Electrons - He aha ka keia? Nā waiwai, a me ka mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o electrons

A pau a puni mākou i ka honua ua i mai o ka meaʻuʻuku, imperceptible i ka maka o ka (particles). Electrons - keia mea kekahi o ia mau mea. Lākou Kaka Ua hana kŘpa nei. A ia wehe i ka hou naauao o ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma, uila EYI maomeka a me ka' ole o ko ke ao nei me ka a pau.

Pehea e puʻunaue i ka indivisible

ʻO kēia ka naauao o electrons - kēia kula haʻahaʻa (particles). Ka mea, ua mau pahuhopu nei, a mai i Wāwahi i loko o nā hale liʻiliʻi. Akā, e like me ka manao i ole mau ola. A 1897 e pili ana i electrons i ka hāʻuleʻana.

More thinkers kahiko Greece koho koke i kēlā me kēia ikamu i ka malamalama, i ka hale ninoieo o ka ai iiiaanoaa o microscopic "pōhaku lepo". Ka uuku pa alima o ka mea laila, noʻonoʻo ka'Ātoma, a me keia manaoio noke no kenekulia.

E hoohalike ai no ka'Ātoma ua loli wale i loko o ka hopena o XIX kenekulia. Ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo 'J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorenz, P. Zeeman liilii loa (particles) indivisible'ātoma nuclei a me electrons i ua' ike. Over manawa, ka mea i ike protons, neutrons, a hiki hope - o ka neutrino, kaons, pions, a pela aku ...

Ano, i ka 'epekema ike i ka nui helu o kula haʻahaʻaa (particles), i ka wahi o ka i invariably ku a me electrons.

Ka loaʻa o ka hou huna

I ka manawa ia ka mea, he mau electrons loaa i loko o ka'Ātoma,ʻepekema i lōʻihi ike o ke ola o ka uila a me ka magnetism. Akā, i ke ano oiaio, a me ka piha waiwai o kēia mauʻike manaʻo e koe kekahi mea pohihihi,? Iaeoe? Na naau o na mea he nui physicists.

I ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia ka mea iʻikeʻia e ka propagation o electromagnetic a pāhawewe, i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. Eia naʻe,ʻo Pelekāne Dzhozef Tomson, e mālama nei ia mea me ka cathode kukuna, manao ai, aole ka mea, he poe nui liʻiliʻi mānoanoa nona ka nuipa a ka emi o nukelea.

I 'Apelila 1897 Thomson i ka'ōlelo a pau āna e hōʻike mai iā ia i ka' epekema kaiaulu a hiki i ka hanau ana o ka hou huna i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o nā'ātoma, a kapa aku la ia corpuscle. Ma hope, Ernest Rutherford hoʻohana pepa kini ho okolohua hoopaa i ka hopena o kona kumu, a me na corpuscles Ua haawiia mai kekahi inoa - ". Electrons"

Kēia loaʻa ua paipaiʻia i ka hooulu ana o ka i wale physical akā, i Nine Inch 'epekema. He hiki no e holomua loa ai kākou i loko o ke ao o ka uila a me ka magnetism, ka waiwai o ka mea, a haawi ala i ka nukelea ke kālaikūlohea.

He aha mea he huina'ine?

Electrons - o ka hoa (particles) me ka pila nui kauoha. Ko kakou ike ana ia nō koe pili kēia contradictory, a kāpili. No ka laʻana, i ke kālā no nā manaʻo e ola mau loa, no ka mea,ʻaʻole loa e uhai, e like neutrons a me protons (ʻimi naʻauao'opi o ka hope makahiki aku i ka makahiki o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa).

Electrons i ka pilina paʻa, a i ka ikaika io kauoha E = 1,6 m 10 ^-19 Cl. Ka mea, e pili ana i ka ohana o fermions a me leptons pae. Nā (particles) komo i loko o ka palupalu electromagnetic a me ka gravitational AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Ka mea, i haku no nā'ātoma. (Particles) a i nalowale hui 'ana me nā nā'ātoma - noa electrons.

Ka nuipa a electrons mea 9,1 m 10 ^-31 kg a me ka 1836 manawa emi ma mua o ka nuipa o ka proton. Ka mea, i ka hapalua o-integral a me ka milo, a me kaʻume mākenēki koke. Huina'ine denoted ma ka palapala "E ^-". ʻO ia, akā, me ka hua hoʻohui Kû ke kona hoa - antiparticle positron.

State o na electrons i loko o ka'Ātoma

I ka mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo ia i'Ātoma ua i mai o liʻiliʻi nā hale, ka mea, ua pono e maopopo pono pehea ka mea, e hoonohonoho i loko o laila. No laila, ma ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia ikea ka mua ho o ka'Ātoma. E like me ka mea planetary kükohu, protons (olelo ikaika mai, papa mai) a neutrons ('ākilikai) aha i ka nucleus. A electrons neʻe a puni i loko o elliptical orbits.

Mau pokole e hoʻololi i ka Hekikai o ka quantum ke kālaikūlohea ma ke kakahiaka XX kenekulia. Lui De Broglie i aku i ka pähola 'ana o ka huina'ine hoi ole wale me ka huna, akā, i like me ka hawewe. Erwin Schrodinger hana i ka nalu kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma, kahi electrons i na poe ma ke ao me kekahi kauoha nuʻa.

E ho onoho ana i ka wahi a me ka ala o na electrons puni ka nucleus mea kokoke ole. Ma keia manao, i hoʻolauna i ka hanaʻia "orbital" a me "huina'ine ao", i mea i ka wa o ka loa paha mau wahi o ka la (particles).

ikehu pae

Ka huina'ine ao a puni ka'Ātoma e like me ka nui a me ka protons i loko o kona nucleus. mea ma kekahi mau mamao a pau o ia mau mea. Hea ka mea me ka Kora naʻEsau i ka hooponopono ia electrons me ka mea uuku nui o ka ikaika. Ka oi ikehu mea i loko o ka (particles), ka mea nui ka mea, e ia.

Akā, e ka mea, i hooponopono i huikau ka, a ua lawe kekahi pae, a hiki lawa wale i kekahi helu o (particles). Kēlā me kēia 'ilikai i kona dala iho o ka ikaika, a ua puunaueia i iiaciiie-pae, a me ka poe, ma ka huli, ma na orbitals.

E wehewehe i nā 'ano a me ka wahi o ka electrons ma ka ikehu pae,ʻehā quantum helu :

• N - ka papa helu hoakaka ana huina'ine ka ikehu hookoe (hoʻopili like me ka helu o ka Nine Inch hehee ai au);
• L - orbital helu, e hōʻike ana i ke kinona o ka huina'ine ao (s - spherical, pa - palapala ewalu, b - ke kinona o ka clover a kaulua, iʻewalu, [illegible] - he luna 'geometric shape);
• ka m - helu oʻume mākenēki wā ao kohoʻia i loko o kaʻume mākenēki kahua;
• MS - ka milo lākou helu, a characterizes na electrons ka Astronomical puni kona iho (axis).

ka hopena

Penei, electrons - he i ka pilina paʻa, negatively hoopiiia (particles). Ka mea, ua walaʻauʻana a me ka hiki ole hoʻopöʻino 'ia i loko o nā kumu mua. Ka mea, e haawiia i ka mea pono kīvila kanaka (particles), 'o ia hoʻi, ka mea i hapa o ka' ole o ka mea.

Nā electrons neʻe a puni ka nuclei, a hana lākou huina'ine iwi. Ka mea, he aha ka mea i ka Nine Inch,'ōnohi, me mechanical a me kaʻume mākenēki waiwai o kekahi mau waiwai. Mau (particles) e komo i loko o ka electromagnetic a me ka gravitational AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Lākou directional neʻe hana i mea uilaʻikena a me kaʻume mākenēki kahua.