Aia yeinenoai: 'ano o nā kaiaola. ? Ueo 'ano o nā kaiaola maoli

Ke kaiaola - he pono maoli eiiieaenu, a i hanaʻia ma kekahi lākou o nā meaola e ola ana a me kā lākou mau habitats. I ka like o kēia mau pūʻulu, e komo ma ka 'epekema a me ka kālaikaiaola.

Kaʻia "ke kaiaola"ʻikeʻia i loko o 1935. E ho ohana i ka mea i kaumaha aku ai English ecologist A. Arthur Tansley. Natural a ke kanaka-i ma kona ano maoli eiiieaena i loko i nā mea i ola, a me kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe eiiiiiaiou i ke aupuni 'o kokoke pilina ma ka pūnao a me ka hāʻawi' ana i ka ikehu pele - a pau i komo i loko o ka māpuna "ke kaiaola". ke kaiaolaʻAno i ka ia manawa, uaʻokoʻa. Kēia walaʻauʻana iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pa alima o ka biosphere iiaciiie-maheleia i kaawale pūʻulu a me këia? Aneie 'epekema.

Mea Maluna ma Kinohi

Ma ka Honua ua nui na nā kaiaola. Ke kaiaolaʻAno i hoʻolaha ma ka kekahi alanui. Eia naʻe, e nakii pu a pau i ke 'ano o ka biosphere naehana ole i ke Akua. I mea no ke aha la malaila i kekahi mau Mea Maluna o? Aneeo nenoai. No ka laʻana, differentiate i ko lakou kumu. Ka mea, e:

1. Natural (maoli) nā kaiaola. Kēia nā mau pono a pau o loko o i ka holo o ka waiwai ua lawe mai me kekahi kanaka 'uao.
2. Man-i (anthropogenic) ke kaiaola. Ka mea, i ke kanaka-i a me ke ola wale nō ka wā e ua pololei kākoʻo.

maoli nā kaiaola

Natural eiiieaenu i ola ole kanaka 'uao, i kā lākou mau maloko Mea Maluna. ʻO kēia mau 'ano o maoli me kona pono ma luna o ke kumu o ka ikaika:

- e loa e kaukaʻi ma pāhawewe lā;

- kiʻi lākou ikehuʻaʻole wale nō, mai ka lani kino, akā, no hoi, mai nā maoli kumu.

Ka mua o kēia mau kaiaola mea unproductive. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau 'oihana ma kona ano maoli, ua nui no mākou Honua, no ka mea, he nunui wahi, a he aha ka mea i ke kahua o ke aniau, huikala nui puke o ka lewa, etc.

Natural pono a pau o ka loaa ana i ka ikehu o kekahi mau kumu i ka loa hoʻomāhuahua ai.

ʻimi hoʻopunipuni biosphere pa alima

Okoa, a anthropogenic nā kaiaola. Ke kaiaolaʻAno no a hiki i keia pae nā:

- agro-aia yeinenoai, i ho i ka hana o ke kanaka mahiai;

- tehnoekosistemy i kupu mai, mai ke kūpono 'ana o ka hana;

- urbanoekosistemy i kupu mai, mai ka paa o ka noho.

A pau kēia mau 'ano o ke kanaka-i ke kaiaola hana me ka pololei komo ana o ke kanaka.

Aʻano o maoli eiiiiiaiou o ka biosphere

Ano a me maoli ai 'ia nā kaiaola iʻokoʻa. A me nā mea kaiapuniʻo maopopo ia ma luna o ka muli o climatic a? Aneie kumu o ko lākou ola. No laila, ma laila nōʻekolu pūʻulu a me ka helu ana o kekahi mau huahelu o ka biosphere.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o maoli 'ia me kona pono.

- lepo;

- freshwater;

- malina.

Honua maoli nenoai

Ke 'ano o ka honua kaiaola type kikowaena:

- Artic, a Alpine tundra;

- coniferous boreal ulu lāʻau;

- huihui ikehu lā deciduous pakiko ciia;

- hehi;

- savannas a Tropical zlakovniki;

- chaparali, o ka wahi me ka maloʻo ka luna hoʻomalu a me ke anuenue winters;

- Desert (like laau uuku a me ka herbaceous);

- kalaka nui-evergreen rainforests, Aia ma ka wahi me ka haʻi maloʻo a me ka pulu kau;

- Bikini evergreen ka ua ululaau.

Ma waho aʻeo i ka papa kuhikuhi hoailona ia mea, ma laila nō malumalu nā kaiaola. Kēia nahele-tundra, semidesert, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Nā kumu no ke ola ana o keʻano o ka maoli pono a pau o

Ma ka kumu i kauʻia ma luna o mākou Honua likeʻole maoli nā kaiaola? Kind o maoli me Kinohi i nā kaiaola i loko o ka ua ele ele ke kaumaha ma muli ii iai a ea ana wela. Ua uaʻike i ke aniau i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ke ao nei, he nui kaʻokoʻa. A pau keia mea i ka ia, a me ka uku dala o ke kimu. Ua hiki ia i ka laulā o ka mai 0 a hiki i 250 millimeters a oi. Ma keia hihia, ke kimu ole paha uniformly no nā kau, i ka haule i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaʻana like 'ana i loko o kekahi pulu au. Nā Mea Likeʻole ma luna o mākou Honua, a me ka mea uuku makahiki mahana. Ua hiki i Hawaiʻi mai ka hopena maikaʻi nā loina a hiki kanakolu ewalu kekelē Kelekia. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'hahana maoli nō kēia a me ka ea nuipa kūpaʻa. Ua hiki 'ole paha,ʻaʻole i nui nä mea i loko o ka makahiki, e like me ma ka equator, a me ua mau hoʻololi.

Ke ano o na pono a pau o

? Ueo 'ano o maoli aia yeinenoai, ano honua kahi pūʻulu hiki aku ai i ka nui, e hoike i kela mea keia mea o lakou i kona mau kiʻiona hiʻona. No laila, i loko o ka tundra, a i aia ai i ke kūkulu'ākau o ka taiga, he mea he loa anu aniau. No keia wahi ua wehewehe aku ma lalo awelike ana wela a me ka hoʻololi Polar lā a me ka po. Summer i loko o kēia mau māhele mau wale i kekahi mau pule. Ma keia hihia, o ka honua he manawa e thaw he uuku mika hohonu. haule ke kimu ole i loko o ka tundra emi o 200-300 mm o ka manawa o ka makahiki. Ma muli o ia mau climatic rula, mau aina i ilihune kanu, na poe ma ka lohi-ulu lichens, ka limu a me ka mea kolo laau uuku a me dwarf cranberries a me blueberries. I manawa, e hiki ke loaʻa dwarf birch.

No kekahi richness a? Aaoa. He ua poe e reindeer, uuku burrowing mammals, a me Moana e like me ermine, ilio hihiu a me ka weasel. Ke ao o ka manu ua poe e Polar pueo pepeiao, he hau buntings a me kolea. Nā mea kolo ma ka tundra i loko o ka hapanui - Diptera? Ueo. Tundra ke kaiaola mea nui kūlana no i ka poe ilihune akamai e ola.

A laulāʻano o okoa boreal ululāʻau, aia ma ka akau wahi o Amerika a me Eurasia. No keia ke kaiaola ua wehewehe aku e ke anu a me ka lōʻihi o ka hooilo a me ka lehulehu ke kimu ole i loko o ka palapala o ka hau. Ke flora ua poe e evergreen coniferous huihui ikehu lā, i ulu kaa a me ka spruce, tidara, a larch. Na elele o ko ka holoholona honua - Moose a me nāʻili, bea a me squirrels, sable a me ka wolverine, hae a me lynx, ilio hihiu a me ka mink. Taiga Ua wehewehe aku e ic ?? lehulehu a me ka wahi lepo wai.

Deciduous ka ululāʻau i hōʻike mai iā ia kēia mau i ke kaiaola. Ano o keia ano o ke kaiaola loaʻa i loko o ka hikina US, East Asia a me WesternʻEulopa. Kēia naciiiuo aniau ciia, ma ka hooilo mahana paka ua ma lalo Aʻohe, a moe i loko o ka makahiki mai ka 750 a hiki i 1500 mm o o ka ua. Nā flora o keia ke kaiaola ua hooku iho la ia ma ka laulā-E haʻalele nō i na laau e like beech, lāʻauʻoka, lehu a me ka linden. Aia mau laau uuku a me ka ikaika lāʻau lapaʻau, ahu iho. Ke? Aaoa ua poe e bea a me ka Moose, lynx a me na alopeke, squirrels a me shrews. Live ma keia ke kaiaola, pueo a me woodpeckers, thrushes a me nā manu lele.

Hehi pakiko cii i loko o Eurasia a me North America. Lākou mau counterparts i tussoki ma New Zealand, e like me na pampas oʻAmelika Hema. Ke aniau i loko o kēia mau mea ua wehewehe aku ma ka seasonality. I ke kau, i ka lewa enaena, ma ka mehana pakiko i kiʻekiʻe loa nā loina. Winter mahana i io. Iloko o ka makahiki, ma laila nō ma waena o 250 a me 750 millimeters o ke kimu ole. Nā flora o na steppes ua poeʻano nui ma turf mauʻu wanawana. I waena o nā holoholona ka mea, he bison a me ka bipi hihiu, i ka saiga a me squirrels, 'Olu a me marmots, na iliohae a me hyenas.

Chaparali aia i loko o ke Kaiwaenahonua, e like me ia ma California, Georgia, Mexico, a me ka hema kahakai o Australia. Ua mehana ke aniau cii kahi na Falls, mai ka 500 a hiki i 700 millimeters o ii iai i ka makahiki. O ke kanu he mau laau uuku a me na laau a me evergreen lau lā'ī,ʻoʻoleʻa, e like me ka hihiu pistachio, Pohon a me na mea e ae.

Mau? Aneeo nenoai, me savannahs i ke aupuni 'o Hikina a me CentralʻApelika, America South a me Australia. Ka hapa nui o ia e waiho ia ma South India. Kēia ciia wela a me ka maloo aniau, kahi i ka makahiki, e hina ia mai ka 250 a hiki i 750 mm o o ka ua. Ke kanu Ua ka hapanui - Cereal grassy, waleʻaneʻi, a malaila kekahi pohihihi keia deciduous lāʻau (nā lāʻau pāma, a me nā baobabs acacias). ? Aaoa ua poe e zebras a me ka bipi hihiu, a me nā rhinoceroses giraffes, leopadi a me nā liona, griffins, a pela .. nui i loko o kēia mau wahi o ke koko-keikihipa omo nā mea kolo e like me ka tsetse nalo.

e loaʻa nahele no hoi ia ma ka māhele o Aferika, ma ka'ākau Mexico, a no laila, ma luna o. D. ke aniau Ua maloo, me ka ii iai emi ma mua o 250 mm o no ka makahiki. Lā i loko o ka wela nahele no hoi ia a me ke anu po. Kanu ua poe e cacti a sparse laau uuku me ka nui aa nenoai. Mawaena o ka wildlife e pono ole squirrels a me jerboa, bipi hihiu a me na iliohae. Kēia fragile kaiaola ua hikiwawe luku ma lalo o ka aoao o ka wai a me ka makani ka'aʻaiawāʻana.

Kalaka nui-evergreen Tropical deciduous nahele i loaʻa i loko o Amerika a me Asia Central. Ma kēia mau mea, he mea interchangeability o ka maloo a me ka pulu kau. Ka awelika makahiki ii iai - mai ka 800 a hiki i 1300 mm o. Tropical ululāʻau noho ma ka nui wildlife.

Tropical evergreen ka ua nahele i loaʻa ma na wahi he nui o ko mākou Honua. Aia ka mea, i loko o America Central,'ākau South America, ma ka Central a komohana Kapikoowāea Africa, i loko o ka Hawaiian wahi o ka akau-komohana Australia, i pono like ma luna o nā mokupuni o ka Pākīpika a me Indian Ka Moana. Ka mehana aniau i loko o kēia mau wahi e ole oko seasonality. Nui nui aku i ka palena o ka 2500 mm o ma ka makahiki. Kēia'ōnaehana Ua wehewehe aku e ka nuiʻano o flora a me? Aaoa.

Kākoʻo maoli eiiieaenu, e like me ka rula, mai i kekahi hoike palena. Ma waena o ia mea pono i ka hoʻololi ciia. Ia mea,ʻaʻole wale ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o populations o nāʻano o nā kaiaola, akā, ma laila nō kūikawā ano o ka noho ana meaola. Pela, ke hoʻololi ciia ka loaʻa o ka nuiʻano o? Aaoa a me flora ma mua o ka puni kona mokuna.

Wai maoli pono a pau o

Mau biosphere huahelu e nei i ka wai a me ka moana. Ka mua pūʻulu o kēia nā kaiaola e like me:

- Lenthic - i? Aieeeua, loko, ic ??, oa e kū ana i ka wai;

- Lothic hooku iho la ia kahawai, muliwai, wai;

- 'ūnelunelu i loko o ka palapala o Swamp, kahi weuweu ka ululāʻau a me Hawaiian kula.

Ano o ka meaola nā kaiaola nā:

- pelogichesky eiiieaena - ke kai moana;

- ka Hawaiian wai i loko o ka wahi o ka Hawaiian holopapa ;

- ka upwelling māhele 'āina kahi e hoʻomāhuahua ai lawaia ua hana;

- straits, Hono, estuaries, a nō ka estuaries;

- hohonu-wai kai mau mea.

Kumu maoli eiiieaena

Ecologists maopopo he ākeaʻano o nā 'ano o nā kaiaola maoli. Aka hoi, i ke ola ana o kela mea keia mea o lakou, e kena aku e kekahi, a me ka ia noaia. I mea e maopopo hou nui ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā mea a pau e ola ana a me ka 'ole-e ola ana mea i loko o ka hoʻohui o ka biosphere, noonoo i ke ano o ke kaiaola o nā kula mai. A pau e noho ana meaola nā holoholona, a i ka pololei hopena ma luna o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka lewa a me ka lepo.

Louka - keia equilibrium'ōnaehana, i ka loaʻa o keʻano o ka oihana mua. Kekahi o ia mau mea - makroprodutsenty, i mea herbaceous kanu, hana ke aloha huahana o ka honua kaiāulu. Eia, i ke ola o ka luna 'maoli ma o ka lilo ana o ka liluwelo ai kaulahao. Nō hoʻi, holoholona, a me ka iniiaiie nā mea kūʻai mai ai i ka mauu a me kā lākou mau wahi. O lakou nei na elele o na? Aaoa like nui herbivores a me nā mea kolo, a me rodents nui? Ueony o invertebrates (squirrel a me ka hare hoi, manu, a no laila, ma luna o. D.).

N nā mea kūʻai mai iʻai kiʻekiʻe, i nā carnivorous manu a me mammals (lobo, pueo pepeiao, nisu, alopeke, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). Next e hoʻohui i ka hana o decomposers. Ole ia mea, aole e hiki ke hoʻokō 'ia i ka hōʻike o ke kaiaola. He nui ano o fungi a me koʻohune, a me kēia mau kumu mua i loko o ka luna 'maoli. Decomposers decompose ke aloha huahana i ka mea pōhaku moku'āina. Inā ka mahana keia mea maikaʻi, i ka mea kanu residues a me ka make holoholona koke hoʻohiolo nō ia i loko o simpler i huiʻia. Kekahi o kēia mau eiiiiiaiou nā loko o kona haku mele 'ana iuo aaoa?, A i leached a hou-i hoʻohana. More ka pilina paʻa hapa o ka ke aloha residues (humus, kelulose, a no laila, ma luna o. D.) Decomposes lohi hānai flora.

anthropogenic nā kaiaola

Ka luna maoli pono a pau o ke ola me kekahi kanaka 'uao. Muli o kona kulana okoa o ka hihia i loko o ke kanaka-i nā kaiaola. Lākou pili 'o Randy hana me ka pololei komo ana o ke kanaka wale nō. No ka laʻana, agroecosystem. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano no kona ku mau mea ole wale no ka lawe o ka poe ikehu, akā, i ke kahe ana o "subsidy" i loko o ka palapala o keʻano o ka wahie.

Part o keia'ōnaehana mea i 'ano like me ka kūlohelohe. Aʻo Kīwala'ō me ka luna 'maoli malama i kanu ka ulu a me ka ulu lawe wahi ma ka lilo o ka poe ikehu. Eia naʻe, mahiai mea hiki ole me ka lepo a me ka hoʻomākaukau kaʻohiʻana. A me kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kauoha mai ikehu waihona kālā kanaka lehulehu.

A hiki i ke kūlanakauhale pili ke kaiaola i? Ueo? Kēia anthropogenic eiiieaena ma i nui o ka wahie ka ikehu. Kona hokii, ma e like me ke kahe o ka lń luna elua a ekolu paha manawa. Ke kūlanakauhale hiki like me ka hohonu a me ke ana me kona pono. Aia hoʻi, ke ola ana o kēia mau biogeocenosis pili kēia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka loaa ana mai o ka mea a me ka ikehu mai ka waho.

Hoʻokiwikā nā kaiaola ua kaua kipi i ka hopena o ka mōʻaukala kaʻina, kapa urbanization. Ma lalo o kona mau keiki, i nā'āina heluna waiho kua'āina mau mea, e pili ana nui populations. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ke kulanakauhale nui, a hou aku i ka hooikaika i kona kūlana i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kaiāulu. Ma keia hihia, no ka pono o ke kanaka ia ia iho i ka luna 'hoʻokiwikā kahua hana. Kēia i alakaʻi ai i kekahi kulanakauhale ma ka kaawale ana o ke 'ano o ka' aʻe 'a me na pono a pau o kūlohelohe. System o ke kulanakauhale hiki ke kapaia hoʻokiwikā. Naʻe, a me ka hooulu ana i ka hana i na mea a pau loli. No ka mea 'ano o nā kaiaola nā ke kūlanakauhale ma luna o kona ?? eoi? Na hana kanu paha hola? Kaupalena naʻe, ka mea hiki ke kapaia hanalima a me ka hoʻokiwikā. Kēia eiiieaena ninoieo o ka noho mau mea, a mau mea ma luna a i aia na mea, ka hana i kekahiʻano o nā huahana. Ke kaiaola kulanakauhale okoa mai oi nui maoli, a, ma ka hou, kelaʻawahia neoneo kahawai.

I mea e hoʻoikaika 'ana i ko lākou' ia, ke kanaka hana a puni i ko lakou noho ai-kapa uliuli kāʻei. Ka mea, komo no ka grassy LAWN a me ka laau uuku, na laau a me ka loko iʻa. Mau liʻiliʻi-pepa paia maoli nā kaiaola paka ke aloha huahana, a 'aʻole i pāʻani i ka kūikawā kūlana ma ke kulanakauhale ola. No ka mea ola ana o ke kanaka e pono ai, wahie, ka wai a me ka uila mai ka waho.

Ke urbanization kaʻina hana me ka nui loa o ka ola o ko mākou Honua hoʻololi. Ka hopena o ka artificially hana kanaka nenoai i ka ho'ākāka 'nui hoʻololi i keʻano ma nui mau mea o ka Honua. Ma kēia kūlanakauhale,ʻaʻole wale nō e loli ai i ka cii ma ka iho kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ka? Ieoaeunoai nā papahana. Ka mea, e loli ai ka nui ?? eoi?, A ma o aku o kona palena. No ka laʻana, ma ka hoʻoulu i ke koi no nā huahana o ka ulu lāʻau hana kua i lalo i kanaka ululaau.

Iloko o ka functioning o ke kulanakauhale he ākeaʻano o ka waiwai i loko o ka lewa. Lakou e hoohaumia i ka lewa a me ka hoʻololi climatic ana. Ma nā kūlanakauhale, ma luna o ke ao a me ka emi lā wela, nui ka noe a me ka drizzle, a he uuku kai mehana ma mua o ka puni kula.