Ka 'ole o ka halepaahao waena. Mall hiʻona o ka halepaahao iwaena konu

Ua Ua hoao ia na keena o eukaryotic meaola i hōʻike'ōnaehana membranes, organelles ho okumu i kumuʻiʻo a me phospholipid haku mele 'ana. Eia naʻe, ua noho aliʻi, he mea nui i koe. Elua organelle (aeea oaio a me ka ribosome), e like me ka pono me organelles o ka noi (cilia a me ka flagella) i 'ole-ʻili lahilahi' ole. He aha ka mea i hana? Ma keia pepa mākou e ho'āʻo i ka pane i keia ninau, e loaʻa, e like me hoʻopaʻa haʻawina me ka 'ole o ke keena o ka halepaahao iwaena konu, pinepine i kapaʻia ka centrosome.

ina na keena komo a pau o ka halepaahao iwaena konu

I ka mea mua e hoihoiʻepekema - Ua koho alo o keia organelle. No laila, haʻahaʻa fungi - Chytridiomycota - a ma kiekie ae kanu ia mea ole. E like me ka mea huli mai, ka līoho, i kanaka keena, a ma ka hapanui holoholona i ke alo o ka halepaahao mawaena konu mea pono e effectuate na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka mitosis a me ka meiosis. Ke ala mua e kaʻana somatic keena, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe - wahine. OAXA aku i komo i loko o nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka lokomaikaiia, i ka centrosome. Divergence kona centrioles i kaʻauamo o ke ana halepaahao a me ka tensioning kālī therebetween, a hou aku hoakaka filaments chromosome pili ana i kēia mau huakaʻi, a me kaʻauamo o ka makuwahine aeea.

Microscopic haʻawina hoike hiʻona o ka halepaahao mawaena konu o ka 'ole. Ua maupaʻa mai kekahi i kekahi mau anuanu kino - centrioles mai i diverge fanwise microtubules. Mākou e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma hou au mamuli o ka meaʻikeʻia a me ka 'ole o ka halepaahao waena.

Centrosome ma interphase keena

Ma ke ola kalapona o keena o ka halepaahao mawaena konu hiki ke ike i loko o ka wā i kapaʻia interphase. Kokoke i ka nucleusʻili lahilahi ua ana hoonohonoho mau microcylinder. Kēlā me kēia no ia ninoieo o ke kumuʻiʻo tubules ohi ekolu apana (triplets). Nine o kēia mau hale i hana i kaʻili kai centrioles. Inā mau no ia (i ka hana pinepine), ka mea, i ke aupuni 'ana i kekahi i kekahi ma ka akau pana pua. I ka wā o ke ola ma waena o nā papaʻelua o ka halepaahao 'ole i loko o ka waena konu o ka halepaahao, ua kokoke ka ia i loko o nā mea a pau eukaryotes.

Ke ultrastructure o ka centrosome

E hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma au mamuli o ka 'ole o ka halepaahao-oaio? Ia i hiki ma ka hoʻohana' ana i ka huina'ine microscope. ʻepekema, ua loaʻa i centrosome nā paukūʻolokaʻa i ka kēia Ana: kona lōʻihi - 0.3-0.5 microns, anawaena - 0.2 microns. Helu centrioles pono pāpālua mua i ke ku e. He mea pono i ka hōʻoia 'ana i ka loa a me ka makuwahine i ke kaikamahine a aeee loaa ma ka mahele ana i ka halepaahao mawaena konu, iloko olaila a mau centrioles. Hiʻona o ka halepaahao mawaena konu o ka 'ole moe i loko o ka oiaio, i ka centrioles i hoolilo ia, i ole'ālike kekahi o ia mau mea - oʻo (makuahine) - he mau' ikamu: peritsentriolyarny ukali a me kona appendages. ʻiliahi centriole i kekahi mau 'paena kapaia cartwheel.

Hana centrosomes i mitosis

He mea maopopo loa i ka ulu ana o ka meaola, like hoʻi me kona nā'ōlelo lŘlŘ ma ka haʻahaʻa pa alima o ka wildlife pae, i mea ka halepaahao. Cell 'ole, wahi a me ka hana o ka halepaahao, e like me ka pono me kona organelles cytology noʻonoʻo. I loko nō o ka mea e noiʻi i lawelawe 'ia i ka hailona o ka noiʻi, ua no poorly maopopo ka halepaahao oaio, eia nae kona kūlana ma aeea mahele elucidated loa. At prophase o mitosis a me ka meiosis ma prophase o meiosis centrioles diverge i nāʻauamo o ka makuwahine halepaahao, a hoʻoholumua i ka kahua o ka pae kālī. Ka mea, paʻa i ka centromeres o chromosomes iniiaiie constriction. No ke aha la ka mea pono?

Anaphase kālī aeea

Ua hoʻokumu ho okolohua o Boveri, Neil A. a me nā kānakaʻepekema i ka 'ole o ka halepaahao oaio a me kona oihana i interrelated. Ke alo aku o nā centrioles, bipolar manaʻo me ka pili ana i kaʻauamo o ke keena, a me nā pae kālī therebetween e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke ahiahi, o ka makana o chromosomes pili i microtubules, kēlā o ka makua aeea auamo.

Pela, ke chromosome helu o ka ia i loko o ke kaikamahine keena ma mitosis a me ka hapalua (ma ka meiosis) ma mua o ka palapala makua aeea. No hana hoihoi 'o ka mea e ka' ole o ka halepaahao oaio a me ka correlative loli pili me ke kuʻina o ka halepaahao ola pōʻaiapuni.

Nine Ka Ikepili o organelles

E pono maopopo i ka hana a me ka kūlana o ka centrosome study, ka mea na ke aloha i huiʻia e komo i loko o kona haku mele 'ana. Like paha e manaʻo, e alakai nā polokina. Nui ka mea e hoole i ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi 'ole a me ka hana' ē aʻe e kaukaʻi ma ke alo o kaʻakika'amino nā lātoma i loko o laila. E noke i ka centrosome nā polokina komo ai motility. Ka mea, i kekahi hapa o microtubules i kapaia tubulins. Këia ka mea mawaho a me na 'ole o ka halepaahao iwaena konu, ua oleloia kākoʻo oihana mua: peritsentriolyarnye ukali a me appendages centrioles. Ka mea, nā tseneksin a me ka miritsitin.

Aia nō i nā polokina e hooponopono i ka wehe aʻe o ka waiwai organelle. Kēia kinase a me ka phosphatase - ho'ākāka peptides kuleana no ka microtubule nucleation, 'o ia hoʻi, no ka ho okumu ana o ka hana lātoma-hua, i hoʻomaka me ka hoʻololi kemikala o kahahānai ulu a me microfilaments.

Cell oaio me he hoʻokuhikuhi o fibrous nā polokina

I cytology hope consolidate naauao o ka centrosome like me ka papa kuhikuhi organelle kuleana no ka ho okumu ana o microtubules. Mahalo i ka pooling haʻawina K. Fultonamozhno hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i ka halepaahao mawaena konu hoʻolako i kēia kaʻina hana i ka eha aoao. No kekahi laʻana: polymerizing filaments kālī, ho okumu i protsentrioley, e pili ana i ka kahahānai nenoaiie o microtubules o interphase keena, a me ka hope, hoʻololi kemikala o nā kumumea i loko o ka iniiaiie cilium. Kēia ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā, i mea ano no ka makua centrioles. Ma o ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, ka noiʻi loaʻa ia ma lalo o ka huina'ine microscope i loko o ka halepaahao iwaena konu ma hope o mitotic ke kelepona hele mahele, a ma ka hoʻomaka o ke mitosis. Ke G2 kahua o ka interphase like hoʻi me ia ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka o prophase cilium nalo. E like me ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, ka mea, he o nā lātoma a me tubulin mea he hoailona i hiki ke nānā' ia e ka oo makua centriole. Mai ka maturation o centrosomes ka hana i kēia? E noonoo i na nuances o keia kaʻina.

Kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ho okumu centrioles

Cytology hookupaaia i ka hui ma lalo a me ka makua centrioles, ho okumu i diplosomu mea ole ka ia i ka 'ole. Ke'ī mai, ka makua 'ole pihapiha, ahu iho peritsentriolyarnogo substance - mitotic ana halo. Full maturation kaikamahine centrioles e lawe hou ma mua o ka lōʻihi like 'ole o kekahi ola kalapona o aeee. I ka pau ana o ka lua o ke kahua o ka halepaahao kalapona G1 hou centriole ano lawelawe 'ana me ka hoʻokuhikuhi o microtubules a me ka hiki ke ho okumu i ka kālī lopi, a hoi i ka kahua o ka hana kūikawā organelle neʻe. Ia hiki e cilia a me flagella 'ia i loko o unicellular protozoa (e laʻa me, Euglena'ōmaʻomaʻo, ciliate-kāmaʻa), a me na mea he nui ka līoho Chlamydomonas laʻana. Flagella microtubules i hanaʻia ma ka halepaahao konu, i hoʻolako pono me ka nui līoho spores a me germ keena o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.

Ke kūlana o ka centrosome ma ka halepaahao ha awina

Ua ike makou i kekahi o ka mea uuku ke kelepona hele organelles (lawe emi o 1% o na keena) Radio he alakai kūlana i loko o ka metabolic rula o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona keena. Ka haunaele o kālī entails ke kahua o ke kaikamahine aeee i genetically hemahema. Kā lākou e puhi ia o chromosomes i okoa mai ka maʻamau dala, e alakai i ka chromosomal aberrations. E like me ka hopena - ka hooulu ana o'āno'ē kanaka a me kā lākou make. I ka lapaau, hoʻokumu 'ana i ka pilina o ka helu ana o centrioles pilikia o ka ulu maʻi' aʻai. No ka laʻana, ina ka maʻamau ili keena ke komo nā centrioles, ka biopsy'aʻaʻa ma ka ili maʻi 'aʻai hōʻike he mahuahua i loko o kā lākou helu i ka 4,6. Mau hualoaʻa he höʻike läkou o ke ki kūlana o ka centrosome i loko o ka mana o ka halepaahao mahele. paipai Recent manaʻikepili kekahi kūlana nui o keia organelle i loko o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o intracellular amo. ʻO nā hana 'ole o ka halepaahao mawaena konu e leie aku ia ia e like me keʻano o ke keena, a me kona loli. Maʻamau ulu centrosome naehana aia kokoke i ka Golgi nakeke, kokoke i ka nucleus, a me ia 'oi aku ka integrative a me ka hōʻikeʻana oihana i loko o ka manaʻo o ka mitosis, meiosis, a ua hanaʻia aeea make - apuptoza. Ia mea ke kumu o ka laekahi cytological noʻonoʻo pono i ka nui unifying centrosome organelle keena, i kuleana no nā kona mahele, a me ka mea a pau i loko o pūnao mau.