Ana Aina, kākau moʻolelo a me ka publicist A. I. Gertsen: Kawaihae a me na hana

I ka wā e hiki mai nui kākau moʻolelo a me ka thinker A. I. Gertsen i hānau i loko o ka pilikia 1812. Eono-mahina bebe a hiki ae la i loko o ka lima o ka Farani, ka wā e huli ai ka punana o Gentry ka ohana ma Moscow. Moʻolelo e pili ana i ke kaua, a pau i ka pilialoha au mai o Alexander ka noho alii ana i ka pēpē hoihoi moe, o kona manao wale no ua, e kaua aku i ka Rusia maikaʻi. Ka Uluwehi o mai, la oia i kona mau ideals ole hoʻololi.

Kamalii mai, a Education

A. I. Gertsen i hānau i loko o ka ohana o ka waiwai aliÿi Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva. He hana hoihoi i kona waiwai i hoopaa ia ma ka luawai-ike kumu. Kekahi o nā kūpuna o kaʻohana ua Andrew Male, i kekahi i wahi o ka Romanov aliʻi.

Ka makuahine ua he makaainana German ka molekumu o, he okoa ka mea, ua wale 16 makahiki. No kēia mau kumu, i ole? Aaeno i ka makua kāne ai ka mare ana me ke kaikamahine, a i hanau ke keiki a kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni inoa, invented e Ivanom Alekseevichem. Herzen ma Kelemānia 'o ia hoʻi ke keiki a ka naau.

Kēia 'ōlelo Ua pâʻani' o ia nui nui i kūlana i loko o ke kanaka'ōpiopio ka ola. Kona punahele mea kākau i ka Schiller. No ka laʻana, ka hula "ka poe powa" Ua koi 'ia ka heluhelu Herzen, a me kona papa kuhikuhi ano Karl Moor - he maikaʻi, a he kumu hoʻohālike no ke kanaka'ōpiopio. Ua mea no hoi ka mua nui ka palapala, ai ka hoao ana o ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo hiki e manao like i kekahi loiloi-noʻonoʻo o "Wallenstein", a i kekahi i ka mea kākau o Schiller.

E like me ke keiki Herzen Alexander Ivanovich halawai me kona colleague Nikolai Ogarev. i nā keiki pōniuniu wale ma ka lono o ke kipi ana o ka Decembrists i ka makahiki 1825, a laila, i kekahi i kekahi i ka olelo hoopomaikai, e kaua aku no ke kipi.

loulou

Utopian naau kanaka opiopio i komo ai i ka Moscow University, kahi ona e waiho ana ma na mea he nui koʻikoʻi a hanohano o ka'ano'ē wa opiopio. Ma kekahi, e kākoʻo i nā hanana ma Farani i ka 1830, ka wā like me ka hopena o ka JulyʻOiʻenehana i'ānaiʻia e Charles X.

I ka makahiki 1833 kokua aku la oia i kona ia hoʻi ka haumāna o Copernicus, a loaa i ka Ph.D., a he mekala kâlâ keʻokeʻo. Ua mea i kona alo ana lawelawe 'ana i ka heluna kanaka o ke aristocratic ola. Eia naʻe, he makahiki hope A. I. Gertsen hina iho la i ka hilahila, a ua a hoʻokuewa wale 'ia ka moku'āina Vyatka me ka hua'ōlelo "no ka himeni ana o libelous Verses." Ma ka Barracks Krutitsa hoailona i kona wahi i e kali ana i ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana, ua pau i ka mea kākau moʻolelo "Ka German hele."

Ma Vyatka Herzen hele mai, e lawelawe i loko o ka oihana o ka kūloko me he kanaka hoohalike olelo. Life o kekahi kaona liʻiliʻi o ka umi tausani mea i ona ai i manakā ma hope o Moscow nā manaʻo. ia i ka makahiki 1837 loaa i ka maka o ka mea a hoʻokuewa wale 'hooilina a hiki i ka noho aliʻi, i ka wā e hiki mai Alexander II i nā mea a pau hoʻololi. He kuai no ka kokua? Eia, a Herzen unuhi i Vladimir. A laila, i ka mea kākau moʻolelo lilo ike lea i ka haku mele Vasiliem Zhukovskim, ka poe i eʻike maka i ka make Aleksandra Pushkina.

"Notes o ka Fatherland" a me ka Westerners

Eia hoi i ka 1838, Herzen huli ma Vladimir, ma mare me Nataley Aleksandrovnoy Zaharinoy, a koke loaa i ka mua-hanau Alexander. A laila, i ka mea kākau moʻolelo ua hiki ke neʻe i ke kapikala, akā,ʻo ia, ua hou a hoʻokuewa wale 'ia Novgorod no freethinking. Akā, he oiaio, aole oia i noho lōʻihi,ʻo ia hoʻi i Moscow. He hana i loko o "Notes o ka Fatherland" Magazine i ia manawa. Me A. I. Gertsen i kekahi o na luna o ka Westerners, lobbying no ka neʻeʻana o Rusia ma ka Europa ala o? Acaeoey.

I ka 1845, ka mea kākau moʻolelo paʻi na Mokuna mua o kona loa kaulana hana, "Owai ka hewa?". A laila, Herzen Hoʻoholo ihola e emigrate aie i ka mea i na Aupuni i i makemake i kona mau manao, pakahi aku la ia i ke kua'āina nīnau. A oiai o ka hoomaau ana i ole, hele aku la ia i Europa, mai i ka mea, aole hoi mai.

Europe

Loa koke, i ka makahiki 1848, Europe, hoomaka ae la kekahi mau kipi ku ei ka mea kahiko? Eia. Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich i wahi ma kēia neʻeʻana, ma ka pau ana ma ka Roma huakai i. A hiki aku i ke kipi wawahi mai ma Farani, ua neʻe maila i ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka 'ohana iā Paris. Herzen i kuleana i loko o ka h ÷ ike ike ku ei ka kūloko Aupuni ma hope, campaigning no ka mea hoʻi o ke Kumukanawai mea, hoomaka ae la i ka hoomaau ana o kona mau lala. Holo aku la Publicist i Kuikilana. A hiki aku i ke kipi make ia,ʻo ia hoʻi i Nice.

I ka makahiki 1850, ua hookuu ia i ke kānāwai i loko o Rusia Herzen hina i lalo o ka "mau pio." Ke kumu o ua i kona journalistic hana i na mea he nui Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke, kahi āna i nema aku i ke Aupuni Nikolaev. I loko nō o ka pāpā i ka paʻi palapala ma Rusia, Herzen ka buke, a me nā 'atikala paʻiʻia i loko o nāʻEulopa' ōlelo wale aku no.

I ka makahiki 1851, i loko o ka moku, i ka makuwahine make tragically mea kākau a me kana keiki Kolya. ʻO kēia May, ka wā i kana wahine make ka hānau keiki a me keiki keiki. Ka lono kaumaha hanana ua paipaiʻia iā ia e hoʻomaka i kona memoirs mea wale nō i loko o ka makahiki 1868, i paʻiʻia ma lalo o ka inoa "kaʻu i hala iho nei, a manao". I ka Ia manawa London Ua lilo i mālama 'wahi o noho ai, i koho Aleksandr Gertsen. "Kaʻu i hala iho nei, a na manao" e ho'ōla lilo i Classic o kona ano moʻokalaleo Ke.

"Ka Bell"

I ka MH 1853 ma ka London, ua he noa Lūkini pai ka hale, ao ke kahua ona ua Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen. Ke thinker nui makemake e hana i kekahi journalistic puke, ka pulakaumaka o i makemake ia i ke kūlana politika a me ka nohona hanana ma kona aupuni kona home.

He make koke ma hope ma Rotehama I, a me Rusia poho i ka Crimean War, a laila, ma ka home ua he noi no ka loli. Ma keia manawa, he kanakolu makahiki ma ka aina aohe he mihi, a noho alii iho la naoh ia ma muli o ka uprising o ka Decembrists. A hiki i ka hoa, a colleague Ogarev neʻe i London, Herzen i ka 1857, ua hana mai i ka nupepa "Ka Bell", a ua lilo ia i hōʻailonaʻoiaʻiʻo o ke au.

Ka pukeʻIkea hou mea correspondents, like pono me ka poe liilii, ka palapala, ai ka lehulehu ākea. Kona mānoanoa helu ua 8-10 a lahilahi. Ka mua manawa ma Russian paʻiʻia kēia o ka nūpepa censor. Aʻu i heluhelu ia ia iho, Alexander II. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kekahi o na keena ma ka makahiki 1858 i paʻiʻia palapala malu e pili ana i ka mai ana mai e hoʻoponoʻia o ke kua'āina, "ka Bell" Ua banned. Aka hoi, o ka nupepa e hoʻokele e komo i ka aina illegally. I ka piko o ka pomaikai i ka 1861, ka wā o ka Emancipation o na kauwa i paʻi ia ma Rusia.

nā makahiki

Once ka mea kākau i kākoʻo i ka Polish uprising, i ka hoihoi i loko o ka mea i loa ke olonā wāwae. "Bell" Ua oki ia e paʻi i ka 1867. Kuikilana Ua lilo i ka hou i ka hale, kahi Aleksandr Gertsen neʻe. Pokole: ke koena o kona ola huli i ka eha a me ka haule ana mai me ka e like-manao kanaka.

I ka 1870, make aku la ia o ka pneumonia Aleksandr Gertsen. "ʻO wai ka hewa?" A journalistic hana immortalized i kona inoa. I Soviet manawa,ʻo ia i ike i ka hōʻailona o ka paio no ka kipi ku ei ka mea mana aliʻi. Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i ka mea kākau i loko o Nice.