He aha ka ka radiographic ninaninau? Radiographic ninaninau o welds. Radiographic ninaninau: GOST

Ke kumu o ka pāhawewe ke kāohi o ka hiki ana o nuclei o kekahi waiwai (isotopes) decompose e lilo ionizing pāhawewe. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka nukelea fission ua kipaku kula haʻahaʻaa (particles), a ua kapaia ka pāhawewe a ionizing pāhawewe. pāhawewe waiwai hilinaʻi ma luna o ke 'ano o ka haʻahaʻa (particles) kinoea ma ka nucleus.

Corpuscular ionizing pāhawewe

Alpha pāhawewe ikeia ma hope o ka'opi o ka nuclei kaumaha o ka helium. Kinoea (particles) komo ana o ka paʻa o protons a me neutrons paʻa. Ka mea, i ka nui a me ka nuipa haahaa māmā. Kēia i ke kumu ma ko lakou mau papa hanohano nō hoʻi ano: uuku anal a me ka ikaika ikehu.

Neutron pāhawewe ninoieo o neutron koko. Mau (particles) e mai i kā lākou mau uila kauoha. Wale ka wā neutrons pāʻani aku me na nuclei o ka irradiated mea i hoopiiia Ion i hanaʻia, no laila, ma lalo o neutron pāhawewe ua loaʻa kiʻekiʻeʻonou radioactivity i loko o ka irradiated mea.

Hoʻokolohua pāhawewe originates mai reactions loko o ka halepaahao nucleus. Kēia hou 'ana o ka proton i loko o ka neutron a Hope versa. Ma keia hihia, e kinoea paha electrons antiparticle - positrons. Kēia mau (particles) i he uuku nuipa a me ka mämä holo like kiʻekiʻe. Kā lākou hana e ionize mea mea liʻiliʻi, e like me hoohalikeia me ke Alpha (particles).

Ionizing pāhawewe me ka quantumʻano

Gamma pāhawewe ua pu ia e ka luna o keʻano o ka hanaʻana hoʻokuʻu akula Alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua (particles) mai ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka kālaiōewe nā'ātoma. An ea puka photon koko, i mea he electromagnetic a pāhawewe. Like malamalama, gamma pāhawewe i ka nalu maoli. Gamma huna hele i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama, pakahi, i ke kiʻekiʻe penetrating mana.

X-kukuna no hoi i kona kumu i loko o ka electromagnetic a nalu, pela no ka mea, ka mea i like loa ke gamma pāhawewe. I kapaʻia bremsstrahlung. Na penetrating hiki ia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka nuʻa o ka irradiated mea. Like me ka Ray o ka malamalama e koe i ka manaʻoe kūkulu ma ka io mau kiko. Kēia hiʻona o ka X-Ray ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau kihapai o ka hana a me ka laau lapaau.

Radiographic NDT iaoiaeii meaʻano nui hoʻohana gamma- a me ka X-pāhawewe, a i ka hawewe electromagnetic i ke ano maoli, a me neutrons. No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka pāhawewe ka hoʻohana kūikawā mea hana a me na manao ona.

X-Ray machines

X-kukuna i loaa hoʻohana X-Ray paipu. Keia aniani a soldered metala-pālolo paukūʻolokaʻa, mai a ke hooweliweli ea, e hōʻeleu i ka neʻe o electrons. Ma na aoao elua o na nā uila aʻa lolo pili ia me ke alo 'āhewa' ana.

Ka cathode - heʻoni iho o ka tungsten filament, i kuhikuhi he lahilahi laau nui o electrons i ka anode. Ka hope ua ana i ke keleawe, ka mea, ua i kēlā oki ma ka huina o 40 a hiki i 70 degere. Ma ke kikowaena ia mai i ka papa i ka tungsten, he ai-kapaia pulakaumaka anode. Ke cathode Ua lako ka alternatingʻikena alapine (frequency) o 50 Hz, e ho okumu i kekahi ikehu likeʻole ma na auamo. Ke kahe ana o electrons i loko o ka laau e hina ana ma luna o ka tungsten anode papa mai i ka (particles) dramatically lohi ka noi a me ka electromagnetic a oscillations ana. No ia mea, i kapaʻia roentgen kukuna inhibition. Radiographic hooponopono meaʻano nui i hoʻohana X-kukuna.

Gamma a me ka neutron emitters

A gamma pāhawewe kumu - he radioactive hehee ai ana kālaiōewe o cobalt, iridium paha cesium. Ma ka mea ka mea, ua waiho ia ma ka kūikawā aniani mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku.

Neutron emitters ua mālamaʻia i loko o ka like kumu, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia wale nō i loko o ka ikaika o ka neutron koko.

radiography

E like me ke ano o ka loaʻaʻana i nā hualoaʻa e oko radioscopic, radiometric a me radiographic e hooponopono. Ka hope iaoiaeii Ua wehewehe aku i loko i nā mea kiʻi hualoaʻa hoʻopaʻa ma luna o ho film a me ka una honua. Radiographic ninaninau ia lŘlŘ ma ana pāhawewe i ka mānoanoa o ka lāʻau mea. I ka mea ma lalo nei mea mīkini hopu ka mea hewa i ka mana hoʻomalu ma luna o kiʻi akaka i mau kiko a me ka hahau ana ikeia hiki mā (cavities, ili, mawae) oia hoi o voids piha me ka lewa, no ka ionization o kekahi mau waiwai, i ka wa irradiated nuʻa ia lŘlŘ inhomogeneously.

No ka loaʻaʻana o ka mea singular pono o ka una honua mea, he ho film, he X-Ray pepa.

Ia e pōmaikaʻi ai weld nana radiographic iaoia a me kona hewa

Ka wā o kéu hoʻomaopopo i ka pono o ke kuʻihao nui hoʻohanaʻume mākenēki, radiographic a kani ultrasonic ikea ai. I ka aila a me ka kinoea hana oi loa hookolokolo aku la ia wahi welded paipu ami. Ua mea i loko o kēia mau nāʻoihana radiographic nana iaoia o ka loa hanohano no ka mea, o ka mea kanalua pono ma nā hoʻoholo ki ina hana like. Mua, ka mea, ua noʻonoʻo i ka loa ahuwale: ma luna o ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa ke ike i ka kiko'ī photocopy o ka maloko moku'āina o ka mea a me ka wahi o ka mā a me kā lākou mau outlines.

Kekahi pono - he hanana miomio. I ka hoʻokō 'kani ultrasonic a koko-puka hooponopono he mea mau i ka pahiki o ka loaʻaʻana wahahee no a hiki i ka papa imi haahaa i me ka paewaewa weld. Ka wā 'ole-hui' radiographic nana mea hiki, 'o ia hoʻi, haoʻa a paakiki surfaces mea,ʻaʻole he pilikia.

Ke kolu, o ka papa hana e leie aku oe, e kū i keʻano o nā mea, me 'ole-ʻume mākenēki.

Eia hoi, i ka iaoiaeii mea pono no ka hoʻohana i ka adverse ka ino a me ka oaoieei ana. Aia radiographic hooponopono o ka aila a me ka kinoea pipelines mea hiki wale. ʻume mākenēki a me ka ultrasound lako a pinepine haawi malfunctions aie i haʻahaʻa ana wela a me mall hiʻona.

Naʻe, ka mea, he mau keakea.

• Ano O radiographic nana o welded ami ma muli o ka hana o ka pipiʻi lako a pan a me consumables;
• Ua pono pela hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā limahana;
• Hana me ka radioactive pāhawewe mea pilikia loa ke ola.

Makaukau no ka hoʻoholo

E hoomakaukau ai. Like emitters hoʻohana X-Ray machines a gamma flaw. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kaʻili kai, he pilikia makapō nana no i nanaia maka mā, omaka i ka nana kumuhana wahi, a me ko lakou omaka mua o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka radiographic nana o welds. E hōʻoia i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka lako a pan.

O kéu hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka pā lonoaʻili. I? Eou waiho mai puke maʻamau, no susceptibility ikea ai:

• uea - e sila iho, ÷ haku ia ia;
• grooving - Hele mai o ka ulana mea ole emi o 0.5 knm, na Groove kuhikuhi ana - p ÷ haku i ka ulana;
• Una - Hele mai o ka ulana ana ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 0.5 knm a me ka ulana ma ka olua omaka hoailona e ole e hiki i loko o ke kiʻi.

hoʻoholo

Enehana, a me nā wahi i puhi ai radiographic nana o welds i ke kino, ma muli o ka mānoanoa, kinona, manao hiʻohiʻona o kekahi lāʻau 'ikamu, i kulike ai me ka hoakaka. ʻO kā mākou allowable mamao mai ka hooponopono ana mea i radiographic Auana - 150 mm o.

Ka huina ma waena o ka olelo o ka Ray, a me ka maʻamau a hiki i ka ho film e e emi malalo o 45 °.

Ka mamao mai ka pāhawewe kumu a hiki i ka hoao ili honua he pōpilikia e like me ka hoakaka no nāʻano o nā welds a me ka mea mānoanoa.

Loiloi 'ana o nā hopena. Ka mea e like ai o ka radiographic ikea ai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mīkini hopu ka mea hewa i hoʻohana. I ka hoʻohana 'ana i radiographic Auana mua ana kēlā me kēia'ōhui pono e ikea no kaʻaeʻana i nā koi' ia kiko'î. Reagents no ka aaioee kiʻi i hoao no suitability i kulike ai me ka hoakaka. Film hoomakaukau ia no ka Makuahine a me Management o ka hoʻopauʻana o ke kiʻi e ia i loko o ka hana pouli wahi. Hoʻopau 'ana i nā kiʻi pono e hala ole, me ka hoʻokali kūpono' mau kiko emulsion, ahu iho e ole e uhaʻiʻia. Images o ka hae, a lepili E hoi e nānā pono.

E loiloi i ka hopena o ka ka mālamaʻana ana o ka nui o na mā 'akomi i hoʻohana kūikawā UAAIIeIIeX, magnifiers, luna.

E like me ka ka mālamaʻana i nā hualoaʻa, e ka manao paa ma ka ho'ōia, hoʻoponopono a me rejection, i ua i loko o nā puke i hoʻokumu ano o NTD.

Ka hoʻohana a filmless detectors

I kēia lā, 'ike loea kikohoʻe ua increasingly hoohui i loko o hanalima-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a me ka radiographic ole-luku ikea hana. Ua nui palapala Aey? Acaeoey o ka wahi lulu hui.

I ka wā o ka mīkiniʻikepili aaioee'ōnaehana i radiographic hoʻohana reusable'ōlewa papa i ka acrylic a phosphorus. X-na kukuna haule ma luna o ka papa, i kau ai i ke kukuna ua scanned, a me ke kiʻi ua hoohuliia ma luna o ke kanaka hoʻoponopono. A pau ka hooponopono papa hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha wahi analogously ho film detectors.

Kēia hana i ka helu o ka ike pono like i ka ho film radiography:

• ʻAʻole ia iʻike pono i loko o ke kaʻina lōʻihi o ka ho film aaioee lako a pan, a me ka kūikawā lumi no keia mea;
• i pono, e mau kuai ho film a me reagents no ia ia;
• waiū kaʻina i he wahi manawa;
• hoʻomaka koke i ka haawi ana i kikohoʻe kiʻi e like ai;
• hookeai archiving a me ka pūnaewele o kaʻikepili ma uila Media;
• ka hiki e hoʻohana mau una honua;
• hiki ke hoemi ikehu pāhawewe i loko o ka mana ma ka hapalua, a me ka hohonu o ka anal, piʻi pū.

Ia mea, aia no he waiwai e lilo aku makauliʻi o ka manawa a me ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka waiū pae, a nolaila ka pilikia i ka koʻokoʻo.

Maluhia iloko radiographic ikea ai

I mea e loa kń i ka hopena maikaʻi hopena o radioactive na kukuna ma luna o ke ola o ka limahana ua koi 'ia e hooko pololei me ka maluhia ana no ka manaʻo o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o radiographic ikea ai o welded ami. XIX. Ola lula:

• All lako a pan pono e roadworthy, i ka mea pono i nā moʻolelo, nā mea hula apau - i ka koi kiʻekiʻe o ke aʻo;
• i loko o ka oo? o ana Mai ae ka poe i ole e pili ana i? iecaianoaaiiuo;
• emitter i ana, he Aʻole pono e aia ma kaʻaoʻao e ku pono ana i ka olelo o ka pāhawewe mea ole e emi malalo o 20 m + ;
• ka pāhawewe kumu pono e hoʻolako pono me ka aiiay pale kaua, a ua ālai 'ka lakou hoopuehu ana o kukuna i loko o ka lewa;
• Mai noho i loko o ka ciia o hiki pāhawewe waiū palena no hou manawa;
• Ka pāhawewe ke pae ma o ka wahi o ka loaa kanaka pono e mau ua hoʻonānā hoʻohana dosimeters;
• wahi pono e aʻe o ka mea o ka palekana i ka ka penetrating kanawai o ka pāhawewe, e like me kēpau a lahilahi.

Hoakaka a oaoieei palapala kuhikuhi, GOST

Radiographic ikea ai o welded ami ua lawe mai e like me ka GOST 3242-79. Key palapala no ka radiographic ikea ai - GOST 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. Pono e hoʻokō i ka nui o ka omaka na hoailona a me GOST 15843-79. ʻano a me ka mana o ka pāhawewe kumu ua wae ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mānoanoa a me ka pa apŘ o ka irradiated mea e like me GOST 20426-82.

Class pā lonoaʻili a me ka 'ano o ka hae ua hooponopono e GOST 23055-78 a me GOST 7512-82. Ke aaioee o radiographic kiʻi ua lawe mai e like me ka GOST 8433-81.

I ka hana ana me ka kumu o ka pāhawewe E e alakaʻiʻia e nā mea i ho'ākāka 'o ka Pekelala Law "Ma ka pāhawewe ke Maluhia o ka Lehulehu no ka Heluna", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "XIX. Hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe Na rula no ka pāhawewe ke Maluhia o ka Lehulehu", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.