He aha ka ethology o na holoholona? E huli aku i ka 'epekema o ethology?

He aha ka ethology? He He 'epekema a Haʻawina i ka hana o nā holoholona. I mea e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i kekahi ano mea pono, e mālama iā lākou i loko o koʻoukou kaiapuni. Eia naʻe, e noiʻi i nā kumu hp'pnphp ka nānā mau hana, i kekahi manawa e pono ai ma waho 'uao. Ethology kōkua wehewehe i ka luna 'hana kūleʻa ma waena o maoli ai encoded innate hana a me ke kaiapuni.

Ke kumu o ka ethology like me ka 'epekema

I ka hoʻomaka o ka 20th kenekulia, holoholona hana i ua? Anoeeʻano nui ma ka mea o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ho okolohua. Kēia empirical kokoke i alakai aku ai i na mea he nui discoveries nui, e like me ke kānāwai o ke kanawai a me ka behaviorism. Ethology Ua lilo respectable ka hoʻopaʻi i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope, i ka wa a ka Europa behaviorists (ethologists) Dr. Konrad Lorenz a me Niko Tinbergen i manaʻo kanaka e like momentous discoveries me imprinting, noho pilikia manawa o? Acaeoey, triggers ka hana, hana paa pono a pau o, 'ano' kipaku aku ai, a me ka manaʻo o ka pohupani hale hana.

Lorenz a me Tinbergen, a me ka peahi o ka nalo meli hana Karl av Frisch pili ana i ka Nobel lua i ka 1973 no lākou na makana no ke ao o ka holoholona hana. Oiai kekahi lāliʻi o ko lākou mau theories i a laila kamaʻilio nui a me ka hoʻololi, i ke kumu kahua o nā loina koe i ka ia. Behaviorism a me ka ethology - kēia mau mea 'ano mauʻokoʻa e noiʻi i ka hana ana o na holoholona; kekahi ua kaupalena 'ʻano nui ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ho'āʻo ma (biheviorizm) a me ka' ē aʻe ua nānā 'ana i kahua haʻawina (ethology holoholona). Nā hualoaʻa o nā haʻawina o nā sciences ae mai, e haawi aku i ka clearer kiʻi o ka hana o ka holoholona.

Mea aha ethology, komo i loko o ia mau kānakaʻepekema o ka weuweu 19th, a i kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, Charles Darwin, A. Whitman, Uolles Kreyg a me na mea e ae. Behaviorism - he kau mea i ho'ākāka 'epekema a me ka Pahuhopu study o ka hana o nā holoholona, akā, ka mea i hookuu pili ia i ka hoʻopaʻa' ana i hoomakaukau ai ma ka 'ano' reactions ma ka keʻena hoʻokolohua kumu, a me ka uuku kākauʻana ma luna o ka evolutionary adaptability. Ua nui naturalists i? Anoee, ao ke ano o ka holoholona hana ma ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka.

Science ethology

He aha ka ethology? Kēia māhele o lalo o ka kālaimeaola i haʻawina no ka hana o ka holoholona a me kānaka. E like me ka rula, ethologists kiai ana na holoholona i loko o kā lākou maoli kaianoho koholā, ka mea, aʻo typical hana a me na kumu i aloha ia i kēia hana. Typical hana -ʻano mea typical no ka lala o kekahi mau? Ueo. More eiiieaena ma mua o ka reflex, o keʻano o ka innate ka hoʻokuʻu 'ʻano papa hana, ho'ā' ia mai ka waiū a hiki i kekahi mau stimuli.

Ka naauao o ka ethology a me ka ka holoholona hana hiki e nui i hehee ai o ke aʻo o ka holoholona. Ka like o maoli hana i loko o kekahi? Ueo a me breeds e leie aku ka kaʻi, e koho i mau elele, ka poe i oi hoʻomākaukau e hana i ka koi 'ia hana. Ua hoi apono 'i ke kaʻi pono hoʻoulu maoli hana a me ka ole undesirable.

Nō kāu ethologists ho'āʻo e pane eha walaʻauʻana nīnau e pili ana i na ano o ka hana:

1. He aha ka i ka mea a me ka kumu hoʻopaipai no keia kumu o ka hana.
2. He aha nō ka 'ole a me ka hana ana o ka holoholona komo i loko o ka hana.
3. Pehea, a no ke aha la hoʻololi hana o ka holoholona a me kona ulu ana.
4. Pehea ka hana e loli ai ka suitability a me ka hoʻololiʻana o ka holoholona.

I ka manaʻo o ka ethology

Ethology o nā holoholona e like me ka manaʻo i ola mai 1762, ka wā e i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o Farani, e like me ke ao o ka holoholona hana. Ma keia ano, ka mea, i ka iaʻano like me ka Helene hua'ōlelo "ethos", mai i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia manawa ua loko mai ethology. Eia naʻe, kūʻokoʻa o ka hua'ōlelo ethology pili me "nā mea pono" a me ka manawa ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka Anglo-Säkona moʻokalaleo me "ka' epekema o ke ano." I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kēia ethology mea he kahuna lapaau a me ka zoologist Konrad Lorenz. Ma ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana noi o liluwelo ano o ka noiʻi, oia ua kālailai i ka hana o nā holoholona.

Ka mua kēia puke haʻawina ma ethology, ka study o instinct i kākau i loko o 1951 e Nicolaas Tinbergen. Nā loina o ka helu ana o na Mamua o ka ethology like me ka 'epekema, a me Spalding (1873), Darwin (1872), Whitman (1898), Altumy (1868), a Craig a (1918) hoala scientific hoihoi i ka holoholona hana. I mea ethology, e like me ke kumuhana o kona ao, hoomaka ae la makou e hoʻolohe. Kēia 'epekema Ua manaoia he kuokoa lālā o ka zoology i kakahiaka nui me 1910. Ma ka mea kēia hoohalike ethology epa a me ka scientific study o ka holoholona hana, e like me ka pono me kekahi, ao ke ano o kanaka hoohaunaele. Kaʻia "holoholonaʻike manaʻo" ua no kekahi manawa, hoʻohana 'ia, akā, he hoʻokahi wale nō mōʻaukala pōʻaiapili.

Kula Kaiapuni 'o Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka holoholona hana: mahele

Ethology Haʻawina holoholona hana okoa Ke Ana Hoʻohālike, a i laila, hoʻolaha, a like me nā hana kūpono no nā? Ueony, pakahi aku la ia i pili loa. He mea nui i na holoholona kilo i loko o kā lākou kūlohelohe a kokoke-maoli kaianoho koholā. Additional loina ma ka noho pio ana, ua hoi pinepine koi.

ʻOiai aʻo Ua noʻonoʻo nui loa i loko o ka hana ana o na holoholona, kekahi o nā kumu hana o ka ethology o ke ao o innate hana lauana ano o nā hoa a pau o ka mea hookahi? Ueo. Ma hope o këia mau ana hoʻohālike, oe i makaukau hoi i ka noonoo loli ma ka hana, kena ae la ia e aʻo. He mea nui no ka mea,ʻaʻole na loli i loko o ke kinona a me ka laulā o ka 'ano' lauana i ke ola ana o ke kanaka kikowaena aʻo like me ka ano o ka ho onui ana ka hoao ana.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka holoholona hana

Animal hana ka loaʻa o keʻano o ka hana. Oe ke haawi mai lakou i mea hoike: o ka Elephant hooinu ai zebra ma ka? Aieeeua. No ke aha la i ia i hana ia? He He holoholona hihiu a me ka lima kolohe 'ana o ka' elele? Maoliʻawa zebra - ia, aole he aloha lima kolohe 'ana. Elephant ua pololei ho'āʻo e mālama aku, mai ka Waterhole zebras. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka holoholona hana hiki i ka nui dala no, no ka mea hoike, i ka wa a ka ilio e noho ma ka noho luna ana, a me ka popoki i ua ho'āʻo ana e hopu i kekahi iole. Hana ana o na holoholona a pau nāʻaoʻao o ka interacting me kekahi i kekahi, a me ka kaiapuni.

Maturation o instinct a me aaiaoe?

Kela manawa, i ka 1760, Kumu ma Hamburg Hermann Samuel Reimarus hoikeia mai i ke ao nei i ka manaʻo o "maturation instincts" a kuhikuhi mai i ka likeʻole ma waena o congenital, a loaa mākau. Innate nā mea hiki, e like me ka huli 'ana no kaʻai a me ka naauao o ka mele Hawaiʻi o ka nalo meli i makana i hanau. I mea e ke hakuloli i ana, pono i ka holoholona i kona hoʻolilo 'ike e pili ana i ke kaiapuni. Kēia 'ike hiki ke hoohui i loko o nā chromosomes, a waihonakala ma ka hoomanao ana, a' o ia hoʻi ka mea hiki e congenital a loaa. Ma eiiieaena lauana o ka hana pinepine ia lŘlŘ AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o nā kumu mua.

Hoʻokolokolo 'o aaiaoe kumu o ka hana mea he nui hapa ethology. No ka laʻana, ka mea ma kela aoao o ka mau laha 'o Duck, a he ano okoa o ka courtship i penei kekahi manawa, hiki paka hybrids me pau loa ia kekahi mau hana' ia i keia manawa, okoa mai o ka makua, akā, makana i loko o ka hana o ka oleloia na kūpuna o keia? Ueo. Eia naʻe, a manawa ia mea i maopopo ka physiological kumu i kuleana no kēia mau oko ao.

Nature kū'ē nurture: ka evolution o ka holoholona hana

Ethology, ka 'epekema o ka holoholona hana, e like me ka rula, e kālele ana ma ka hana i loko o vivo, a huli aku i ka hana me ka evolutionary-adaptive kāna moʻolelo. Inā ka holoholona hana ua noho mana ana ma na nā'ōewe, ka mea hiki Hawaiʻi ma maoli wae. Key hana kūpono i ke kumu ma nā'ōewe, a me ke koena - hana o ke ola i loko o ka ua kaiapuni. Ke ninau nei paha ka hana uaʻano nui hoi malalo o ko nā'ōewe a 'ia, Ua pinepine ke kumuhana o ka hoopaapaa ana. 'Ano'ʻano i hoakakaia e like me ke ano maoli (nā'ōewe) a me ka hoʻonaʻauao (ka kaiapuni).

I ka'īlio, no kekahi laʻana, i ka welelau o e hele i loko o ka kekahi alanui i pili i nā'īlio, o hiki mai hoi malalo o ko nā'ōewe. Eia naʻe, maʻamau hana hiki ole hoʻomōhala i loko o ka 'ia ma laila nō i nā'īlio. PUPPY, ka mea i kupu mai ma ka hoʻokaʻawale, e e makaʻu o nā'īlio a hana pākīkē aku i ia mau mea. I ka 'āina i hoʻomōhala hana kūpono, e like me ka mea maopopo hoomahuahua i ka hola o ka holoholona i ka mea e hahai. No ka laʻana, ka wā na iliohae ino imi pu i loko o ka pack hiki ke hopu pio ua nui mahuahua. Ke'ī mai, i ka hae 'ōili mai nui paha ke ola, a hele aku ma luna o lākou nā'ōewe i ka kekahi hanauna.

Nā kumu o ka hana nā mea a pau i ka stimuli e ho ololi i hana, ina paha mawaho (ʻai a me Moana) a me na (hormones a me nā loli i loko o ka'emi nenoaiu). I ka manao o kekahi mau 'ano' pane mea he pololei hopena ma luna o ka hana ana o kekahi holoholona, no ka laʻana, e,ʻo he hoalawepu no penei kekahi. ? Ac? O ka hana pili iʻike manaʻo a ololi i loko i ka hana hoʻololi i ke ola o ka holoholona. Evolution o ka hana ua pili i na kêia kanaka o ka hana, a pehea e hoʻololi i ka loli o nā hanauna a pau.