Giotto hale kiaʻi ma Florence

Kekahi o ka loa kaulana hoi na mea makau a Florence o ka halekiai o Giotto. Photos o ka bele halekiai ua hoʻonaniʻia me nā kāleka poʻoleka, nā pelaha,,, t-pālule, Nā Pola a me nā souvenirs me ka manao o ka mea kahiko Italian kulanakauhale. Tower pâʻani 'o ia i mau manamana nui i loko o ke ola o medieval Florence. Mai ka outset, ka mea, ua i malama like me ka hōʻailona o ka nui, koa mana a me ke kuokoa o ke kulanakauhale. Ma keia 'atikala, ua wehewehe mai i ka hana o ka bele halekiai o ka aie. Imua o kekahi o na wahi mua i loko o ka papa inoa o ka pono ike ma Florence. He nui iauaeoia oo? Ecia e ike i kou wahi, e nana i ka hale kiaʻi ma ka Giotto. Ia manawa, ka mea, o ka bele halekiai o ka Hale Pule Nui o Santa Maria del Fiore.

Campanile waiwai no Florence

I mea e maopopo i ke kūlana o ka bele hale kiaʻi i loko o ka medieval ola o ke kulanakauhale Italia, ua pono e hana i kekahi wahi mōʻaukala. Ma ka huli ana o ka XIII-XIV kenekulia ma Italy, wela kona huhū me ka hoʻoponopono kivila kaua ma waena o Guelphs a me ka gibbelinami. Ka mua koi i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka papal mana, oiai ka weuweu koi i ka aoao o ka Auguseto. Guelph ka lanakila alakai i ka dominance o ka Roma Curia. House hale kiai gibbelinskih hanau i hunaia, e hooko aku la i ko lakou mau mea a hoouna aku la i loko o ke pio.

E hōʻike i mua o ka omnipresent hookolokoloia kona catholicity, hoomaka ae la ke kulanakauhale o ke aupuni, e kūkulu i kekahi kiʻekiʻe bele hale kiaʻi o Kokika cathedrals. "E hilinaʻi ana" Tower o Pisa - keia mea kekahi o ia mau mea. Florence, a i paʻi loa me Siena i loko o ka lākiō o kona kai eʻe, e e kiekie ae, a me ka nele i nā mea a pau koina, e kūkulu i loko o kona Hale Pule Nui o ka lani kiekie loa bele hale kiaʻi. A ua he hale kiaʻi o Giotto. hoʻoholo ihola i ke kūlanakauhale, e uku i ke kumu kuai, e ku mai, a e hoohana ia no ka hana ana i ka loa kaila, a, me, pipiʻi haku. Ka palapala laila hākālia nō: "ke kai eʻe mea, e hoonani aku i ke kulanakauhale, a me keia hiki ke hana wale ina o ka hana e e alakaiia e ka hale hoʻokamakama haku ... I ke ao nei,ʻaʻole e loaʻa kekahi oi loea ma mua o ka Florentine Giotto Bondone."

Ieoaeunoai o ka hale kiaʻi

E like me na canons o Italian Kokika nō Hale Pule Nui, baptismal lumi (baptistry) a me ka bele halekiai (campanile) i manao ia e hoʻokaʻawale, mai kekahi i kekahi. Wale mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ke kūkulu o ka Hale Pule Nui o Santa Maria del Fiore, i ka 1298, ka mea i eli i ka puka no ka hookumu ana o ka hale kaua. Mua, ka belfry e kūkulu pū me ka ahalunakanawai Komikina'Āina ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone Arnolfo di Aloha Cambio. Naʻe, i ka 1302, ua make, a me ke kukulu ana o ka bele halekiai i papani ai hoi e like ka nui me kanakolu makahiki. July 9, 1334 i ka Bihopa o ke kulanakauhale ikaika akuʻoe i waiho ai i ka pohaku mua, a hoolaa i ka wahi ma ka hale kiai i ke ala. Giotto hoʻomaka ', ka wā i ke kulanakauhale hooku ae la ia i ka makahiki uku makahiki o ka hoʻokahi haneri gula florins - he nui huina i ka manawa. E ke Kumu, ka mea i laila, 67 o kona mau makahiki, i kaumaha aku Lunakanawai kaila "Kelemānia" kŘkohu. He lawe pū i loko o ka mooolelo o ka piʻi like ana o ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone o ka Hale Pule Nui ma Arnolfo di Aloha Cambio e campanile me ka lokahi me ka polychrome ekalesia hale. Giotto hoʻohana i kekahiʻano hana i kapaia "chiaroscuro", e ka hale kiai nana me he mea pena. kekahi papahana ke Kumu Jewelry Nails, ka ai-kapaia mōʻaukala. Akā, ma ka kinikini, e hoʻomaopopo i kona kuka i ole i manawa. He make i ka 1337, ka wā Giotto hale kiai ma Florence i kūkulu pono ma mua o ka pae mua.

hoomau iho la lakou no? ieoaeunoaa

Ua makemake mea, mai hopohopo no ke kulanakauhale, keia poho i ole lawe mai. Unuhi aku la ia hoʻokamakama haku, a pau i ka helu a me ka sketches "moʻolelo" o ka pohaku keokeo, i kona manao, e kau ma luna o ka pā pōhaku, ua maluhia waiho i loko o ka lawehala. Akā, na kanikela manao, e kono aku ia no ka mau nō lā hoʻi o ke kūkulu o ma ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka hale hoʻokamakama kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone - Andrea Pisano. He kupua kaulana kūkulu o ka hema Ka nū o ka Baptistery. He hana ma luna o ka bele hale kiaʻi a hiki i 1343, a e hoʻokele i kūkulu i kēia, ka lua pae. Eia naʻe Giotto hale kiaʻi ma keia kahua i hoʻonaniʻia kiʻekiʻe biforami. Oiai ke koena o ka haku ikaika ma hope o nā Nails haʻaleleʻia e Giotto.

I ka 1347, ua kahili ae i ka pau ana o 'Eulopa "ʻeleʻele ka make." Mai make i ke ahulau, a me Andrea Pisano. Ke kolu o kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone, Francesco Talenti, pau i ka hana o ka bele hale kiaʻi. He ola ae la ia ia me ia, e like me ke kumumanao o Giotto,ʻekoluʻano likeʻole o ka pōhaku keʻokeʻo, akā, no hoi i ko lakou mau loli i ka palapala kikoo. Aka, mahope mai o ka hoʻomaka o ke kūkulu o ka hala hapaha kenekulia, a Kelemānia kaila hele aku mai o ka ano. E like me hāpai aʻela ma ka 122-mika ka bele hale kiai i e mare i ka huinahalike halelewa kiekie o ka "50 kūbita". I ka 1359 Talenti ka noonoo e haalele i ka manaʻo. Ka mua unuhi, i ua manawa mālama i loko o ka Museum o Siena, a me ke kai eʻe kokoke i ka Hale Pule Nui Florence i loaʻokoʻa. Akā, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea e mau ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone i lawe mai i ka hailona o ko lākou mau manaʻo ma o ka hana ana o keia kupanaha hanaia'na o ke akamai, i ka bele halekiai no keia i ka inoa "Tower o Giotto."

Auhea ka campanile

Ke kukulu kiʻekiʻe o ka 84 mika mea paakiki i ka hala. Ka a pau eiiieaena o ka hale aia ma ka Hale Pule Nui Square ma Florence. Kēia mea i ka ekalesia o Santa Maria del Fiore (i loko o ka unuhi - "ko kākou Lede o ka Flowers") a me ka paa ole-e ku bele hale kiaʻi, a me ka Baptistery o San Giovanni. i ka papa kuhikuhiE Ka nū o ka Hale Pule Nui I ka huli, i ka halekiai o Giotto mea ma kaʻaoʻao'ākau o ka mea.

mawaho mea hoʻonani

I ka nani o ka bele halekiai hahau. I loko nō o ka monumentality, a kiʻekiʻe, ka mea, he mea oi e like Jewelry ma mua o ka hale. Ka hale kiai He leo hone, airy. Pakiko-na mahele, a kiʻekiʻe Kokika puka makani e ia slimmer. Tower o Giottoʻalo me ekolu ke ano o na pohaku keokeo: he hau-keʻokeʻo Carrara, omaomao o Prato a me Siena i kaʻulaʻula. Ke Kokika puka skilfully i ulana i hilo kolamu. Mosaic inserts hana Cosmati poe hoahanau enliven i nā pā pōhaku keʻokeʻo a me ka uliuli.

Mau kii a me ka bas-ke kanaaho

He no ka mea, o keia mea hoʻonani, a me ka kaulana Tower o Giotto. Where o ke kupua paha Panel? Giotto Ua waihoʻia ma hope o ka helu o nā Aey? Acaeoey. Paha kekahi Panel o ka mua a me ka lua o ka tiers i ua poe la o ka meaʻoki na haumana o kana kula paha. Initially, Ua hoʻonaniʻia ekoluʻaoʻao o Giotto halekiai me ka bas-ke kanaaho. Hope, kekahi Panel hana haku Luca della Robbia. Ke kolu o ka pae o ka belfry ua hoʻonaniʻia me ka umikumamaono kiʻi. Original kilo Donatello hoʻoneʻe i ka Mikanele, a ma ka makani, lā a me ka ua kope. Kekahi kinikini "mōʻaukala" wahi a hiki i Andrea Pisano.

viewpoint

Haalele i ka palapala manaʻo, Talenti, ka hope kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone o ka bele hale kiai, i ole e ike ia, e haawi i ka hana nui i na hanauna he nui o iauaeoia oo? Ecia. Ma muli o ka loli ma ka pāhana Giotto hale kiai ma Florence i haahaa ma ka aneane kanaha mika, akā, ka mea, ua loaa i kekahi, mākaʻi ihola iā anuu. Ano, ka uhaʻiʻana i ka 414 anuu, e hiki mahalo i ka aeaiaua o ke kulanakauhale kahiko, e noonoo i au mamuli o ka Dome o Brunelleschi hana. Ka holoʻokoʻa staircase i loko o ka hale kiai, ua oki ia ma ka helu nui o nā puka makani, a lohi lanakila i ke kahua, e hiki ke loaa ia ia ka malamalama e like me kaula mea hoʻonani bele hale kiaʻi.

A hookahi komo i loko o ka campanile koina 6 Euro. Nui hou e pono e kūʻai i noniakahi balota no ka 10 He oiaio, me ka makaikai ana i ka hale kiai, i ka Dome, ka Baptistery o San Giovanni, i ka lua pao o Saint Reparata a me ka mōʻaukala iau.