Dirac ka hopena. Dirac helu kaulike. Quantum kahua kumumanaʻo

He 'atikala e kālele ana ma luna o ka hana o Paul Dirac helu kaulike a nui ka waiwai o ka quantum mechanics. Ua wehewehe i ke kumu o manaÿo e pono e maopopo i ka physical ano o ka helu kaulike, a me kāu kiʻina hana o kona palapala noi.

Science a me nā kānakaʻepekema

Ke kanaka ua i pili me ka 'epekema, ka mea, o ka ike? Iecaianoaaiiie kaʻina hana i loko o kekahi ke kilokilo hopena. Nā kānakaʻepekema, ma ka manao o ke kanaka - ia cranks ka mea olelo i ka malihini 'ōlelo a me ka iki arrogant. Noho ike lea ia me ke kanaka noiʻi, mamao aku mai ka 'epekema ke kanaka hookahi i mai la ia ia i maopopo ole na ke kālaikūlohea i loko o ke kula. Pela ke kanaka i loko o ke alanui ua paʻa i ka pāʻia mai ka 'epekema ike, a me ka noi hou hoʻonaʻauao interlocutor e olelo maʻalahi a oi intuitive. He oiaio Paul Dirac helu kaulike mākou e noonoo, hoʻokipa like hoʻi.

kula haʻahaʻaa (particles)

Ka 'ole o ka mea ua mau malia hana manao. I ka wä kahiko Greece, kanaka i ike i ke kinikini anuu, a i ka hailona o ka'ūhā, loli kinona ma manawa, a laila'ōlelo akula: kēlā wāwae a kamaa, hāpai me ia he moku iki o ka mea. Ua hoʻoholo ihola kēia mau kumu, e ao aku i "nā'ātoma", i mea "indivisible". Name i koe, akā, e huli mai i na nā'ātoma a me na (particles) e e i nā'ātoma - ka ia hui, luna '. Mau (particles) i kapaia haʻahaʻa. Ua Ua hoʻolaʻa i ka hana ka mea, Dirac helu kaulike i 'ae' ia wehewehe ole wale i ka milo ana o ka huina'ine, akā, i paipai i ke alo o ke antielectron.

Wave-huna duality

Ka hooulu ana o ka 'enehana kiʻi i loko o ka hopena o ke kenekulia umikumamaiwa, entailed ole wale ke ano o imprinting iho,ʻai a me nā pōpoki, akā, i aliʻi ma nā nā papaha o ka' epekema. Loaa ana o keia me ka mākaukau i nā mea hana e like me ka poe ola, kiʻi (hoʻomanaʻo aʻela nō mamua waiū hiki aku ma kahi o 30-40 minuke), nä känaka 'epekema hoomaka em me nā paʻi, e koho i kekahiʻano o ka spectra.

Kākoʻo i ia manawa pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ka waiwai hiki ole maopopo wehewehe a wńnana i ka spectra o ka luna 'nā lātoma. Mua, i ka hoʻokolohua kaulana o Rutherford hoike mai i ka'Ātoma mea ole pela indivisible: o kona naau ua kaumaha maikaʻi nucleus puni i kaumaha maʻalahi io electrons. A laila, i ka loaʻa o ka radioactivity ho'āʻo ai i ka Kernel mea he monolith ole, a ua i mai o protons a me neutrons. A laila, i ke kokoke i ka wā hoʻokahi loaʻa o ka quantum o ka ikehu, ka Heisenberg maopopo rula a me probabilistic ano o kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) wahi haawi impetus i ka hooulu ana o ka fundamentally hou scientific hoʻokokoke i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka puni honua. A hou pauku - na ke kālaikūlohea o haʻahaʻa (particles).

Ka papa pukana ma ka wanaao o ka makahiki o na discoveries nui ma kaʻoi loa-uuku ka unahiʻole, i, e wehewehe i ke alo o ke kula haʻahaʻaa huna nā paʻi hua a me ka nalu ka waiwai.

Einstein hoao i ke ahiahi imperceptible photon mai he nui, e like me ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa? Aaeaao i ka pana, i kau mai maluna o ka (malamalama puʻe kŰia). Ma keia hihia, nui ho okolohua ma ka hoopuehu aku ana i electrons i loko o nā kōā o ka la ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ka mea, i ka diffraction a me ka 'ākeʻakeʻa, ia mea pono'ī nona wale nō e ho'āli aʻe. E like me ka hopena, au i ae aku e: ka haʻahaʻa (particles) i ka ia manawa o kekahi mea me ka nuipa a me ka nalu. Ia mea, no ka nui o, e olelo aku, he huina'ine me ka mea i "haukaʻe i" i loko o ka ikehu AEeAaOA i ka waiwai o ka nalu. Keia rula o ka nalu-huna duality ua 'ae' e wehewehe ana i mua o nā mea a pau ke kumu o ka huina'ine aʻole i hāʻule i loko o ka nucleus, a no ka mea kumu nei i loko o ka'Ātoma ka Astronomical, a me nā mahele ma waena o ia mea abrupt. Mau mahele ma a paha i ka pae kū hoʻokahi i kekahi waiwai. Next, kula haʻahaʻaa huna ke kālaikūlohea pono e wehewehe i ka waiwai o na (particles) ia lakou iho, e like me kā lākou mau hana kūleʻa.

Ka nalu hana o ka quantum helu

Erwin Schrödinger i ke kahaha ko oukou naau, a hiki i neia wa e hoʻohoka ka puka (ma luna o ka muli o kona hope Pol Dirak i kukulu i kona kumumanaʻo). He ho'āʻo ai i ka moku'āina o kekahi kula haʻahaʻaa huna, no kekahi laʻana, wehewehe i ka huina'ine nalu kuleana pili i ψ. Ma ona iho, ka mea, 'aʻole i manaʻo i kekahi mea, akā, ka mea e huinahalike pahiki o loaa ka huina'ine ma ka haawi welau o ka lewa. Ma keia wahi o ke kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) i loko o kekahi'Ātoma ( 'ole kekahi'ōnaehana) ua ho'ākāka' ia ma ka eha quantum huahelu. Kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE (N), orbital (k),ʻume mākenēki (m) a me ka lope (m _mau) helu. Ka mea, e hōʻike i ka waiwai o ka haʻahaʻa (particles). E like me ka analogy, e ke lawe mai i ka aila hihia. Kona ano - ke kaupaonaʻana, nui, waihoʻoluʻu a me ka momona maʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, hiki ole ke hoomaopopo intuitively na waiwai e wehewehe kula haʻahaʻaa (particles),, ka mea ë he mähele wale no ma ka makemakika hōʻikeʻano. Hana Dirac helu kaulike o - ka pulakaumaka o keia 'atikala ua hoolilo i ka hope, i ka helu o ka milo.

milo

Ma mua o na lede 'ana i ka helu kaulike, ia mea e pono mea Kû ka milo lākou helu M _ke e _hoomaopopo. Ua hōʻike iho angular momentum o ka huina'ine, a me nā kula haʻahaʻaa (particles). Kēia helu He mau maikaʻi a me ka hiki ke lawe i ka helu waiwai, 'Aʻohe' ole hapalua waiwai (no ka m + _ka = 1/2 huina'ine). Milo - nui maʻi lele, a me ka wale kekahi e ho'ākāka i ke kohoʻia o ka huina'ine. Quantum kahua kumumanaʻo e ukuhi i milo i ke kumu o ka hoonohonoho hou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, i mea ole counterpart i nui intuitive mechanics. Milo lākou helu hōʻike mai ana i pono huli i ka maʻi lele e hiki mai ana i kona kikokikona moku'āina. An kumu makemake e he maʻamau poepoe-wahi peni (kākau 'ana e e i ka maikaʻi ma amau o ka maʻi lele). I hele mailaʻo ia i ka palapala moku'āina, ia mea pono e huli 360 degere. Kēia kahua hoʻopili like i ke kua o 1. A hiki aku i ka hapa hope, e like me ka huina'ine kuapo pono e 720 degere. No laila, ma ka hou i ka makemakika kilo, pono i ke kino māhele manaʻo e maopopo i kēia waiwai. Just ma luna hana me ka hana i ka nalu. He ka papa kuhikuhiE "Mea Keaka" Schrodinger helu kaulike ma e hōʻike ana i ka moku'āina a me kaʻoihana o ka haʻahaʻa (particles). Akā, i kēia pilina i loko o kona palapala ano ua manaoia no spinless (particles). E wehewehe i ka moku'āina o ka huina'ine hiki wale hoopaa ina ka generalization o ka Schrödinger helu kaulike, i i hanaʻia ma ka hana o Dirac.

Bosons a me fermions

Fermion - (particles) me ka hapa-helu milo waiwai. Fermions i hoʻonohonoho i nenoai (e laʻa me nā'ātoma) e like me ka Pauli loa rula: i loko o kēlā me kēia moku'āina e e ole aku ma mua o kekahi huna. Penei, kēlā huina'ine i loko o ka'Ātoma mea i kekahi mau mea okoa, mai a pau'ē aʻe (kekahi quantum helu mai he okoa manaʻo). Quantum kahua kumumanaʻo iienuaaaony kekahi hihia - bosons. Ka mea, i ka milo, a me nā mea a pau hiki ka poʻe e i loko o ka hookahi moku'āina. Manaʻo o kēia hihia kapa Bose-Einstein condensation. I loko nō o ka 'ano pono hoʻopaʻa i kaʻimi naʻauao manawa kūpono e kiʻi ia, uaʻano nui lawe mai ia i ka 1995 wale.

Dirac helu kaulike

E like me ka makou i olelo luna, Pol Dirak loko ka helu kaulike o ka panina kahua huina'ine. Ua hoi ho'ākāka i ke kūlana o ka mea'ē aʻe fermions. Ke physical ano o ka pilina o luna 'a me ka multifaceted, a no ka mea, o kona helehelena e e ka hailona no apau o hopena a. Ano o ka helu kaulike mea like penei:

- (mc ² α _{0 + pela aku Σ i ke k pa ke k {} K = 0-3}) ψ (m, k) = i, H, ∂ ψ / ∂ k (m, k)},

kahi ka m - nuipa o ka fermion (e like me electrons), a me - i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama, pa _K - ekolu 'ana, ke keʻenaʻai (ma nā koʻi lipi m, y me, Z), H - koli iho la i Planck ka ikaika, m, a, t - ekolu māhele wahi (e like me ka X , Y, Z) a me ka manawa, pakahi, a me ka ψ (x, 'ole) - chetyrohkomponentnaya luna' nalu papa, α _{ke k (k} = 0, 1, 2, 3) - Pauli'ōpū mai. Ka hope, ua laina 'ana, e hana ma ka papa o ka nalu a me kona mau makahiki. Kēia haʻilula Ua huikau. E maopopo ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kona eiiiiiaiou, ia mea pono e maopopo i ka walaʻauʻana wehewehe o ka quantum mechanics. Oe E hoi e komo i kekahi mea kupaianaha makemakika ike ia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i mea i ka maʻi lele, mua, a me ka Aʻole. Hoʻomalu ano o ka helu kaulike e olelo, a hiki aku ma mua o kona eiiiiiaiou. A ke kanaka, haohao o loko o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea a quantum mechanics kama'āina me ka, maopopo i ka nui o keia pili. Eia naʻe, ua pono hiki i ka Dirac helu kaulike a me Schrödinger - wale na kumu mua haʻahaʻa o ka makemakika ano o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ana i loko o ke ao nei o quantum mea. ʻimi naʻauao physicists, ka mea i hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻolaʻaʻia lā iā ia iho i ka mea haʻahaʻa (particles) a me kā lākou mau hana kūleʻa, i e maopopo i ka pā o kēia mau ana ma luna o ka mua a me ka lua o ka degere. Akā, i kēia 'epekema mea kupaianaha, a me ia mea i loko o kēia wahi hiki e ka Hopu' ole e hoʻomau i kona inoa, ka lanakila ia ma ka helu kaulike, huli ana a me ka waiwai.

Ke physical ano o ka helu kaulike

E like me mākou i'ōlelo mai ai, ua hai aku ka hopena a hūnā i ka Dirac helu kaulike no ka huina'ine. Mua, keia hoahanau i akaka i ka huina'ine milo mea ½. Ka lua, e like me ka helu kaulike, i ka huina'ine i ka waiwai kūʻiʻooʻume mākenēki koke. He like i ka Bohr magneton (kekahi kula haʻahaʻaaʻume mākenēki manawa). Akā, i ka mea nui wale hopena o ka loaa ana i kēia lākiō moe i loko o ka inconspicuous Aʻole α _{ke k.} Ka Hopena o ke Dirac helu kaulike mai ka Schrödinger helu kaulike i ka lōʻihi manawa. Dirac initially manaʻo i kēia mau 'ana, i keʻakeʻaʻole kekahi i ka pilina. Me ke kōkua o kekahi makemakika ia paena ia i ho'āʻo e hookaawale ia lakou mai ka helu kaulike, aole nae ia i i lanakila. E like me ka hopena, i ka Dirac helu kaulike no ka noa (particles) mai nā 'eha Aʻole α. Kēlā me kēia o ia ho i ka'ōpū mai [4x4]. Elua hoʻopili like i ka mea maikaʻi nui o ka huina'ine, i proves e loaʻa nā mea i ho'ākāka 'elua o kona milo. Na mea e ae elua e haawi aku i ka pāʻoihana no io nuipa a (particles). Ka walaʻauʻana ike o ke kālaikūlohea i kekahi kanaka e manao nei makou, he mea hiki ole i loko o ka lanakila. Akā, me ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua ka mea i loaʻa mai i ka hope mau matrices i nā pāʻoihana a hiki i ka na (particles), huina'ine e ku pono ana - Anati-huina'ine. Like huina'ine, positron (no laila, kapaʻia kēia huna) i he nui, akā, ke kauoha, ua maikaʻi.

positron

Wa a pau loa hiki i ke au o na discoveries o quantum Dirac i mua i i manaoio ole i ko lakou mau manaʻo iho. He i iʻaʻa e hoike aku au i ka hoolaha aku i ka olelo wanana o ka hou huna. Eia naʻe, ma ka helu o ka pepa a me ka symposia ma luna o kekahi mau haumana i ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia i ka manawa kūpono o kona ola, eia nae ka mea, ua i postulated. Akā, ma hope koke o ka withdrawal o kēia kaulana lākiō positron iʻike i loko o cosmic pāhawewe. Penei, kona ola ana, ua hookupaa iho la ia empirically. Positron - ka mea mua i loaʻa kanaka antimatter hehee ai. Positron hanau me kekahi māhoe paʻa (ka 'ē aʻe māhoe - mea he huina'ine) i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o photons me kiʻekiʻe loa ikehu waiwai Kora naʻEsau i loko o ka ikaika ka pila kahua. E haawi oeeo? Mākou e makemake ai ole (a me ka hoihoi mea heluhelu, e loaʻa iā ia iho i ka mea 'ike). Naʻe, ka mea, o ke kumukuai o emphasizing i keia mea he cosmic pālākiō. I ka paka i ke koi 'ia ikehu photons hiki wale supernova Naita me ia a me galactic hookui hookahe koko ana. ka mea, eia no hoi ma ka helu i loko o ka nuclei o ka wela hoku, a me ka lā. Akā, he kanaka mau mālama i kona pono. Ke annihilation o ka mea a me ka antimatter haawi i ka puu o ka ikehu. E lawelawe alaplpa i kēia kaʻina, a, e waiho ia no ka pono o ke kanaka (no ka laʻana, makemake e hoʻokō kiko'ī o interstellar moku i ka annihilation), ua aoia hoi kanaka e hana i ka protons i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

Ma kekahi, nui accelerators (e like me ka LHC) ke hana huina'ine-positron paʻa. Mua no hoi ia i ua? Aaei i loaʻa mea ole wale haʻahaʻa antiparticles (ma ka hou ana i ka huina'ine ia i kekahi mau hou), akā, i ka pau antimatter. ʻO kekahi apana o kekahi aniani o ka antimatter makemake i ka ikehu i ka Honua (malia o Kryptonite Superman ua antimatter?).

Akā, auwe, i ka hanaia'na o ka antimatter nuclei kaumaha ia ma mua o hydrogen i ole, ua hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi i loko o ka ike ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Naʻe, ina o ka mea heluhelu ke aloha i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka mea (e hoailona oukou, ka mea o ka mea waiwai,ʻaʻole no ka hookahi huina'ine) me ka positron annihilation koke welau, ka mea, ua kuhihewa. I ka wā o ka positron deceleration ma kiʻekiʻe mämä holo i loko o kekahi kinowai me ka 'ole-Aʻohe pahiki aicieeaao nā huina'ine-positron mau, kapa positronium. Ua ho okumu i kekahi waiwai o ka'Ātoma, a hiki i ka hiki e komo i loko o Nine Inch reactions. Akā, he mea keia fragile tandem pōkole manawa, a laila nō annihilates me ka ea puka o ka elua, a ma kekahi hihia, a ekolu gamma kukuna.

keakea o ka helu kaulike

I loko nō o ka mea i ma kēia pilina i loaa e Anati-huina'ine a me ka antimatter, ia mai he nui drawback. Kākau nā helu kaulike a me nā kumu hoʻohālike kūkulu nānā 'ana i ia, eʻaʻole hiki ke kilokilo ana i ka (particles) e hanau ai, a luku iho la ia. He He hoailona irony o ka quantum ao nei: o ka kumumanaʻo, wānana i ka hanau ana o ka mea-antimatter hui, mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke ponoʻole hōʻike i kēia kaʻina. Kēia keakea Ua eliminated ma quantum kahua kumumanaʻo. Ma ka quantization o nā mahinaʻai i hoʻolaunaʻia ma, keia kükohu wehewehe lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, me ka mea i hanaia a me ka annihilation o kula haʻahaʻaa (particles). Ma "quantum kahua kumumanaʻo" ma keia hihia o ia hoʻi, he nui loa kekahi makahiki. Kēia mea he wahi o ka ke kālaikūlohea i haʻawina no ka hana o ka quantum kihapai.

Dirac ka helu kaulike ma ka paukūʻolokaʻa wahi

E hoʻomaka, e oe i mea i ka paukūʻolokaʻa i kahi kūlike o kahua. Ma kahi o ka mea mau ekolu ae ÷ haku koʻi lipi, e hooholo i ka kiko'ī wahi o ka 'ai hoʻokahi ma ka lewa ma ka huina, ke kahahńnai a me ke kiekie. 'O kēia ka ia me he Polar i kahi kūlike o'ōnaehana ma ka pelane, akā, hou ke kolu Ana - kiʻekiʻe. Kēia nenoaiu mea pono ia oe makemake e wehewehe ai, e noiʻi ana i ka ili symmetrical e pili ana i kekahi (axis). Quantum mechanics mea he nui pono keia mau mea a me ka mākaukau i nā mea hana i me ka nui loa emi hiki i ka nui o ka helu o nā papakuhikuhi a me nā helu. Kēia mea i kaʻilihune o ka iho symmetry o ka huina'ine ao i loko o ka'Ātoma. Ka Dirac helu kaulike Ua Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma ka paukūʻolokaʻa wahi iki ma mua o mau okoa i loko o ka'ōnaehana, a me kekahi manawa produces unexpected hopena. No ka laʻana, kekahi mau palapala noi i ka pilikia o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka hana o ka haʻahaʻa (particles) (IeAUPIIe, IAa IO electrons) i loko o ka quantized hoʻololi 'ano kahua Wehewehe i nā hāʻina nā helu kaulike i ka paukūʻolokaʻa wahi.

E ho ohana i nā helu kaulike e hooholo i ka 'ole o ka particulate

Kēia helu kaulike ho'ākāka ka haʻahaʻa (particles): ka poe i mai aole no i hiki liʻiliʻi hehee wale. Hoikehonua, 'epekema mea hiki ke ana i kaʻume mākenēki minute me kiʻekiʻe pololei. Penei, he OOAaAeAa e helu ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka Dirac helu kaulike nā loina experimentally anaʻume mākenēki koke e kahiko o ka'āina hōʻike i ka luna' 'ole o ka (particles). Ke hoole i, pili keia helu kaulike i fermions, kā lākou hapalua-helu milo. huikau 'ole o nā protons a me neutrons i hoopaaia ma ka hoʻohana' ana i kēia helu kaulike. Kēlā me kēia no ia ninoieo o ke ahiahi liʻiliʻi eiiiiiaiou kapa quarks. Gluon kahua paʻa ana i nā quarks pu, i ka hoʻokuʻuʻole i haule iho ma ke kaʻawale. Aia ka he kumumanaʻo e quarks - ia Aloha i ka loa haʻahaʻa (particles) o ko mākou honua. Akā, i lōʻihi i kanaka e,ʻaʻole i lawa oaoieei-nona iho, e hōʻoia i kēia.