Carboxylic nāʻakika physical waiwai. Paʻakai o carboxylic nāʻakika

Aneane pau na home i vīnega. A ike ka hapanui o kanaka i ka mea, Ka ka nānā 'ana ma luna o aceticʻakika. Akā, ia mea, mai ka Nine Inch wahi o Hawaii? He aha'ē aʻe ke aloha i huiʻia i loko o kēia moʻo loaʻa nō a me ka mea mau i ko lakou ano? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo i kēia pukana, a ke ninau marginal monobasic carboxylicʻakika. No loko o ka hale ua hoʻohana 'ole wale acetic, akā, i kekahi mau' ē aʻe, a me nā mea loaʻa wale nō o kēia mau nāʻakika i mau mea pinepine hoaʻai i loko o nā hale.

I ka papa o carboxylic nāʻakika: he mau hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

Mai ka oiai o ka 'epekema kemika, no keia ano o ka i huiʻia nā oxygen ma nā lātoma i loaʻa he mau Hoʻohui' ia o nā'ātoma - he carboxyl ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu. Ka mea, i ka palapala -COOH. Pela, ke mau haʻilula a i nā mea a pau kali monobasic carboxylicʻakika, Ua like penei: R-COOH, kahi R - mea he huna'ano'ē, a e komo i loko o kekahi helu o ka kalapona nā'ātoma.

E like me keia, i ka wehewehena o keia ano o ka hui hiki e haawiia mai ia. Carboxylicʻakika - ua oxygenated ke aloha nā lātoma i loaʻa i kekahi a oi ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu -COOH - carboxyl pūʻulu.

Ka mea i kēia mau waiwai i kaʻoi loa i nāʻakika, wehewehe i ka ka hoʻoneʻe o ka hydrogen'Ātoma i loko o ka carboxyl. Ka huina'ine nuʻa ua unevenly haawi, mahope mai o ka oxygen ma - ka loa electronegative pūʻulu. Mai keia pilina ma ka O-H ikaika polarized a me hydrogen lilo loa kūlana. Ua hiki ke hoopuni Wāwahi aku, komo i loko o Nine Inch reactions. No ia mea,ʻakika AYEIE nā hoailona e haawi aku i ka like naoh:

• phenolphthalein - colorless;
• litmus - ulaula;
• paʻa - ulaula;
• ka meto - 'ulaʻula a me kekahi poe e ae.

Aie i ka hydrogen'Ātoma, carboxylicʻakika hōʻike nō ia o oxidizing waiwai. Naʻe, i ke alo o nā nā'ātoma e leie aku ia lakou i ke ola, a komo i loko o na mea he nui 'ē aʻe ke hana kūleʻa.

Mea Maluna

Aia i kekahi mau papa kuhikuhiE ano, a i mahele ia i loko o nā pūʻulu o carboxylicʻakika. I ka mua o ia mau mea - o ke ano o ka'ano'ē. E like me ia i kēia ololi hookoaia:

• Alicyclicʻakika. Laʻana: quinic.
• Onaona. Laʻana: benzoic.
• Aliphatic. Laʻana: aceticʻakika, acrylicʻakika, oxalicʻakika, a me na mea e ae.
• Heterocyclic. Laʻana: nicotine.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i nā loulou ma ka lātoma, nā pūʻuluʻelua o nāʻakika hiki ke hōʻike ':

• palena - a pau ano laulea wale, hookahi;
• unsaturated - ma ke alo o ka papalua, hookahi paha lau.

Ua mea no hoi ka hoailona o ka Mea Maluna hiki ke malama i ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu. No laila, ma laila nō ka hope o nā waeʻano.

1. Monobasic - wale kekahi -COOH pae. Eia kekahi laʻana: formic, stearic, butyric, valeric, a me na mea e ae.
2. Dibasic - niioaaonoaaiii, ka COOH hui elua. Laʻana: oxalicʻakika, malonicʻakika, a me na mea e ae.
3. Multibasic - citric, lactic, a me na mea e ae.

Hope i loko o kēia 'atikala mākou e wale kaupalena monobasic carboxylic nāʻakika, aliphatic.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Winery a māhuahua me na manawa kahiko. E like me ua ikeia, kekahi o kona huahana - aceticʻakika. No ia mea, i ka mōʻaukala o ke kaulana o keia ano o ka hui i kona mau aʻa, mai ka manawa mai o Robert Boyle a me Ioganna Glaubera. Naʻe, ka mea, he mea hiki ole i ka loaʻa mai no ka manawa lōʻihi me ka Nine Inch 'ano o kēia mau nā lātoma.

No ka lōʻihi manawa Kīwala'ō vitalists manao, ka poe i hoole i ka manawa kūpono o ka ho okumu ana o ke aloha me ka ola mea. Akā, i ka 1670 AD Ray e hoʻokele e kiʻi i ka loa mua Luna - methane a formicʻakika. He hana kēia e hahana maoli nō kēia i ka alabata, i loko o ka holo mālie ola.

Hope hana o nā kānakaʻepekema, a Kolbe Berzelius i hōʻike ai i ka manawa kūpono o ka synthesizing mau hui mai'okanikaʻole waiwai (distillation charcoal). E like me ka hopena aceticʻakika i loaa. Pela ka carboxylicʻakika i ua? Anoee (physical waiwai, 'ole) a me ka hoʻomaka o ka puka o nā lālā' ē aʻe a pau o ka moʻo o aliphatic i huiʻia.

physical waiwai

I kēia lā, he piha study o nā mea a pau lākou laʻelaʻe 'ia. No kela a me keia o kēia mau 'ano hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau kiko'î, a me ka pono ma ka hana a me ka noho ana ma ka aoao maoli. Mākou e nānā i kūpono ai ka carboxylic nāʻakika, i ke kino ai ka waiwai o nā mea kiko'î.

No laila, loaʻa nō kekahi mau kumu ano kiko'î.

1. Inā i ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma ma ke kaula, aole ia i oi aku mamua o elima, e ho opa ao honi, hoʻoneʻe, a yiaeaiiacaaeneiie wai. Ma luna o ka elima - kaumaha, oily waiwai, oi - paakiki, waxy.
2. I ka pa apŘ o ka mau lālā mua, ua oi aku ma mua o kekahi. All 'ē aʻe māmā ma mua o ka wai.
3. Baila aʻela i wahi: ka kiekie ke kaula, ka mea maluna o ka manual. Ua oi ka lala 'ole, no laila, ma lalo nei.
4. Ke Kēhaupaʻa wahi: hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka parity o ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ke kaulahao. Y mea iʻoi kona kiʻekiʻe ma loko o ōlaʻi ma lalo.
5. Ma ka wai, e hoike mai loa ma laila.
6. He hiki no ho okumu i ikaika hydrogen paa.

Kēia mau hiʻona i wehewehe ia ma ka 'ole o ka symmetry, a nolaila i ka puka olu oia i' ole, kona ikaika. Ka oi poe noonoo ole a me ka mea kūkulu lātoma, ka mea ma luna o nā hoailona e haawi aku i ka carboxylicʻakika. Helu waiwai o kēia hui ae, e hoakaka i ka mahinaʻai a me kā lākou mau ki ina hana like o ka pono me ka hana.

Nine Inch mall

E like me mākou i hoʻohikiʻia ma luna,ʻakika ikepili e hōʻike i kekahi mau waiwai. Lākou mau reactions e nui no ka mea hanalima hoʻololi kemikala o na mea he nui i huiʻia. Kû ke i ka mea nui wale Nine Inch waiwai i hiki e monobasic carboxylicʻakika.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Ho'āʻoʻia ʻakika waiwai, a laila hana me ka hoʻokumu paʻa oxides a me kā lākou mau hydroxides. Me ka noonoo ole ke hooheheeia reacted ma ka maʻamau kaʻina hana (a laila, ka poe e noho ana i ka hydrogen i loko o ka electrochemical hopena ua wale).
3. Me ka nui nāʻakika ikaika ('okanikaʻole) hoi me ke kumu.
4. Hiki ia oe hoemi i ka iniiaiie ka waiʻona.
5. Special naoh - esterification. Kēia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka waiʻona mai ke kino, e hana i ka luna 'huahana - ester.
6. decarboxylation naoh, oa ka hoʻopau o ka lātoma hui o carbon dioxide.
7. Hiki o reacting me halides o ka oihana mua e like me phosphorus a me ka luaipele.

ʻae nō hoʻi, e like me multifaceted carboxylicʻakika. Helu waiwai, e like me ka pono me Nine Inch, e loa ka nohona. Eia hou, ka mea e olelo mai la ia i mau ai ka ikaika e like me nāʻakika, a pau ke aloha nā lātoma iʻano nāwaliwali hoʻohālike au i kā lākou'okanikaʻole counterparts. Lākou dissociation ia a eia i mai i oi aku i ka waiwai o ka 4.8.

Nā Papahana no ka hoomakaukau

Aia nō kekahi mau 'ano walaʻauʻana i ke loaa marginal carboxylicʻakika.

1. Ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ka mea, ua hanaia ma ka'okesaside:

• waiʻona mai ke kino;
• aldehydes;
• alkyne;
• Keʻena;
• loa ia'na o alkenes.

2. Hydrolysis:

• nā mea kemika;
• nitrites;
• amides;
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - hoʻopau o ka CO ₂ lātoma.

4. Ma hanalima hoʻololi kemikala ua lawe mai ma'okesaside o hydrocarbons me ka oi kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ke kaulahao. Ke kaʻina ua lawe mai i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, e haawi i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka hopena ia.

5. kekahi manaʻo nāʻakika (formic, acetic, butyric, valeric, etc.) hoomakaukau ma kekahi ano ka hoʻohana maoli nā mea hoʻohui.

XIX. Hui kali carboxylic nāʻakika: paʻakai

Paʻakai o carboxylic nāʻakika - nui i huiʻia i hoʻohana ma o ka hana. Ka mea, ho mai i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka hope me:

• mea hiki ke hooheheeia;
• walaʻauʻana oxides;
• amphoteric oxides ;
• alkalis;
• amphoteric hydroxides.

Pakahi aku la ia nui mawaena o lakou i ka poe i i hanaʻia ma waena o mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia paʻakai, a potasiuma, a me ka mea kiekie oia ka palena nāʻakika - palmitic, stearic. Ma hope iho o nā huahana o keia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN - ke kopa, wai a me ka paa.

ke kopa

Ke'ī mai, ma ka hihia o ia ano i naoh: 2c ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2c ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

ka kūpono huahana - paʻakai stearate - ia mea ma ke ano maoli o ka maʻamau ke kopa hoʻohana no ka holoi lole.

Inā palmiticʻakika i auou caiaiai, a e hoohuli ae i ka potasiuma metala ma luna o ka mea potasiuma palmitate - kopa no ka holoi lima. Nolaila, ua hiki, he hoakaka i ka paʻakai o ka carboxylic nāʻakika - keia mea nae nui i huiʻia o ke aloha ano. Ka mea, manufacturing a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi colossal ma ka pālākiō. Inā he nui ke kopa ka hāhai na kanaka ma ka Honua pehea kou manao, ia mea oluolu ia i noonoo ai a me kēia mau unahi.

Nā mea kemika o carboxylic nāʻakika

A kūikawā hui o ka hui, a i kona wahi i loko o ka lepili o ke aloha i huiʻia. Kēia papa o nā mea kemika. Ka mea i hanaʻia ma ka naoh o carboxylic nāʻakika me ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Poʻo inoa Ka mea ana i ia mau hana kūleʻa - ka esterification naoh. General nānaina hiki ke poe ma ka helu kaulike.

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Product me nā radicals mea he ester. ʻae nō hoʻi, e like me ka hopena o ka naoh i carboxylicʻakika, ka waiʻona, ester a me ka wai ua undergone mea hou. Ke'ī mai, mai kaʻakika nā lātoma i loko o ka palapala o ka cation hydrogen lau a halawai me ka hydroxy pae mai ka waiʻona i Wāwahi aku. E like me ka hopena, i ka wai lātoma ua hana. Hoʻohui 'ia i koe ma kaʻakika'ano'ē lawe ma mai o ka waiʻona ho okumu i ka ester lātoma.

He aha ka ai nui i kēia mau reactions a me ka mea i ka kalepa waiwai o ko lākou mau huahana? Ka mea ka mea i hoʻohana nā mea kemika like:

• 'aiaola pakuʻi ai;
• flavors;
• ahupapa ke keʻena o ka mea ala;
• nā'uheheʻe;
• ke keʻena varnishes, pena, Ka lula ea Ke;
• lapaau, a no laila, ma luna o.

Ua maopopo loa i ke kahua o ka pono i ka laula kupono e hoapono ia ia? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka hana.

Ethanoicʻakika (acetic)

Ua kali monocarboxylic aliphaticʻakika, i mea kekahi o ka loa hanohano ma ka hua'ōlelo o? Iecaianoaaiiuo nā hualoaʻa a. Kona haʻilula - Ch ₃ COOH. Oia prevalence ia aie kona waiwai. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ke kahua o ka i ka loa ka laula.

1. He He ai mea hoʻonui ma lalo o E-260 kuhi.
2. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka meaʻai hana no ka malama.
3. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau no ka hoʻololi kemikala o medicaments.
4. Ke keʻena i loko o ka makaukau o odoriferous i huiʻia.
5. 'ūheheʻe.
6. Aku i komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka pai, dyeing fabrics.
7. Ka pono eiiiiiaiou ma Nine Inch syntheses reactions iiiaanoaa o ka waiwai.

Ma ke ola ana o kona 80-pakeneka pāʻoihana kapa acetic o Mānoa, a ina dilute mea i 15%, e loaa wale vīnega. Upena 100% mauʻaʻei aceticʻakika ua kapaia.

formicʻakika

Ka mea mua a me ka simplest Luna o keia papa. Haʻilula - HCOOH. A me he ai mea hoʻonui ma lalo o E-236 kuhi. Kona maoli kumu:

• ka holo akula a me ka meli;
• paʻapū;
• paipu;
• ka hua.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka i:

• no ka malama ana a me ka makaukau o ka holoholona hānai;
• Ua ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hooponopono ana o ka parasites;
• no ka dyeing fabrics etchant wahi;
• me he'ūheheʻe;
• Hekikai;
• i laau lapaau - no ka disinfection o ka mea a me ka lako a pan;
• i ka paka i carbon monoxide i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

Nō hoʻi ma kaʻoki kino o keiaʻakika pāʻoihana ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me antiseptics.