Ergot - He aha ka keia?

Niho Fish he ergot alkaloids pilikia, o ka pilikia o ka mahiai, a i ka ia manawa artificially mahi no ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau hana. Kona kokololio hohola ma luna o ulu i loko o ka Middle Ages alakai aku ai i ka muli o nā maʻi'ōkuʻu like me ka hopena o ka 'ai, inu a ua hoʻohaumiaʻia ka berena palaoa.

Mea he nui loa i loko o ke ano maoli o ka mea kupaianaha ala, a me ka mea hiki ke pepehi, i ka mea ia manawa, ua hiki ke hoola ia.

He aha ka ergot?

Ergot - he genus o fungi, mai ka ia ohana. e parasitic ma kiliala, me ka rai, a me ka hua palaoa a pau o ia mau mea. Oe ke loaʻa i ka mana o ka inoa o ka fungus - uterine mau pepeiao. Ka inoa o ka "ergot" hele mai ana, mai ka Old Lūkini hua'ōlelo ke ano, "he nui loa, ka liki ole." Oia paradoxical kumukuai, e like me ka linguist O. Trubacheva, i loko o ia mau lā i hānau i ka euphemistic ano.

Sclerotia i oblong-elongated, triangular emi paa ho okumu ana o ka uma shape me lonikū mawae a me wrinkles. I ka ili o kaʻeleʻele, a me ka poni, kekahi manawa me ka keʻokeʻo ua pua i nā mea ua puana holoiia ma luna o ka hewa waihoʻoluʻu a keʻokeʻo me ka melemele tinge. Sclerotia lōʻihi hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka cereal, a hoʻomōhala i ka ergot (kiʻi ma luna). No ka laʻana, rai - He 1-3 knm a me ke anawaena o ka 6 mm o.

Ergot i loko o ka Middle Ages

Kaʻapu kōheoheo holoholona a me ka hopena o ergot alkaloids i kona mau inoa - ergotism. Ke kŰia, ma ke ala, scientifically ai, a ma o ka Middle Ages, a i ka nui külana. I ia manawa, undemanding i ka aina a me ka pest-hoʻopale rai nui na wahi, a me ka berena o ka staple. Ka ua hoʻohaumiaʻia mānoanoa ko e huli i loko o kaʻepa palaoa, a pela e hele ma ka papa. Ergotism kena ae la i ka papakaukau'ōkuʻu, a ua hiki he kūikawā Papa o Antonito nana pono iho mailoko o kanaka.

Kumu Sheyn Rodzhers o ke Kulanui o Clarkson a me kona mau puka i nä haumäna i hoʻokolokolo i ka pilikia o kaʻUhane Hemolele, a hiki i ka hopena i loko o na wahi i noho ai, ma laila i kekahi'ē kani a me ka hihio, pomaikai no au i kekahi pilikia ano o ka punahelu i hiki i ka hopena ma luna o nā kupa. Kēia kumumanaʻo keʻae i ka conjecture e pili ana i ka aoao o ke ergot hanana ma medieval Europe, a me kilokilo hunts, ka Crusades. Ma ka Hawaii photo luna - pena ma ka Flemish pena, depicting i ka hopena o ka ergotism laha.

Ergot - he fungus parasitic i na alkaloids, a, e like me kekahi hoike, e ole waleʻapu kōheoheoʻana, akā, i hallucinations, convulsions, maneo. I ka moolelo o kēia mau symptoms i ikeia like "witches cramps" a me "gangrene." Alkalodidy i luku i wela lapaʻau (kālua berena) ma hope. Oia hana ana i nā mea maʻi e ku e haipule fanaticism hiki aku ai i ka lono kaumaha hopena.

Ka pōʻaiapuni o? Acaeoey o ka fungus

Fungal mycelium mai he ulaula tinge, kona ho okumu ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka makahiki hou, ka mea, i ka palapala o nā wāwae me nā poʻo, a nō ma luna o ka hue-hoʻokino fruiting kino (perithecia), maopopo iho la i hiki i ke kiʻi ma lalo nei. Ma ka hope lua i pele moe kaʻina, i mea he kuʻi nukeliu gametangliev, ai ka zygote. Ua koke komo i ka mahele (meiosis) i loko o kaʻeke (ka noi) i hana mai i ka mycelium o ka fungus.

A laila, i loko o ke kauwela o ergot anoano (spores) ma ka makani, a me nā mea kolo e halii mai i na mea he nui kilomika puni. Once ma pistil cereal flowering kanu, ka mea, germinate a ho'ōla uaʻaʻole i hanaʻia i ka palaoa, a me ka fungal mycelium. Ua malū kūikawā loli mea,ʻo nā mea kolo (honeydew). Ma keia aoao, he mea hou hohola ma ka fungus spores. Ma hope o ka ovary ua depleted, ma kona wahi, i ka ai-kapaia sclerotia - mana e hana fused hyphae o ka fungus. A hiki aku i ka mauu i pala, e hina i ka honua, a overwinter i loko o ka lepo, a ua hai hou i ke kaʻina hana i loko o ka luawai.

Fish ma ka mahiai

Special mahi o ka ergot mea nui, e like me ka poino o kona mahiʻai kihapai. E like me ke kūwaho hoʻi mau hae, ka maʻiʻo o fungal spores i loko o kaʻaiʻawahia e ole oi 0,05%. Naʻe, i kekahi mau aina i ke koi ana o ka piha kaawale o spores ma ka maka mea, maopopoʻAigupita. Ergot ua māhele koke, a ma ka kekahi dala i mau makana i loko o ka mahinaʻai. E like me ka poe akamai, e lawe mai kona maʻiʻo ma ka ai hope loa i 'Aʻohe mea paʻakikī loa, akā, e mea theoretically hiki.

Ka loa, he pono ole ergot o ka palaoa, a me ka rai bale. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ana e hakakä i ka fungus - hoʻokolokolo pono, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā pele o nā hua, a haule (Akuma ka) mahi ana ma hope o ka ohi bale ana. Sclerotia pepehi ka wā e eku ana. E like me ka precautionary ana, ka mea paipai e koho i kanuʻano likeʻole me ka pōkole, a i ka wā hoʻokahi flowering manawa, a malama i na rula o kaʻai i waena kuapo.

Nā kumumea ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka laha ana o ergot grassy ka nāhelehele, a he poe precursors o nā mahinaʻai, nui ke kimu ole i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka makani ma ka cereal flowering au, ke anu a me ka lā paʻapū i, i hiki aku ai i aku o ka flowering wā.

Propagation a me ka mahi

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka ergot - he fungus, e halii mai i na wahi a pau he meaʻai kiliala. Ka loa maikaʻi climatic ololi no ka mea, mea kiʻekiʻe humidity (70%).

Me ua i haiia ae maluna, no ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau hana fungus, ergotʻo ia i ke kapa ula, ua nui pela. E hana i kēia, he mau aina o ka lāʻau lapaʻau mea kanu, ma ka pau ana ma ka Novosibirsk a me Kirov wahi o Rusia, Belarus. Pepeiao o ka rai pela inoculated me spores o ka fungus hana lima a me ka pahu kui machines. E haawi i ko i ka mea ia manawa mai a hiki i 4 tons no aa, ec eioi.

Collection o ka maka mea ua lawe mai i loko o ke au o ke oo ana, i ka wa a na kona mau pepeiao i pena i loko o ka pōpolohua-ʻeleʻele waihoʻoluʻu a pau, Mai hoopaakiki a me ka hiki ke eaaei hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka pepeiao. Ka ohiʻia Ua maloo i loko o ka pōʻeleʻele loa pono ventilated ma poeleele hoi. i ka hoʻopau 'ana i hānai koi humidity i oi aku mamua o 11% a me ka alo ana o impurities i loko o ka nui o ka emi o 1.5-2%.

ergot alkaloids

I mea lāʻau lapaʻau Hoʻohana i nā pepeiaohao (sclerotia) o ka ergot. Ka mea, i eono hui o stereoisomeric alkaloids. Kēlā meʻeleu levorotatory hoʻopili like i ka mea uuku nawaliwali dextrorotatory isomer. I ka pau, a me ka ergotaminin ergotamine, ergocristine a me ka ergokristinin, a me ergozin ergozimin, ergocryptine a ergokriptinin etc. ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o ka levorotatory alkaloids -. Lysergicʻakika. I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka maʻiʻo o alkaloids e kaukaʻi liluwelo lāhui fungus mawaho aʻe, a kanu puali.

Kaniak LSD

Hawaiian chemist Albertom Hofmanom (kiʻi ma luna) i ka 1938, o na nā mea loaʻa o lysergicʻakika na ma ka ergot, i loaa ma ka Nine Inch hoʻomākaukau - notorious LSD. 5 makahiki hope, oia no ua kanaka ike i ka hallucinogenic waiwai o ka hui. Currently LSD i loko o ka hapanui o nā'āina banned ka un Convention, e like me ke kaʻina hana o ka noiʻi. Ke koe o Kuikilana mai 2008 ae, e hoʻomaka Inc me ka i loko o kona mau mokuna no ka terminallyʻino nā mea maʻi, a me ma ka noho pilikia kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka maʻi 'aʻai.

Ke hoʻohana i ka lapaau

Ma ka noi o alkaloids ma ka lapaau ua ikeia no ka lōʻihi manawa. Ergot - he fungus, 'Imi hoʻohana ma obstetric hana. Ua Ua nānā ma ka ai 'i lōʻihi-makahiki a me ka ikaika uterine contractions, a paʻa uterine kahe ana ke koko. Keia hana ua kena ae la ma ke alo o physiologically K'lauea levorotatory alkaloids, o ka oi aku ergometrine. He emiʻawahia ma mua o 'ē aʻe, ka lōʻihi like' ole o ka hana mea,ʻaʻole like kiʻekiʻe, akā, i ka hopena o wikiwiki.

Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids noho kiaha dala waiwai. Ma keia manao, ka mea i kuaiia, i loko o ka iapaau ana o ka hypertension, migraine, Basedow ka maʻi, psychiatric kāna hana.

Ergot kaʻapu kōheoheo ia lŘlŘ ole wale i waena o nā kānaka, akā, i ia lŘlŘ i loko o na holoholona. Mai ka mānoanoa, e hanai ia mea i nui ke kanaka hoʻoponopono i ka Hoʻomaʻemaʻe o kaʻai hua liilii no nā manuʻaiʻia a me nā holoholona. I ka papa kuhikuhiE symptom o kaʻapu kōheoheo mea necrosis o ka huelo, a me nā pepeiao lala.

Eia ka ia, ergot. Kēia moʻomeheu ma ka mana o ka hoʻolako 'ana i ka io global hopena ma luna o ka honua a puni mākou. Ka meaʻuʻuku Fish e i maʻi'ōkuʻu, a e lilo ia i pono ka lapaʻauʻia, e hilinaʻi ma ka pololei kokoke i kanaka ano.