He aha ke ano o ka 'epekema ke degere "PhD"

"PhD" - he kālaiʻike degere. Ua i koe i loko o Rusia, a me ka Moscow aina e, mai ka lā mai o ka Soviet Union - mai makahiki 1934. He palapala mua i loko o ka 'epekema hele ana mai i ka haku a hiki i ke kauka o ka sciences, a i hookoia ka noi ana:

• Ua loaʻa ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe;
• Aʻu i hele ai a pau moho examinations;
• He i ka moʻo o ka noiʻi ma luna o kou kumuhana;
• He hoʻolauna a i hōʻike ai i ka His a me ka mea hiki waiwai o ka 'epekema manaʻo;
• Ua hala aku i ke kaʻina hana o ke pale i kekahi ia hoʻi , e like me ke kanawai puʻe wale olelo.

Russian kālaiʻike ka papahelu "PhD" o ka mea like no ka komohana PhD (heluhelu i pi eych di Aloha). PhD - kauka o kālaiʻike. Akā, ma ka oiaio ia mea,ʻaʻole'ālike i ka degere o Kauka o Science ma Rusia. Ka hope komo ai i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena o ka 'epekema haʻawina.

Ka papahelu "PhD" ua differentiated ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hana kūikawā no i ka mea noi e hoomalu aku i kona hana. 23 lala o ia nā kumu kāki ia aʻe i hōʻike 'ia ma Russian. No ka laʻana: moho o ka Helu a me ka makemakika Sciences, moho o philological sciences. Akā, me ka puu o ka meaʻai poʻokela pepa. Oe ke lilo i ka moho o ka loio, kauka holoholona, liluwelo, koa, 'ā ina a me ka mineralogical, Leeuwerikplein, mōʻaukala, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka manaʻo politika,' inikua, manaʻoʻike, sociological, oaoieei-, mea lāʻau lapaʻau, philosophical, mahiʻai, Nine Inch, a me ka? Aneiai sciences. Eia hou kekahi, he mea no ka inoa o ka moho o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, oe mōʻaukala, Hawaiʻi haʻawina.

Ka papahelu "PhD" ua ole ia e hookahuli ai i ka luna ano o ke komohana - Kauka o kālaiʻike (PhD).

E hele ana ma luna o ka 'epekema ala, e ike i ka mea noi ka mea no ka i ka mea, ka mea makemake e hele ma na mea he nui paʻakikī kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, e loaa i ke degere o ka "moho o sciences". Ma ka hoʻomaopopo aku i keia inoa, aole ia i kumu waiwai nui i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, ka mea hoʻi e ole e hoʻokēʻai. Initially, keia hua o ka mea o 10-15% o ka uku. He kūpono a me ka io nui ma ka hou noiʻi hana, ka hana i loko o ke kulanui, ma ka Competition no kālaiʻike o ka huakaʻi o ka hope Kumu a me Kumu hana ma o ka 'Oihana.

ia hoʻi palapala - o ka luna ', laborious, nunui-anu u kaʻina. Mua, e pono e ho okumu i ka hou, mua 'imi naʻauao huahana - i ka hopena o ka noiʻi hana. Ke eia ka mea e hoʻonohonoho i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoomalu ana. Ua IeAUPIIe, IAa IO komo i ka hailona ana o kanaka: noiʻi manakia, mau hoa, akamai, nā mea hoʻoholo, me ka luna hoʻoponopono, Point, etc. He nui e hoailona oukou ia ia ma ka hoʻoholo 'ana i hana' epekema, e pono e e hoomakaukau i kekahi ala e hiki ai i ka mea waihona kālā. Mākou i loko o kekahi hihia mea,ʻaʻole e pili ana i ke kūʻai a me ka 'ole-pakiko-hoʻokō o kekahi milestones.

Pinepine, nae, ke manao nei oiaio o ka nui-unahiʻole, i haʻawina i makemake lawe maoli pomaikai, a i mea hiki manaʻo nui, pono kekahi mau kumu waiwai. No ka laʻana, e mālama nei ia mea, e ho'āʻo ai, sociological haʻawina , ma kona loa hoʻomanaʻo mea kumukuai nui.

O i ike ole ia i kaʻaha hui nīnūnē e pili ana i ka hanana i ka hapanui malu, o ka oi aku i loko o ka wā hope loa, e kekahi koi kekahi kālā waiwai kūʻai. Akā, 'aneʻi nā mea a pau ka loa kanaka, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mooolelo maʻamau o ke kulanui, ka Papa, o ka noho ana.