AG Spirkin, "akeakamai": He puke no kiʻekiʻe kula

Aleksandr Georgievich Spirkin - o ka Soviet, a me ka hope Lūkini poe akeakamai nona puke Ua lilo i mea mahaloia me kulanui haumāna a me ka heluhelu i makemake e hoʻolaulā aku i ko lakou mau lipolipo. I loko nō o ka mea i kākau i ka mea kākau i kona punawai-ike pono pū nō ia i loko o ka sixties o ka hope ke kenekulia, ka mea, no ua i nalowale lākou pilina. Hahau, no ka mea ana i hoolilo i kona ola, e Alexander Spirkin - kālaiʻike. Akā, i ka poe akeakamai ua i ike no kona noiʻi i loko o ka ua wahi. He ho'āʻo pokole, concisely a pololei kiko'ī a me ka walaʻauʻana manaÿo o ke akeakamai a me milestones o kona mōʻaukala no ka poe e noiʻi i keia kumuhana, a i ka ike ia e makemake. E ka ho'āʻo e emi iho i kēia hōʻike aʻo e Loiloi i kona mea hoʻomaoe no mākou ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka uhane? Acaeoey.

Kawaihae

Spirkin AG, "akeakamai" a lilo i kūmole puke nā pūʻulu i ka hoʻomaka o ka Soviet haumāna a me ka haumana, a laila, i ke keiki kanaka o ka Moscow aina, i noho i ka paakiki akā, hana hoihoi ke ola. He Ua hanau ia ma 1918 ma ka Saratov'āina, akā, mua makemake e hoʻolaʻaʻia lā i kona ola i ka laau lapaau. Puka 'o ia mai ka Moscow Institute o ka wā e hiki mai poe akeakamai defectology mua o ka kaua, akā, laila,, ua hopu me na akamai kanaka o kona hanauna i hoopii wahahee, a hiki i 1945 i loko o ka poe hoomoana. Aia ia i lilo hoihoi i loko o "ke aloha o ka naauao."

Ma hope o kona hookuu, Alexander Spirkin initially ho'āʻo e hana ma ka hana kūikawā, akā, laila, lilo iho la i mau hoa no ka Institute o akeakamai Halau o Sciences o ka USSR. PhD ia hoʻiʻo ia e mālama mai ai ma luna o ka nohonaʻike manaʻo o Plekhanov, a me ka doctorate - ma ka pilikia o ke kumu o ka ike paka i. I ka 1970, no ka mea na makana nui ia i lilo i ke Kumu i ka 1974 - like hoa o ka USSR Academy o Sciences. Inā he opiopio makahiki poe akeakamai ua oi hoihoi i loko o nā pilikia o dialectical materialism, mai ka sixties, oia ka leʻaleʻa o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni manao theories a me ka manaʻo o nā cybernetics.

Mōʻaukala o ka puke

Alexander Spirkin hoomaka ae la e ao ana kālaiʻike i loko o kekahi hoʻonaʻauao kulanui o Moscow. He i kona manaʻo iho o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o nā haumāna a me kā lākou nā hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ma ka pauʻana o nā kanalima o ka iwakālua kenekulia i ka puke. He Ua lōʻihi imi e i ia ma ke kumu o ke kākau 'ana puke. Kona puke thinker ka inoa "paʻa o kālaiʻike". Spirkin haawi ia i ka All-Union Competition o ka heluna o nā puke no kulanui nā haumāna, a ua lanakila 'o ia. Ma ke kumu o keia palapala poe akeakamai, ua paʻi mau manuals, koke lilo'āina mahalo. ʻO loko o ke au o perestroika, a ma hope o ka'opi o ka USSR Spirkina mau buke, he mau loa mahalo. I ka makahiki 1990, i paʻiʻia ma ka hoʻopuka puke hale "holo" ma English kona kaulana "paʻa o kālaiʻike". Ka hope paiia ana o ka puke i paʻiʻia ma ka makahiki 2002, a laila, i ka 2005. Ma kona hooponopono hou palapala paʻiʻia ma ka "Gardariki". "Akeakamai" Spirkina hiki i ka pakele ana i OOAOAaXUEE ideology Ua loa na mea, i loko o ka waihona ipu, he mea oluolu i ka heluhelu me ka uku hoopanee.

Ano o ka buke me ka a pau

Kona puke haʻawina ma akeakamai Spirkin hapai like me ka ano o ka compendium o ka ike'ākoakoa ma ka kanaka i loko o kēia wahi. Ua Ua palapala ma ka ano o kanaka 'ōlelo, a hiki i kekahi mea i loko o kekahi ano noʻeau o ka hōʻike, he nui o ka manaÿo i wehewehe i loaʻa. He ua pinepine kapaia ke alakai a hiki i ke kai pohihihi o ke kālaiʻike. Ka puke ninoieo o ka eha wahi. Kēia mea he introductory olelo, ma ka poe akeakamai haawi i ka wehewehena o keia kahua o ka ike, e like me ka pono i noonoo kona koena unuhi mai i ke ao nei. Kēia Ua ukali ma ka mahele ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o ke akeakamai.

ʻO kekahi hapa hoʻokolokolo ai i ka mau philosophical nīnūnē e like me ola, kaʻike a me ka akamai. Ke kolu o ka pauku hoʻokolokolo ai i ka nohona akeakamai. Ka mea kākau iki akā succinctly haawi i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka poe, kona ulu ana, a kū i ke au, e like me nā hiʻona o kona uhane ola. Kēia hōʻike aʻo i ua kaulana, ka oi aku i loko o ka 60-80 makahiki o ka hope ke kenekulia,ʻaʻole wale nō i waena o nā haumāna, akā, i Kumu. O ka hoolaha ana o ka hale o "Gardariki" He hele mai i loko nui abbreviated palapala. Akā, i ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao ia kekahi mea me kahi mea paahana no nā haumāna.

parenthesis

Alexander Spirkina kālaiʻike mea hoihoi mua a poʻokela like me ka ano o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka ike e leie aku i ka hoʻohui a loaʻa kekahi mea ma ka pono ma waena o nāʻano likeʻole o ka 'epekema a me ka moʻomeheu. Ma ka hoike i kona puke, kahea aku ia i ka quintessence o ka uhane ola o ke kanaka. He manaoio ia ia i ke ala o ka noʻonoʻo nō i hele mai, mai ka makemake e maopopo i ka pā like o ka mea ikea ole. Man hiki ole e māʻona i ka hapa nānaina o ko ke ao nei,ʻo ia ka mea i nele i ka holistic pokole. Ninaninau 'ana i ke ano o ke ola, a me ka alo ana o ko makou noho ana i loko o ke kupono pahuhopu ua mau hoihoi i loko o kanaka. Haʻalele nā sciences, a kaumaha aku iā mākou i ka fragmentary, differentiated ike, kālaiʻike mea ia e hiki ai i ka hoʻononiakahi mākou ike, a waiho iā lākou i loko o ke kahua. Ua hoi e hoʻoholo i ka mea maloko kamaʻilio ma waena o nāʻano aoao o ko mākou pokole o ko ke ao nei. Ka mea kākau pokole wehewehe i ka 'ole o philosophical ike, emphasizing i ka mea ia ia mea i loaʻa i wale i kaʻepekema, akā, i kekahi makakū a me ka makakū kanaka.

Mōʻaukala o ka kālaiʻike

Ka pauku mua o ka puke o ka loa voluminous. Ua ninoieo o ewalu mokuna. "Akeakamai" Spirkina ma ka Mokuna loa i hāʻawi mai i ka mea heluhelu i ka manaʻo o ka richness a pau o ka hooilina o ka mea i hala thinkers. Pauku hoʻomaka me nā kākau kahiko, Hana me ka olelo o Pythagoras, Thales, Heraclitus, Democritus, a me Plato a me Aristotle ka nenoaiu. hiki ke loaʻa i loko o kēia māhele i ka manaʻo o ke aloha o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, i ka make ole o ka uhane, a me ka hoi kona relocation mai kekahi kino a hiki i kekahi, a he mau na kahiko Helene.

Nui noonoo ua uku ai i ke kakahiaka nui Hellenistic akeakamai a - na skeptics, o ka poe Epikoureio, poe Setoiko, Neoplatonists. An holoʻokoʻa Mokuna ua hoolilo i ka mōʻaukala tausani-makahiki o medieval manaʻo. Ua wehewehe aku i ke au o Europa kālaiʻike mai i ka hopena o Roma aupuni a pau a hiki i ka pakebona. Ka mea heluhelu e aʻo e pili ana i na aʻo o Augustine, Fomy Akvinskogo, Roger puaʻa. Mauʻaoʻao haawi a me ka akeakamai o ka pakebona.

Ke kumu o na Classics

Loa noʻonoʻo mea kākau ua Alexander Spirkin. "Akeakamai a", a oi loa aku hoi i ka mōʻaukala pauku, keia mea i ka maopopo. He uku kūikawā noonoo ana i ka ulu ana o Europa manaʻo i loko o ka XVII- XVIII kenekulia. Ua ua i loko o keia manawa i hanau nui helu o geniuses i huli ole wale i ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo kanaka no ka malu, akā, i loa hoʻololi i ka nohona ola. Omaka ka mea, waiho ia koʻikoʻi thinkers me Descartes a Hume, laila muli o kona kulana he nui na makana i ma luna o ke Palani hoʻomāʻikeʻike - Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, e ho okumu i ka lewa o ke aloha no ka holomua. Ka pulakaumaka i loko o keia pauku ua hoʻomōhala ma luna o nā kānaka nunui o Kelemānia panina kālaiʻike - Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling, Feuerbach. Nui noonoo ana ua uku ia na WesternʻEulopa thinkers e like Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, a me na mea e ae. Aia Ua hoi ka Mokuna hoolilo i Lūkini kālaiʻike - mai Lomonosov a me Radishcheva i Dostoevsky a me Soloviev.

Ka naauao, noho ana, ka ike, a me ka uhane a pau

Mai ka iwa i ka umikumamalua o ka mokuna Spirkin AG ( "akeakamai", he puke) e haʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu paʻa manaÿo a me nā hua'ōlelo. Ua ike ia he mea me ia (a ka thinker e hōʻike ana me ka ike maopopo), ke ana ma waena o ia mea, ka noi, wa a me ka manawa. Nui i ua mai la oia no ka ike, kona ano, a me nā loina, e like me paha ke kanaka ke maopopo i ke ao nei a puni ia, a me ka mea, ua destined mau i ka noho ma ke kua o ka paku o ke mahuka. E alaʻe iluna, e like me ka mea mau loa nīnau e pili ana i ka primacy a me ka pilina o ka ike paka i a me ka ia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau o keia he philosophical paio kālaimanaʻo, a me ka hoa koa e wawahi ihe. Mai ka pane i kēia mau nīnau e i ka laua, e ke kanaka i ka wahi i loko o ke ao nei. puke kākau i kokoke mai i ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o ua Pahuhopu a me kanaka (pokole o ka "I"). He nui unexpected a me ka hana hoihoi nīnau e pili i ke kālā no ke kanaka, no ka mea hoike, i ka pili o ka ike a me ka manaoio, me ka hiki ola ana o ke kumu i loko o na holoholona, o ka pilikia o ka oiaio, i ke kūlana o ke kilo i ka ike a me ka 'lii, hoi, ua lewa i loko o kēia puke.

Ke kolu o ka pauku

E like me ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao o Marxist dialectical iho i poe paakiki, i loko o kona puke "kālaiʻike" no kulanui Spirkin allocates he kūikawā pauku hoʻolaʻa ai i ke ola o ke kaiāulu. He hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka ke kumu o kumumanaʻo no nā haumāna me ka manao e pili ana i ka moʻolelo a me ka hoʻomohala o ke kaiāulu. Ka mea kākau mai nei ia mea i ke kaiāulu no ka mea kanaka lāhui kanaka, ka mea kona waiwai a me ka pili aupuni Ka Ikepili, a me ka aha i kona okoa pūʻulu - nā papa, strata, lāhui kanaka, kanaka,'ōhua. Kēia māhele Spirkin hoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o ke akeakamai, e hoike ana ike paka i originated pehea nohona manawa, a me ka manaʻo o ke kanaka ke kaiāulu, ka wā i hoʻomaka ai i ka huli 'ana no ka mea maikaʻi, a me ka manaʻo o ka holomua. He hoʻokolokolo ai i ka pilikia o ka ulia i ka mōʻaukala, ka kūlana o ka nuipa a ka neʻe 'ana a me kanaka, a me kekahi hoakaka kekahi mau manao e pili ana i na kumu hoohalike, a kū i ke au o ka? Acaeoey o ke kaiāulu. Ka mea kākau pū discusses na kumuhana o ka pono, manaʻo kanaka, moʻomeheu, a me ka hihia i ka luna o ka moku'āina ma ka pili ana i ke kanaka a me kona mau mea e pono ai.

Meaning hōʻike aʻo i

Na hanauna he nui o nā haumāna aʻo mai nā puke i kākau 'ia ma ke kumu o na hana o Alexander Spirkina. Ka mea, ua aʻo mea ole wale ka kālaiʻike, kona mōʻaukala, a me ka nui waeʻano, akā, i ike mai ai ia kūpili, metaphysics, aesthetics. I loko nō o ka mea i ka i kākau lima i loko o kona papa loa i hanaia i loko o Soviet manawa, a hiki i ka wa kahiko a paʻi o ka mea kākau uku hou noonoo ana i na mea ma mua o ideology, a pela 'ia nā pūʻulu iho' Aʻohe wai iaʻu, mai ka laila lākou nā hoapili. He hoomoakaka aku la o ka ia theme, like me nā buke, akā, mau lawe i ka mooolelo o ka realities hou, a kū i ke au, a hiki i ka nui loa na mea palapala.

Spirkin, "akeakamai", he puke no kiʻekiʻe kula: Reader Reviews

Nā haumāna i aʻo kālaiʻike ma luna o kēia puke a me ka hoomakaukau ana no ka haawi ana i ho'āʻo a me examinations, ia mea loa hoolea. Ka mea kākau i loko o ka puke haʻawina a pau o ka manaÿo, hua'ōlelo, a me ka loa luna 'nīnūnē a me nā pilikia ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia mea,ʻaʻole like ka maʻamau kanaka' ōlelo, akā, he pono ka palapala, ai mika, leʻaleʻa a me ka pīhoihoi. Ua heluhelu ia ka manuale i loko o hoʻokahi hanu, a me ka hou, e kokua i ka systematize i ka ike, a kau akula iā lāua ma luna o nā shelves. I ka hōʻikeʻia ua ia manaʻo ma ka kekahi mau moʻolelo a me examples mai ke ola i wale kōkua e assimilate i ka ike. A kanaka ka mea e leʻaleʻa o ka 'epekema a me ka hanohano moʻokalaleo, koi i kēia puke ina e komo iloko, hoʻololi i ka mea heluhelu o ka maka i na mea he nui, e hoonoho oe i manaʻo i loko o kaʻokoʻa ala, e nana i ka ninau o ina kālaiʻike i loko o ke ola ua pono.