau papa: ka pahale mawaho, a me ka pā. I mea, ia 'o ka mea hookahi halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Na kāna mau 'ōlelo hōʻike ana i nā kaha o ke endoplasmic reticulum ma ka perinuclear makahiki, a me ka lua i hanaʻia e nā iwi papa.

Ke pā a me nā pāʻili lahilahi i kā lākou mau 'ano i loko o ka' ole, akā, ma luna mau loa like.

Kokoke i ka cytoplasm

Ka mea mawaho, ahu iho ae i loko o kaʻili lahilahi o ka endoplasmic reticulum. Kona papa likeʻole, mai ka hope - he lehulehu kūpono kou kiekie o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka 'ole. Keʻili lahilahi mea i loko o ka hui 'ana me ka cytoplasm o aeee, kapa komo iā ia me ka ahu iho la ma ka waho o nā ribosomes. Ma ka loko o kaʻili lahilahi ua pili i ka lehulehu ili, ia mea he kŘpa a nui kumuʻiʻo eiiieaenu.

Ke pā, ahu iho

Ke alo i loko o ka halepaahao nucleusʻili lahilahi i kū'ē i ka pahale mawaho, i laumania, i uhi ma ribosomes. Ua hoʻohaiki ana karyoplasm. A ano hiʻona o ka pāʻili lahilahi - nukelea lamins, ahu iho naʻau konaʻaoʻao ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i ka nucleoplasm. Kēia mau 'kumuʻiʻo kanu'ōiwi nā kākoʻo iwi palapala, Ua hoʻomau ana ma ka rula o ka'ōeweʻana a me ka poʻea pau i ka IeIIeYOA o chromatin i ka nukeleaʻili lahilahi.

pūnao

Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka nucleus a me ka cytoplasm ma nukelea ili. Ka mea, i loa luna 'hale i hanaʻia e nā polokina 30. I ka helu o ka ili ma luna o kekahi kāna mau 'ōlelo i e okoa. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka halepaahao, hui, a me ke kino. No ka laʻana, ma kānaka o ka halepaahao nucleus hiki i mai 3 a 5 tausani loa kekahi rana ka mea, ke hele mai i ka 50.000.

Home i ka papa - ka wehe aʻe o ka waiwai ma waena o ka nucleus a me ke koena o ka halepaahao hakahaka. Kekahi mau nā lātoma komo iloko o ka ili passively, me kekahi hou ikehu hoʻokomo o. Ka mea, i He uuku ka nui. Transporting nui nā lātoma a me supramolecular pono a pau o pono i kekahi dala o ka pele ikehu.

Karyoplasm o ka halepaahao loaa ka synthesized i loko o ka nucleus, RNA nā lātoma. Ma ka mea ku pono kuhikuhi ua kaʻi aku nā polokina koi 'ia no ka intranuclear keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

nucleoplasm

Nukelea wai mea he colloidal pāʻoihana o nā polokina. He kaupalena Kernel iwi, a poai puni i ka chromatin a me ka nucleolus. Nucleoplasm - h ÷ wai i loko i nā waiwai i mea hoʻoheheʻe. Mau nā nucleotides a me nā'ūhū. Ka mua kupono no ka DNA hoʻololi kemikala. ʻO nā'ūhū limahana ma ka EKOLU, e like me ka hoʻoponopono a me ka DNA replication.

Ka 'ole o ka nukelea wai loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka moku'āina o ka halepaahao. Kā lākou mau - wahi, a ia lŘlŘ i ke ku e. Ka mua ano o ka interphase (ka manawa ma waena o papa). Ma keia hihia, no ka nukelea SAPʻokoʻaʻaʻahu o ka makana o nukelea nāʻakika a me unstructured DNA nā lātoma. I loko o kēia wā, he mea ka hereditary mea i loko o ka palapala o ka chromatin. I ka māhele o ka halepaahao nucleus ua pu ma ka hou 'ana o chromatin i loko o chromosomes. I keia manawa loli aʻe karyoplasm 'ole: aaiaoe mea loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau' ole, nukelea wahī, mai hemo mai i lalo, a ua hui me ka karyoplasm cytoplasm.

chromosome

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o nucleoprotein hale i hoohuliiaʻi i ka manawa o ka mahele o ka chromatin - pūnaewele, kuai a me ka hoolilo ana o aaiaoe 'ike, a iloko ona i kakauia i ka halepaahao nucleus. Chromosomes i wehewehe aku e ka ua shape: mahele ia i na hapa paha poʻohiwi iniiaiie constriction, i kapa tselomeroy. E like me kona wahi ka mea, ekolu ano o chromosomes:

• kookoo-hoʻokino paha acrocentric: ka mea, e wehewehe aku e kau tselomery aneane i ka hopena, hoʻokahi'ūhā mua huli mai mea uuku;
• raznoplechie a submetacentric noho poohiwi o kaiʻewaʻewa lōʻihi;
• L-like 'ole metacentric.

Ke kau pu ana o chromosomes i loko o ka halepaahao i kapaʻia he karyotype. Kēlā me kēiaʻano ka mea, ua paa. Penei kekahi mau keena o ka meaola i loko o ka diploid (papalua) ole haploid (hookahi) huapalapala. Keʻano mua ka ano o somatic keena, nui e mai i ke kino. Haploid kau - i ka pono o ka wahine keena. Kanaka somatic keena pihaʻi me 46 chromosomes, ke keka - 23.

Diploid chromosome kau i paʻa. 'ālike nucleoprotein 'ole ia i komo i loko o ka mau, ua kapaia alleles. Ka mea, i ka like 'ole a me ka hana i ka ia kuleana pili i.

Chromosome mall pa alima o ka'ōewe. Ua ho i ka DNA Hoʻohana helu kuʻina no kekahi kumuʻiʻo.

endosome

Ke aeea nucleus i kekahi hou organelles - o ka nucleolus. Ua ua i kaawale mai ka karyoplasmʻili lahilahi, akā, ka mea, he mama e ike ana këia keena ma lalo o ka microscope. Kekahiʻanoʻano,ʻaʻole hiki i mau nucleoli. Aia nō ka poʻe i loko o i kēia mau organelles ma kahi e loa.

Ke kinona o ka nucleus kohu o ka poepoe, i kekahi 'ano uuku nui. Ua Ua haku o ia wahi nā polokina. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka nucleolus - hoʻololi kemikala o ribosomal RNA, a ribosomes lākou iā lākou iho. Ka mea, e pono no ka hanaia'na o ke polypeptide kaulahao. Nucleoli i hanaʻia a puni kekahi wahi o ka genome. Ka mea, i kapaʻia nucleolar hoʻokuhikuhi. Ua loaʻa nā'ōewe o ribosomal RNA. Nucleolus, i waena o nā mea a pau, o ka wahi me ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa lehulehu o ke kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka halepaahao. Part o na nā polokina pono e hana organelle oihana.

E like me kekahi hapa o ka nucleolus i mau eiiiiiaiou: granular a me ka fibrillar. Ka mea mua o kaʻoihana kaua, ribosomal subunit. Ua lawe mai i loko o fibrillar waena ribosomal RNA hoʻololi kemikala. Granular ke keʻena poai puni i fibrillary aia ma ka waena konu o ka nucleolus.

Ka halepaahao nucleus a me kona kuleana pili i

O ka hana hoʻokani ma ka Kernel, ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i kona 'ole. Kūloko hale organelle me Kāʻeokūlani, hoʻokō i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana loa nui i loko o ka halepaahao. Eia ua aia ka aaiaoe ike e hoʻoholo i ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao. Ke Kernel He kuleana no ka papaa a me ka EYI o aaiaoe 'ike, ua lawe mai i mitosis a me ka meiosis. Ma ka mea mua hihia kaikamahine aeea hookipa mai i ka'ālike kau o ka makua nā'ōewe. E like me ka hopena o meiotic germ aeee i hanaʻia me ka haploid 'ia paha o nā chromosomes.

Kekahi i emi nui hiʻona o ka Kernel - i ka rula o intracellular keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ua ua lawe mai ma ka mālamaʻana i ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina kuleana no ka 'ole a me ka hana ana o ke kelepona hele eiiiiiaiou.

Kanawai ma kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala o kekahi hōʻike. Kora noho mana ana keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao, e hiehie a pau na organelles i loko o ka hoʻokahi kahua me ka luawai-functioningʻano papa hana. Hoʻolako 'ole i loko o ka mea nui e alakai i ka halepaahao i ka make.

Eia hoi, i ka Kernel o ke kahua o ka hoʻololi kemikala o subunits o ribosomes, i mea kuleana no ka ho okumu ana o ka ia'amino nāʻakika o ke kumuʻiʻo. Ribosomes mea nui i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka EKOLU.

Eukaryotic aeea mea he oi hemolele 'ole ma mua o prokaryotic. Ka muli o organelles me kā lākou mauʻili lahilahi hoʻomāhuahuaʻoe i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o intracellular keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ho okumu ana o kekahi kāna mau 'ōlelo hoʻopuniʻia e ka lipidʻili lahilahi, Radio he kūlana loa mea nui i loko o kēia evolution. Hoomalu ana o aaiaoe 'ikeʻili lahilahi' ae 'ia ke kumu i ke kahiko hookahi-aa? Meaola i ka aoao hou o ke ola. Mawaena o lakou i ka phagocytosis, i mea kekahi o na wale nō i alakai ai i ka symbiotic meaola, ka mea ma hope lilo ke kupuna o ka mea kēia eukaryotic halepaahao a me nā mea a pau kona ano organelles. Ke kelepona hele nucleus, ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o kekahi hou kanu'ōiwi ae e hoʻohana i oxygen i loko o ka pūnao. Ka hopena ua i ka'ano'ē loli i loko o ka Honua ka biosphere, e waiho i ke kahua no ke kahua a me ka hoʻomohala o multicellular meaola. I kēia lā, eukaryotic meaola, i nā kanaka, Kīwala'ō i ka Honua, a me ka mea portends loli ma keia pili ana.