Alexander Solzhenitsyn, ka Nobel uku: no ka huahana, a ia ia i kumu kāki?

Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - ka Nobel uku e uwa, ka Lūkini kākau moʻolelo nui a me ka lehulehu huahelu. Kona inoa ua pili i ka Patriarchate o ka honua panina moʻokalaleo, ka mea, mai ka hoʻomaopop 'ana i ruthlessness a me ka categorical hoopai ana e pili ana i na mea a pau i hiki mai ai i loko o ke aupuni i kona wā e ola. Solzhenitsyn ua hiki ke olelo ole a me ka patriotic olelo ma ka aoao o ka miliona, ka paepaeʻana na manaʻo, koi no ka pono a me ka maikaʻi.

Solzhenitsyn: Provenance

"He aha o kahi mea nani i kanaka, he hoʻopailua ia ke Akua!" - hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka hiapo, Lūkini moʻokalaleo hiki ole i loko o kā mākou mau lā. Hard-lanakila 'oihana Aleksandra Isaevicha lawelawe' ana i kauoha e hooiaio ai i kona kaʻike o ka poe noonoo ole truths o kanaka ola. Hânau 'ia i kākau i loko o 1918 ma ka North Caucasus, ke keiki a nā meaʻeʻe moku mai ka Kuban kauwa. Solzhenitsyn mau makua, ua akamai kanaka,ʻike heluhelu a me ka walaʻauʻana sciences. make Aleksandra Isaevicha makua kāne ma ke alo iloko o ka First World War, i ike i kana keiki. Mother o ka mea kākau moʻolelo, Taisia Zakharovna, loaa ae nei i ka 'oihana me he typist kana kane i ka make ma hope, i ka neʻe me iki Sasha ma Rostov-ma-Don. Here a me ka noho 'ana kamaliʻi hale o ka mea kākau moʻolelo nui.

Love o ka moʻokalaleo mai kamaliʻi

Ua makemake mea, i ka wā e hiki mai Aleksandra Isaevicha ua he foregone ka hopena mai ke kula. O na papa, na kumu mahalo i ka mea hiki ole nā pihana'ū o ke keiki, a me ka hiki ole ke manao wale ua Solzhenitsyn lanakila ka Nobel lua no "ka pono ikaika a me ka mea āna i hahai i ka mooolelo paʻa mau o Lūkini moʻokalaleo" - e kani ai kūhelu inoa o ka mahele. Aka hoi, i ka welelau o ka haku `ia contrasting keiki distinguishes mea, mai ka helu ana o nā haumāna i loko o nā lā kula.

Ana ua aʻo ma Rostov University ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika, i hoolimalima ia e ke kula kumu o ka nui wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo. Life kahe playwright i loko o kekahi ana laina: hoʻohuiʻia ka hana a me ka hoomau ana e aʻo mai i ka palapala ano ('āuna kumu o kālaiʻike ma Moscow),ʻo ia a pau i kona hoʻokoe manawa e pili ana moʻolelo, (essay) a me ka poem. Ua lawe loli wahi i loko o kona kino ola: Aleksandr Isaevich mare haumāna Natalia Reshetovskaya, hoihoi i ka moʻokalaleo a me ka mele. I ka Akuma ka 1941, ua kapaʻia ka mea kākau moʻolelo, e lawelawe. Ma hope o kekahi mau o ka makahiki o ke kuka nei lakou i ke kula koa, Solzhenitsyn hele mai i ke alo, kahi āna nō e hoʻokele e kalakalai aʻela hoʻi mai noa manawa no ka palapala, ai 'hana.

Ka hoʻomaka o ke kaua e kū'ē i ka? Eia kālai'āina

Kaniak Solzhenitsyn Nobel makana - i ka nui o kekahi no o ka playwright ka tālena a me kona pono, e pa laina intelligently, like me ka hopena o ka paio paakiki a me ka paakiki no Anati-Soviet manaʻo pīhoihoi. Hoolaha i ka mua opus ma ka wartime Aleksandru Isaevichu i ole pomaikai iho la o: i ka makahiki 1945,, i ka luna, i hopu Solzhenitsyn no kamailio ana me ka hoa, i loaʻa ka noʻonoʻo loi o hoa Stalin.
I ka mea kākau o ka ho'āʻo e ke olonā wāwae o ka mana o ka dictatorial loaʻa iā ia ewalu makahiki i loko o ka poe hoomoana. Kupaianaha makemake a me nā pono kīvila o ke kanaka: i loko o ka halepaahao, aole oia i haalele i ka manao e hai aku i ke ao nei e pili ana i ke kuko o ka Stalinist? Eia.

Makakū impulse Solzhenitsyn: i ka wā mai ka 1957 a hiki i 1964

Wale i ka 1957, he pio pili aupuni i rehabilitated. Paha e pili ana i ka Nobel uku, Solzhenitsyn, a laila, i ole manaʻo, akā, noho hāmauʻoe e pili ana i ka repression o na makahiki i hala ua e hele i ka. Iloko o ka "Khrushchev thaw" lilo kekahi o ka pono no ka mea kākau o ka hana. Na laila Soviet alakaʻiʻana,ʻaʻole wale nō i i hiki ole i ka waiū o nā karaima kulekele o kona, hoʻokomo, akā, i ae, e hoolaha i ka puke "One Day ma ka Ivana Denisovicha." Hana i kākau maʻalahi ole i ka mea mau heluna kanaka, ua hua mai la i ka veritable Naita me: ka mea, ua i ka'ōlelo e pili ana i ka lā i loko o kahi i hoʻomoana ai pio. Hoolaha i ka moʻolelo hoomaka ma Europe, nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a pau hoi i hoolea ia i ka hana i 'ae' ia,ʻaʻole e pau, a hoouna aku regular moʻolelo no ka puke.

Pāpā o Solzhenitsyn ka hana i loko o ka USSR

hou pâʻani 'o ia i ka loli o ke alakaʻi o ka moku'āina waiwai hapalua like-70s,ʻaʻole ma ka lima i ka Solzhenitsyn. Ma mua o ka Nobel uku mea kākau ho'āʻo e pahu aku ai i ka makaukau o ka lahui ia nā kumu kāki - ka Lenin uku. Eia naʻe, i kona candidacy ma kekahi koho balota malu o ke Komite i holoiʻia. Ma ke ala, i kēia mea i loko o ole ala ke loli i ka hiʻona o ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Heluhelu Solzhenitsyn, ka holoʻokoʻa papa o ka Soviet intelligentsia. Buy novels ma ka poʻokela ua hiki ole, akā, e hana literally hele ma luna o kona mau lima, e waiho ana kēlā me kēia mea heluhelu no ka manawa o ka i oi aku mamua o na la ekolu. Kekahi mau moʻolelo i ua paʻi me ka poi, e like me ka palapala - ka mea, ua pono, a me ka mea oluolu i hūnā banned playwright sketches ina e pono ai.

Pili aupuni repression i ka mea kākau

I ka 1965, i ke aupuni hoʻomaka e radically intervene i loko o ka hana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Ka haoʻana o ka moʻolelo i kākau lima, palapala, ai 'kākau moʻolelo o ka Archive, he pāpā ma' ahiahi Featuring ka playwright, a me ka lehulehu ākea o ka hou puke "Cancer Ward", i ua allegedly "nānaina ike maopopo" a i ike like Anati-Soviet, a me ka hope expulsion, mai ka mea kākau 'Union heluhelu - mau ana Hāʻule maila lākou i ka palapala, ai' hana, akā, i hiki ke hooki aku i ka huakaʻi i ke kai paiia o na novels. Mea i ua ole paiia ma ka hale, i hele mai i loko o holo wale aku no. Naʻe, ka mea kākau i i haawi ia kona 'ae' ana i ia no i koe, keʻikeʻia ke kuleana o ka unahiʻole, i.

Nobel lua: ka uwa o ka ia nā kumu kāki ole

A lohe o Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn lanakila ka Nobel uku, Soviet kīwī ho'āʻo e hūnā mai o ka lehulehu i ka lono o ka hoʻolilo 'ana o ka "bourgeois" hoʻolilo' ia 'ana i kona poe kanaka. Ka ikaika o ka mea kākau o ka hana i loko o i ka oiaio o ke ola i hele ma o aku o ka "Socialist realism", hewaʻiʻo oiaio mahalo. I mea, ke koa a me ke kupaa ana ma ka alualu o ka lehulehu pono - keia mea e like mea Solzhenitsyn lanakila i ka Nobel uku. Akā, ma kahi o ka ia nā kumu kākiʻana ma Stockholm, a Aleksandr Isaevich i kono, i ka hanana ua kaulana i loko o ke kokoke loa kaiapili o ka poe hea ka mea me ia kanaka, ka poe i hoolohe i ka hōʻike mai Kuekene ma ka Radio i loko o ka'āina hoa a me ka haku mele Mstislav Rostropovich. He waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo he hoihoi' wahi e pili ana i ka Nobel lua no na hana o Solzhenitsyn ka mea kākau i ke koa o kona ano, like, mai ka la aku o ka paʻi o ka moʻolelo mua a hiki i ka ia nā kumu kāki i wale 8 makahiki kahiko - i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻolilo 'ia' o ke koho wikiwiki loa ka waiwai lahui iaia.

Hopohopo ana i loko o ka hihia o ka hele ma kahi e, na Aupuni hoole mai ia hou-komo, noho hale. Direct haawi o Solzhenitsyn, ka Nobel makana i paʻa wale nō i ka 1974, eha makahiki ma hope o ka ia nā kumu kākiʻana.

mea kākau hihia ma hope o ka Nobel uku

Koke ma hope o ka Olelo Hoolaha a ka uwa maila o ka 'ihiʻihi World playwright ia nā kumu kāki mua ua kauohaʻia kai eʻe e ku e ia ia, hoomaka ae hoʻomaka koke i ka waiwai momentum. Over ka pili mau o nā makahiki ma ka hale i nā paʻi a pau o ka mea kākau i ua luku, a me ka Paris ka paʻi "pae'āina Gulag" wale Hoʻonāukiuki mai ka poeikohoia o ka Communist alakaʻi.

Ka wahine kāne make o ka mea kākau, Natalia, I Ka Naniʻoiaʻiʻo o ka loulou, a me ka halepaahao manawa mālama Solzhenitsyn ka Nobel waiwai pio no me Moʻolelo. Ke ia nā kumu kāki Ua hoopaa iho la i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i wale ku okoa ana a me ke ola, akā, no hoi i ka mea i hiki i ka ho okumu ana i loko naʻe o ka Soviet censorship. A lohe o Alexander Solzhenitsyn lanakila ka Nobel uku, he io-manao na luna o ka Soviet Union i hou he kanalua i hou noho "agitator" a me "Anati-Soviet propagandist o nā manaʻo" i loko o ke aupuni, e hoʻoikaika i kona wahi wale nō.

Expulsion kahi o ka oiaio. 16 makahiki i loko o ke pioʻana

Soon Andropov, laila, ke poo o ka KGB, a me ka Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi General Rudenko pāhana e kipaku i ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ke aupuni i hoomakaukau ai. I ka manaʻo hoʻoholo o ke Aupuni uaʻaʻole lōʻihi ma ka hele ana mai: I ka 1974,, Solzhenitsyn Ua hemo i ka Presidium o ka Aha Soviet o ka USSR "no ka mea kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana Komisina o ka hana i mea incompatible me ka pili ana i ke kupa o ka USSR, a me kaʻino wale i o ka USSR" o kona kupa, a deported i Germany.

Koho pelekikena paa 1990 kupa playwright a me kona 'ohana i hoi aku. Eia hou, ma ka Akuma ka o ka hookahi makahiki o ka Nobel uku Solzhenitsyn hoʻomanaʻo koke hou au i ka pau aina. Paʻiʻia ma "Komsomolskaya Pravda" o kona polokalamu 'atikala capitalist hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o Rusia i ua mau mea kākau e ka lehulehu. A mau mahina ma hope Solzhenitsyn i i hookoia ka State lua no ka pai ia ma Farani i ka 1973, "ka Gulag pae'āina." Soon, a pau na hana paʻi mawaho o Rusia i paʻiʻia ma kona'āina, a ma ka hapalua like-90s pu hoi me kana wahine, a me nā keiki kāne, a laila, e 'Imi komo i loko o ka lawelawe hana.

I ka hoi ana o ko Solzhenitsyn ka nohona hana i loko o ka '90s

Nobel makana e uwa Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Russian lilo ka e ka kemokalaka koʻikoʻi a hanohano o ka mana, he kākoʻo iā ia, no ke kukulu ana i ka mea hou, Anati-Communist moku'āina. Surprisingly, ka mea kākau moʻolelo i loaa i kekahiʻano o ke kaumaha ai oukou ia, i ka holo ana no ke Keʻena Pelekikena.

Manawa, na olelo ana Solzhenitsyn i hōʻike ai i ke pohō wale o kona mau hala manaʻo i loko o kaiāulu. I ka noho Luna ana ana nou, he Classic o ka aina moʻokalaleo, a ma ka mea ia manawa e hōʻike maiʻoukou i ka 'aʻole hoʻi Stalinist? Eia, Aleksandr Isaevich i aku manaʻo i paʻa e neʻe aku, mai ka makana realities, oiai noho i ka lono kaumahaʻaoʻao o Lūkini moolelo i loko o ka hala.

Noʻonoʻo loi o na hana hope o Nobel laureate

A luku ana mamuli o ka inconsistency o Solzhenitsyn manawa, e like me ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka mea, ua i ka puke "na makahiki elua haneri Together". Ke hana i paʻiʻia ma ka 2001. Akā, i ka hopena o ka umi makahiki o ka hana ana o ka mea kākau wale walawala elele o ka 'epekema a me ka mōʻaukala poepoe. Numbness kapa ia ia iho i ka mea kākau o ka manaʻo - i ka mōʻaukala o nā Iudaio kanaka i loko o Rusia. Ke huahana Ua kena ae la i kekahi flurry o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka pilikia, a me ka ukiuki - No ke aha la Solzhenitsyn hou hoala mai i ka ua problematic kumuhana o ka pili aloha ma waena o nā lāhui kanaka elua?

Ua maheleia manao e pili ana i Solzhenitsyn ka hana, akā, no ka mea, kekahi noʻonoʻo i ka masterpiece o ka hana, oiaio manifesto o ka Lūkini aupuni manaʻo, oiai kekahi poe i mai i kekahi poʻe'ē he kūpono no ka hana o ka mea kākau, i ka i ana i ka mea kākau moʻolelo kokoke e hoolea ana i ka poe Iudaio, a me ka makemake i ke kākau okoa e pili ana i ia tougher. Kekahi kanaka i hana ai, a loaʻa i ka huina hoonui o ka moʻo o kala Anati-Semitic novels. Solzhenitsyn ia ia iho i kekahi manawa, ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia o ka loa a me ka Pahuhopu pāʻewaʻoleʻaoʻao pale o ke kumuhana.

Summing i: ka waiwai o Solzhenitsyn i loko o ke ao nei moʻokalaleo

E hoʻoponopono i kaʻike hoʻokumu o ka mea kākau, nana aku no ka mea maikaʻi a me ka hopena maikaʻi ', ao ke ano o kona puke uaʻoi aku ko lākou i kakahiaka nui - ke puke ua i paa. Akā, apparently, i ka pilina o ka kumuhana o keia hana, e i oi aku kekahi nalu o ke kūkākūkā a me ka hoopaapaa ana.

No ka Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel makana i ole ke loaa i ka wā e ola ana. Ka mea kākau i ia he pono wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini a me ka honua moʻokalaleo, ka paepaeʻana i ka manaʻo nui i nā nā paʻi hua e pili ana i ke kulana oiaio i loko o ke aupuni, komo i loko o journalism a me ka nohona hana. Ka hapa nui o ka hana o ka mea kākau i na miliona o nā kope nā ma Rusia, a ma kahi e aku. "Ka Gulag pae", "Ka First Circle", "Cancer Ward" a he nui nā hana i lilo i ka epitome o ka honua-playwright, kona kaʻana like 'ana, hina iho la pilikia o na hoao ana o ke ola nui.

E hoomanao, e hiki ole hoopoina!

Ka mea kākau nui i make i loko o August 2008. Ke kumu o ka make ana o 89-makahiki-kahiko Solzhenitsyn i mālama like congestive naʻau ole. Ma ka lā o ka aloha i ka playwright Dmitry Medvedev palapala i ke kānāwai e komo ai i ka hoʻomauʻana o ka hoomanao ana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka lehulehu huahelu. I kulike ai me ke koho pelekikena olelo hooholo i ka mea maikaʻi i nā haumāna o Lūkini kulanui i ka hoonohoia'na o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana Solzhenitsyn, kekahi o ka kapikala ka alanui manawa no hoi keia i ka inoa i loko o ka hanohano o Aleksandra Isaevicha, a me Rostov-ma-Don a me Kislovodsk nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i, wehe i ka plaques.

I kēia lā, i kekahi o ko Solzhenitsyn ka hana i komo i loko o ka OAXA palena iki mau hoʻonaʻauao polokalamu no Lūkini moʻokalaleo. Nā haumāna heluhelu i ka moʻolelo "One Day ma ka Ivana Denisovicha," i ka moʻolelo "Matryona", he Kawaihae no ka mea kākau moʻolelo aʻo i nā haʻawina o ka mōʻaukala, a me ka mai 2009 i ka papa inoa o nā hana o ke akamai, e waiho no ka heluhelu, inā e "ka Gulag pae'āina." Naʻe, i nā haumāna heluhelu i ke kāpili mana o ka puke - hoemi i ka huina hoonui kekahi mau manawa, Solzhenitsyn ka wahine kāne make i hoopaa iho la o kona 'ole a me kino i hoomakaukauia no ka pai ana.