Catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia - ka 'enehana holomua i kahiko moʻolelo

Pono keia mau mea waiwai o kaʻaila i ike i ke kanaka no ka manawa mau loa aku. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka wahie a me ka maka mea no? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kemikala olona, a me nā lula ea. I ka Ia manawa na kanaka i mau, imi ae la e hoʻonui loa i ka pomaikai i loaa mai i ka aaioee o mōʻalihaku. I kekahi mau hana i ka catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia - he kaʻina i haawi ala i ka kiʻekiʻe-ka pono kakolina a me ka onaona hydrocarbons. Kēia hana o ka aila aaioee i invented hoʻi i ka 1911, a mai 1939 ua hoʻohana 'ia ka' ike loea hou ma luna o ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole. No mōʻalihaku distillation iaoiaeii ua mau hou. I kēia lā ka mea, o kekahi o na aoao loa Ka Uluwehi O Ke pono a me ka paka kakolina me kiʻekiʻe octane helu.

wahie distillation

Catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia - ua ke kaʻina hana o ka dehydrogenation (hydrogen abstraction mai i ke aloha lātoma i huiʻia) eono-Aupuni Lālā a naphthenes ma ke alo o ka nikala a me kekahi'ē aʻe i eliiaʻi no ka platinum pae ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe, e hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ke onaona i huiʻia. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, he kaʻina e produces kiʻekiʻe-octane huahana - reformate - mai ano haʻahaʻa a heʻiʻo maka nō nā - straight-holo kakolina.

Ke kumu nui no ia a no laila, hoʻomano hohola e hoʻoponoʻia - He makeʻe no ke kaiapuni. Prior i ka mea, ma ka mea e loaa kakolina me kiʻekiʻe octane helu hoʻohana kēpau-ma muli antiknock. Ka wā e hoʻoponoʻia nā ea puka iʻaneʻane kahi e.

Na kūpono huahana

Ma ana i kēia 'enehana ia mea hiki i ka paka i ka loa waiwai petrochemical feedstock - benzene, toluene, onaona hydrocarbon. I kēia lā, catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia - o ke kaʻina hana ma i kiʻi mai ai i 480 miliona tona o ka petrochemical huahana no ka makahiki nā hualoaʻa a.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE pau-huahana o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kalapona mea reformate - kakolina me ka octane pane lākiō o 93-102. Ka poʻe, he mea ma-huahana - paraffinic hydrocarbons, a me ka 90% o ka hydrogen kinoea, i mea ka loa maemae ma mua o loaa mai ma nā ki ina hana like.

Kekahi huahana hele pū ana catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia, ka Coke. Ua Ua waiho ia ma ka ili o ka hōʻeleu, me ka nui loa hoemi kona hope. Kona imi e emi i ka helu.

Catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia Technology

E like me ka feedstock no catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia o ka naphtha hana - wahie me ka haʻahaʻa octane helu. Ka a pau kaʻina ua lawe mai i ka 3-4 reactors a i ka paʻa moe o ka hōʻeleu. Nā reactors i interconnectedʻohe me ka luna 'nunui-keena'ōnaehana a me ka wela malumalu huahana.

Catalysts catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia e lawe - alumina (A1203) interspersed me ka platinum nā pōaka. Ma reactors ma ka wela o 480-520 ° C a me ka puʻe o mai 1,2 a hiki i 4 MPa feedstock ua hoohuliia i loko o kiʻekiʻe-octane aromatics a me isoparaffin. Loa pinepine, e hoʻoikaika kumupaʻa o ke kaʻina hana 'ike loea hou ma ka hoʻokō' oi pipiʻi metala (rhenium, germanium, iridium), a me nā halogens - chlorine a me ka fluorine.

Kind catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia

I kēia lā invented nui epekema no ka hana kiʻekiʻe-octane kakolina a me aromatics ma catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia reactions. O kela haole poʻe mālama i malu kona iho? Iecaianoaaiiuo hana. Naʻe, ka mea, i ka nānā 'ana i ka papa kuhikuhi ano ekolu:

1. aila e hoʻoponoʻia paʻa ka poʻe i loko o ekolu eha paha reactors noke. Kona o Mānoa, ke moe i loko o ka mea ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hōʻeleu mea mua loa ana kona Loaʻaʻia, ma hope i ka mīkini'ātoma i papani ai hoi i like loa me ka accelerator e e hoihoi mai i ko lakou mau waiwai e hoʻomōhala ai.
2. Ana naoh naehana 2-3 - mea kemikala kekahi manawa hoihoi hou ia i loko o kēlā me kēia'ōnaehana me kona auaiaea. A pau keia kaʻina ua i pani, a ua auou caiaiai ka wa e noho mīkini'ātoma me ka "lana", ponoʻole.

Ka mea kiekie loa hana hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ke ana kahe naoh hoʻohana regenerating mea kanu a me nā reactors. Ka hōʻeleu, e like me ka mea hōʻemi o kona waiwai, ua waihoia lakou ma ka regenerative keena, a ma kona wahi o "Puhi iho loaʻa hou reactant" holo ia lŘlŘ aljumoplatinovyh i huiʻia.

ki pilikia

I ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia i accompanies he reformer - o ke kahua o ka nui nui o ka Coke-hoemi catalytic hiki aljumoplatinovyh lako. Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana o keia pilikia ninoieo i loko o ke ahi mai ka Coke ma luna o ka ili o kū'ē oihana mua ma ka mea o ka oxygen ma-inert ukuhiia i ka wela o 300-500 kekelē Kelekia. Kēia kaʻina hana i loko o ka 'epekema kaiaulu ua kapaia e noho. Loa ana, e hoihoi aku i ka catalytic hehee ai mea e hiki. E like me ka hana ia irrevocably noho mua, a laila, hoouna aku la ia i ka kūikawā mea kanu, kahi e ua loko mai o platinum a me nā pipiʻi ke hooheheeia.

Catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia reactors

Kēia hana o ka aaioee o mōʻalihaku ua hana ma nāʻano likeʻole o nā mea kanu. I ka inoa i kekahi mau no ia:

• Selectoforming. Eia, i ka reformer kaʻina hiehie catalytic dehydrogenation me ka e wae hydrocracking.
• Platforming. Ua Desha i ka mīkini'ātoma 3, a me ka manawa o ka catalysts mea, mai 6 a hiki i 12 mahina.
• Ultraforming. Kekahi o ka mea mua nā mea hoʻonoho me ka "lana" mīkini'ātoma mea e lawelawe ai i ka loaa kaʻina hana o ka mea kemikala.
• Isoplus. No huahana e hui e hoʻoponoʻia keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka thermalʻuʻina.

Ka aila i loaa i loko o North America loa kaiāulu e hoʻoponoʻia - i makahiki keʻano o ka hanaʻana mai i 180 miliona tona o maoli wahie. Ma kekona wahi nō nā'āinaʻEulopa - ka mea, hoike no ma kahi o 93 miliona nā kana. Rusia e pani i ka makahiki auoiaea o ma kahi o 50 miliona na tona o kaʻaila ka lunaʻekolu.