Feofan Grek: he ikona o "ko kākou Lede o ka Don"

I ka 1370, ua hele mai ia mai Byzantium, a noho iho la ma ka Novgorod kanakolu ikona pena o Theophane. Novgorod haawi aku la ia i ka inoa kapakapa o ka Helene - a ia mea ua like me ka wahi o ka hanau ana, a me ka Lūkini hua'ōlelo haku mau pioloke me ka Helene. I ka wā e hoʻopōmaikaʻi, hoomaka ae la pena hoopahaohaoia'na ekalesia e ku ana ma luna o Ilyina alanui ia, hoike ka naau, ma mua o nā maka o Novgorod like kupanaha nā kiʻi o ka primeval koa i paʻa ai iā ia i ka nani,ʻaʻole pomerknuvshaya i ka keia lā.

Iconographer ke Bosfora kai

Ma ke ola o Feofana Greka noho iki ike. Ua ua ikeia e ia i hele aku ai i ka Volkhov i ka Volga ma Nizhny Novgorod, a laila, i loko o ka Serpukhov a me Kolomna, a eia ka mea hope, ua noho ia ma Moscow. Akā, mai'ō a'ō, wahi a pau ana i olelo mai wāwae, a waiho ma ke kua o ka ke aloha i pena o ka hale i pale i loko o ka ekalesia buke a me icons mea i lilo unattainable kumu hoʻohālike no na hanauna he nui o Artists.

I loko nō o ka mea e, mai ka manawa o kona ola ana, a hana Feofan Grek, ua eono kenekulia, mākou i ola nui o kana mau hana. Kēia pena mua i hoike ia Novgorod Church o ka hoopahaohaoia'na, a me na frescoes ma luna o nā paia o ka Kremlin cathedrals - luna'ānela, a Annunciation a me ka Ekalesia o ko kākou Lede ka hanau ai. Akā, 'ē aʻe ma mua o ia i loko o ka waihona waiwai o ka lahui nō nā palapala i kona palaki ikona, ka loa kaulana o i mea i ke kiʻi o ka mea i hoomaikaiia Virgin Mary, hele aku la ia ma ka mōʻaukala me "Ka Virgin o ka Don."

Gift i Prince Dmitry Donskoy

Ma ka mōʻaukala o kēia loa kaulana kupua i koe ai uuku ua ike ia i waena o nā manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni i kākauʻia i kekahiʻano o ka manao ma ka lā a me ka wahi o kona kakau ana. Aia o na skeptics a hiki, imi eʻaʻa aku i ke kilo o Theophanes (i loko o kā lākou mau manao, o ka maka holy pena ma kekahi o kona mau haumana). Eia naʻe, no ka mea, he lōʻihi manawa ua he moolelo no e like ka nānā 'ana ma ka mōʻaukala mea, a me ka moʻolelo o ka moolelo, e like me a ia Feofan Grek i hana mai i keia masterpiece, a hana pela a hiki i 1380.

No ke aha la pela? Ke pane Hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka "mōʻaukala ano o ka Moscow Donskoy hoailona", i houluuluia ma ka makahiki 1865 ma ka kaulana moʻolelo I. E. Zabelinym. Ma kona 'aoʻao, ka mea kākau kaha puana'ī he kahiko puke, i nā kūkākūkā e pili ana ana ma mua o ka kaua o Kulikov Cossacks i lawe mai ai i ka Luna Nui Duke Dmitriyu Donskomu i ke kiʻi o ka mea i hoomaikaiia Virgin Mary, ma a ka loa Moiwahine o ka lani i ka Orthodox koa ikaika a me ke koa i lanakila pōāʻino.

About o ka wahi o ka Don Mother o ke Akua, ma hope o ka pio ana o Mamaia ma Kulikovo kahua i ka 1380, loaʻa nō kekahi mau hypotheses. Ka loa paha ka mea, noonoo iho la ia ia i ka kekahi ma lalo i ka hoano kiʻi ma luna o na makahiki elua haneri a me kanahiku makahiki, i mālama i loko o ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui Simonov hoailona ia i kana supposedly i palapala. He ole coincidence, mai ka ikona mea kaulua-kapakahi, a ma luna o kona hoʻi ua kākau i ka loa o ka mea mahuʻi o ke Mother o ke Akua, i loko o ka maʻamau Orthodox Church lua pāʻoihana.

Ikona - pale o Lūkini

Next huali kŰia o ka ikona, i i loaa e Dmitry Donskoi ma mua o ka kaua o Kulikov, pili i ka 1552, ka wā, e hele ana i loko o kona lanakila kai eʻe e kū'ē i ka Kazan Khanate, pule ma mua o kēia ikona Tsar Ivan i ka weliweli. Ua noi lani, e Uwao kona patronage, lalau iho la oia me ia, a me ke kiʻi pena e Theophanes ka Helene, a ua hele mai hoʻi, a hahao ihola iā ia i loko o ka luna'ānela Hale Pule Nui o ka Kremlin. Pu ma ka ikona o ke alii, a ma kona kai eʻe ma luna o Polotsk i ka 1563.

Pela no ka mea, o ka pono no ia i ka Moi o ka lani, i ka mea kupaianaha loa kiʻi o "ko kākou Lede o ka Don" ikea i ka Lūkini ma ka manawa o ka mea koa hoao ana, instilling i loko o ia ikaika, a hoomaikai aku i ka Orthodox koa. Ua hiki i ka 1591, ka wā o ka First nohoalii a kokoke olalo i mau poe a pau o ka Tatar Khan Kazi Giray II. Ua mai ke kiekie o ka Hills Vorobyovy, ka mea, nānā akula predatory nānā aku o ka Lūkini kumukuai, akā, ua lawe Muscovites mai o ka Hale Pule Nui Don ikona o ka makuahine o ke Akua, hele me kona huakaʻi i ke kūlanakauhale pā pōhaku, a me ka mea, e inaccessible i ka enemi.

I kekahi lā, ma luna o Augate 19, i make i loko o ka weliweli keʻa pauku koa Tatar Khan, a me ka ia i ua me na koena o kona mau minions pakele a kupaianaha iaʻi hoi aku la i ka Crimea. A pau i kēia manawa Don ikona o ka Mother o ke Akua i loko o ka ekalesia mau, aʻaʻohe kekahi i kekahi kanalua i ka mea, ua nonoi aku kona kōkua hooauhee i ka enemi, mai Lūkini lepo.

I hoomanao o ka lanakila nui i loko o ka wahi, kahi āna i ua i ke kaua o ka ekalesia mau, hoʻokumu i kekahi hoailona i i loaa ai ka inoa o ka Don. No keia hou hoailona ia i ka papa inoa a me ka mana kupaianaha ikona, i haawi ia kona inoa, a ma ka mea ia manawa ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka lā vsetserkovnogo hookahakaha - August 19 (Kepakemapa 1st). Mai ia manawa, ko kākou Lede o ka Don ua koʻi kaua, e like me ka lani pale o ka aina Lūkini mai a pau i hele mai i ona me ka pahikaua.

King, pawn pilikia

Ka wā, i ka 1589, ma hope o ka make ana o Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha - ke kolu o ke keiki a Ivana Groznogo, i keʻakeʻa Rurikʻana i loko o Rusia, a hele aku la i ka nele noho alii Borisu Godunovu, ka mua Heihei Hoewaʻa o Moscow a me All Rusia , Job hoomaikai aku ia i ke alii o keia mau ikona. Eia naʻe, Boris rula ua i hauʻoli. Ua coincided me ka pilikia wā o Lūkini mōʻaukala, Pani 'ōlelo' ka Time o ka pilikia.

Ma hope o Noho ehiku makahiki ma ke poo o ka lāhui kanaka i haehaeia e na haole, 'uao a me na nohona o onei, make ihola ke aliʻi i loko o 1605, e like ma mua o ka makahiki o ke kanalima-ekolu makahiki. Ke kau mai ana iluna wahi o ka mea i make mō'ī ua ka Kremlin ka luna'ānela Hale Pule Nui, ma kona tombstone inoino nānā mai o ka pa alo aku o ka Don ikona o ka makuahine o ke Akua, i ka mea ana i wale nei, ma lalo o ka incessant ringing o ka bele, hoohiki aku ka aloha i ka Fatherland.

Ka hoʻomaka o ka noho alii ana o Peter I

Ua uaʻike ia i ka mua o ka noho alii ana o Peter I Rusia ua ma ke kaua ana me Tureke, a mau ae la ia no ka makahiki he umikumamaha, a ua lilo kekahi hapa o ka Europa Nui Turkish War. Ua hoʻomaka 'ia me ke kai eʻe o ka poe kaua Lūkini i loko o ka Crimea. He alai ae la ma kona malama pono hoa o ka Moi Prince Vasiliy Vasilevich Golitsyn.

Ikona o "ko kākou Lede o ka Don" hele pu me ia i ka mea a pau kai eʻe, i lilo ai no Rusia ordeal, a ua loaʻa iā ia he nuiʻia. Akā, i ka uwao o ka makuahine o ke Akua, hoike mai ai ia ia ma ke kiʻi i ua ua waiho i loko o ka halelewa-luna, i kōkua mai i ka poe koa, albeit me ka mea kaumaha ka pōʻino, akā, e hoʻi i ka hale, pau i ka hana häʻawi mai ai iä ia ma ka Ally mau kuleana. Na makahiki hope o ka XVII kenekulia ke kupaianaha kiʻi paʻa i loko o nā keʻena o ke kaikuwahine o Peter I Natalia Alekseevna Tsarina, he poe nui hoi elemakule icons, a kahi ae la i a laila laila 'ana i ka Annunciation Hale Pule Nui o ka Kremlin i ohi ia.

I ka hopena o ke kiʻi i loko o ka XVIII a XIX kenekulia.

I ka XVIII a me XIX kenekulia, ke ikona hoʻohana i ke kaulana veneration. Ua pule aku la, a kakau iho la'ōlelo o ka hoolea. Eia hou, ka mea kaulana kiʻi ma ka waena konu o na mea he nui novels a me ka pōkole moʻolelo, kekahi o ka i noonoo maoli hanana, lāliʻi o i i unuhiia mai Documentary kumu, e like me ka hapa o ka hua o ka manao o na kanaka, ka poe i makemake e hoike i ko lakou aloha a me ka mahalo i ka lani Mediatrix.

I ka mea hoʻonani o ka ikona i hookoe i kālā. Ua ua ike ia i Napoleon kaua kiʻi Ua uhiʻia me ka waiwai uku a me na pohaku makamae. Nā pōhaku i ua aihueia e ka Farani, a ma hope o lākou expulsion ua wale he gula kapiliia no ka ikona i kanaka Kalihiwai kuhihewa i ke keleawe.

Art hiʻona icons

Ua Ua palapala ma luna o ka papa ele ele pepa paia 86h68 knm. Ka olelo ana o iconographic kiʻi hiʻona, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka ikona "Don Virgin" pili i keʻano hookama i loko o oe Marian icons "no ka palupalu", a mea he ano hiʻona o ka hui maka Virgin a me kona Mau Loa Child. Akā, i ka theological manaʻo nui hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o nā icons o kēia' ano hele loa aku ia maʻamau, e hoohuli, depicting i ka makuahine a me ke aloha i kona keiki ka.

Ma keia hihia i kekahi mau he pilikia makapō olelo o ka haipule dogma, i Ho'ākāka 'i ka pilina o ka Mea nana i hana i kona hanaia'na. Palapala e olelo ana i na mea boundless ke aloha o ke Akua i na kanaka e ma ka mea, e hoola ia lakou mai ka make mau loa, haawi mai la oia i kana Keiki hiwahiwa wale.

Specialʻahaʻaina pili na kii e nalowale he gula kāʻei kua ma i i depicted ka Malia Puʻupaʻa la, a Child. Ua i malamaia pono a me na papakaukau, i uhi halos, akā, mea pōmaikaʻi, ua ola makou mahope o ka maka a me ke kapa i ka maikai ke ano.

Compositional a me ka waihoʻoluʻu icons

Ahupapa kiʻi o ka hoʻoholo 'ano typical o na icons o keia recension (canonicalʻano likeʻole). Virgin Mary Olauniu kana keiki e noho ana ma luna o kona'ūhā, a kilipue i kona papalina. Mau Child ua depicted vozdevshim lima akau ma ka hoomaikai ana a me kona lima hema paʻa ana i ka pepa.

Ikona Feofana Greka oko a mai ka 'ē aʻe nā kiʻi o ka poe kapa ole Bogomladentsa wāwae a hiki i ka iho ma muli ma ka hema na pulima oʻu Virgin kiʻi recension. Nā pā uhi i kona kapa ocher - aahu, i kahalalo 'pukapuka finely hana gula laina, kukulu ai i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka lole waihoʻoluʻu a me ka uliuli makau kuhohonu ana hōʻuluʻulu a me ka aha lealea nānā. Ua complements ka pono manaʻo o ke gula kaula uliuli, constricting pepa.

Like leo hone, a ma ka mea hookahi manawa me ka hoʻopā o ke alii ko lakou poe lole no Virgin. ʻO kona mau lunaʻaʻahu - mafory - hana ma ka pouli kamako iki'ōniʻoniʻo, a koli iho la i ke gula me ka palena, hoʻonaniʻia me ka pihapiha. Ekolu gula hoku, mea maʻa mau ana kona mea hoʻonani mea hoʻonani, i hoʻokahi wale nō dogmatic ano. Ka mea, nô ka puupaa mau loa o ka Mother o ke Akua - ma mua, i ka wā a ma hope o ka hanau ana o Iesu.

Deviations mai ka Byzantine canons

It E e kaulana ia, e like me ka hapanui kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pena Feofan Grek (Byzantine me Kinohi) i loko o kāna hana i hele ma o aku o na mooolelo hoʻokumu o ke kula o Constantinople, i mea no ka haku i ole ae ia lakou iho i ka makakū ho okolohua kue ana i ka canons. Don ikona ko mākou Lede mea he Kuhina Nui laʻana.

E e lehalehu t hiʻona Virgin nui vitality a me ka 'aoʻao o artist e leie aku kekahi asymmetry i loko o ka wahi o ka waha a me ka maka. Ka mea, i ole laua, nā icons o ka Byzantine haku, a ua aia ma luna o ka luna-ia nā koʻi lipi. Eia hou, o ka waha i kekahi mau mea offset i ka akau.

Mau seemingly mailuilu haalele lāliʻi, hoʻohana 'ia e ka mea kākau i loko o ka hoʻokahi wale nō oaoieei-mau hana a pau,, i nae noʻonoʻo unacceptable i ka' aʻe 'ana o nā canons hoʻokumuʻia e ka Ekalesia o Constantinople a me Byzantium. A ua nui wale na examples ma na icons a me frescoes, a Feofan Grek i kākau. "Ko kākou Lede o ka Don" - o kekahi o ia mau mea.

Ka aʻeʻaoʻao o ka ikona

Great hoihoi mea i kaʻaoʻao Flip o ka papa, i depicts mea mahuʻi - ikona, e like me ka olelo maluna,ʻelua papa. Pena mea i ka malamaia nui maikaʻi ma mua ma luna o ka maka. Maopopo readable i maalea palapala i hana i kaʻulaʻula. He i ua pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana i loko o ka ikona, hoʻokahi houʻana ma mua uku, kidnapped ma ka Farani i ka 1812, a lawelawe' ana me ka mea hoʻomanaʻo no nā wale extant gula maoli no ka ikona.

I ka nana ana i ke kiʻi o ka luku ana kaawale o ka oihana mua kuʻuna a hiki i ka weliweli. ua i hui pū ke kumu i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka mea mau i loko o ia mau hihia, nā kiʻi o ka poe anela, pii na lunaolelo, kaʻehaʻeha o na wahine a me na mea he nui' ē aʻe like aʻe. Central o ke kii ana o Iesu Kristo e paʻa ana i ka moku zapelenovannuyu huahelu, symbolizing ka uhane mau loa o ka Virgin.

Ma mua o ke kii ana o Kristo ma luna o ka moe hoomaha i ke kino wailua o ke Virgin, puniia ma na huahelu o ka poe lunaolelo he umikumamalua me nā kahu. - i hiki mai, e like me ka palapala hemolele, i ka make ana o ka Puʻupaʻa. Wehewehe aku ma nā māhele, a nō ka hōʻike o ka Aha-elele aponoia ma ka iconography: ka hale ua kau ma luna o nā kihi o ka ikona o ia hoʻi, i kēia e hoohuli i wahi i loko, a me nā kukui i mua o ka moe ana o ka Puʻupaʻa - i ka hōʻailona o ka mae wale o ke ola.

Ke hoopaapaa ma luna o ke kilo o ka ikona

He ano e ka weliweli depicted ma ka 'aoʻao aʻe o ka ikona, hāpai i ka ike haiahū kūmau, mai na mooolelo mai o Byzantine nō. Kēia mua hōʻike i nā maka o ka poe lunaolelo, hooneleia ano o Constantinople mooolelo aristocratic hiʻona. E like me ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia i loko o kana mau hana, he nui na haumana a Feofana Greka, ka mea i increasingly wehewehe aku ma ka hoʻokahi wale nō kua'āina kāna moʻolelo a pau mawaena o na makaainana kanaka.

'Aʻole surprisingly, ua hana ka mau oko o ka hana ma Feofana Greka Byzantine canons a me ka noʻeau mooolelo i ka helu o nā manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni ninau ke kilo o na hana wahi iā ia. o ko lakou wahi o ka Hawaii maopopo, no ka mea, ma luna o nā kapa o ka Bosphorus artist ole wale hanau, akā, i ka nuʻu mua me ke kumu o ka iconography - kekahi e ole poina i kona hele ana mai i Rusia i kakahiaka nui me ka makahiki o kanakolu.

Kona brushwork Ua kokoke Novgorod kula ma mua o kona poʻe hoahānau Byzantine. Perennial kūkākūkā ma luna o ke kumuhana e mai hooki i kēia lā, akā, e Kīwala'ō i ka manao ana, i loko o ka hou aina no ia, a me ka ua i ka manawa e ike ai na mea he nui elemakule icons hana ma Lūkini haku, ka artist hoʻohana i loko o kāna hana i ko lakou mau ano.

Ke kope loa kaulana o ka ikona

Ua ua ike ia i ka mōʻaukala lōʻihi o ka ikona a me kona mau papa helu i i. Ka mua o ka i nā lā, mai ka pau ana mai o ka XIV kenekulia. Ua Ua hua mai la ma ke kauoha ana i kekahi hoahānau o Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Vladimir Andreyevich, a me ka hoʻonaniʻia me ke kālā gilt uku i kona haawina o ka Trinity-Seregio Lavra.

I ka manawa Ivana Groznogo i kona mea i lawe mai i elua papa, kekahi o ka a ua hoouna mai ia Kolomna, ia a laila nalowale, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe, waiho i loko o ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui, mālama a hiki i kēia lā. I ka lani Patroness i ka 1591 kōkua Muscovites noonoo i ke kaua o Khan Giray, ma ka kahi i ku ai i ka ekalesia mau, ua hookumuia oia Donskoy hoailona, alaila, no ka ona i kekahi papa inoa o ka mea kupaianaha kiʻi. He nui no hoi kekahi mau kope o ka hope wā.

Donskoy hoailona helu wahi a me kūloko amo balota

Soviet manawa i lilo i ka hou ke kahua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka Don Mother o ke Akua. Mai 1919, keia huahelu ua komo i loko o ka ohi ana o ka Tretyakov Gallery. Eia ka mea, o kekahi o ka loa kupaianaha ho'āʻoʻia pauku o Old Lūkini pena. Once o ka makahiki, i ka lā o kona vsetserkovnogo hookahakaha, ke kiʻi haawi aku la i ka Donskoy hoailona (helu wahi :. Moscow, Don Square 1-3), kahi mua ka mea, e kau i ka hālāwai liturgy, a hoohua mai la na tausani o kanaka. ŸO ka mea, i i keia manawa ma Moscow, manao e komo 'ana i loko o laila, hiki ke komo i loko o ka hale mōneka, i hele mai mai o ke kaʻa'ōhua ma lalo iho ia hoonoho ai i Shabolovskaya.

Ua Ua ole coincidence keia mea i ke kiʻi o ka mea i hoomaikaiia Virgin ke nânâ i kūikawā aloha mai o ka poʻe Lūkini. I kaulana ma luna, ia mea ma kona mōʻaukala, ua pili me ka hana ana o na mea kaua o defenders o Fatherland, a ma ka mea, i ka Moiwahine o ka lani ka pinepine ae la oia Orthodox Ludu kōkua a me ka uwao ana.