Hoʻoholo 'ia e ka valence o ka Nine Inch hehee wale

hiki ole wehewehe Knowledge o ka 'ole o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma ma ka XIX kenekulia i ke kumu no ka a i kekahi helu o nā'ātoma kuahene makaukau na kaula paa a me nā (particles). Akā, i ka manaʻo o nā kānakaʻepekema ma mua o ko lākou manawa, a me ka valence o nō i? Anoee me kekahi o nā kumu o nā loina o kemika.

Mai ka mōʻaukala o ka manaʻo o "valence o ka Nine Inch hehee"

Poʻokela Pelekāne chemist XIX kenekulia Edvard Franklend dala i ka makahiki "kamaʻilio" ma ka 'epekema ana e wehewehe i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o na nā'ātoma i kekahi i kekahi. Iao? I kekahi 'i kekahi Nine Inch hehee wale kuahene i huiʻia me ka ia nui o nā nā'ātoma. No ka laʻana, naikokene attaches ekolu hydrogen nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma o ka ammonia.

Ma May 1852 Frankland i aku i ke kuhiakau i loaʻa mea he maopopo helu o Nine Inch paa ana i ka'Ātoma hiki ke hana ia me nā moku (particles) o ka mea. Frankland hoʻohana i ka hopuna'ōlelo "ka ai pili aku mana" e hōʻike mea makemake hope e kapa valence. Pelekāne chemist hookupaaia me ka Nine Inch mea paa kuahene nā'ātoma o kanaka hehee waleʻikeʻia i loko o ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia. Hana Frankland ua nui i na makana no ke kālā no mall kemika.

ulu o ka manao

Kelemānia chemist fa Kekule hoao i ka 1857 ua o carbon mea chetyrehosnovnym. Ma kona simplest hui - methane - e ala aʻeʻoe ma muli o ka 4 hydrogen nā'ātoma. Kaʻia "basicity" nä känaka 'epekema hoʻohana i hoʻokohu' ia oihana mua waiwai hoʻohui he paa ka helu o nā (particles). Ma Rusia,ʻikepili ma o ka 'ole o ka mea systematized A. M. Butlerov (1861). Hou kūpono 'ana o ka pähola' ana o Nine Inch hoopaa loaa ma na aʻo o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika loli i loko o ka waiwai o ka hehee wale. Kona mea kākau - kekahi poʻokela Lūkini chemist D. I. Mendeleev. Ua hoao aku au ia ia i ka valence o ka Nine Inch hehee wale i loko o ka hui, a me nā waiwai i paa ma ka oihana a lakou e noho i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu.

Mea kiʻi e hoohalike ai o valence a me ka Nine Inch ka ponaʻana

I ka manawa kūpono o ka visualizing nā lātoma - kekahi o na kanalua hana maikai o ka valence kumumanaʻo. Ka mua kükohu iʻikeʻia ma ka 1860, a mai 1864, ua hoʻohana 'ana mall nā papakuhikuhi no ko ka Nine Inch circumferential mark loko. Ma waena o hōʻailonaʻulupāʻia nā'ātoma denoted Nine Inch hoopaa, a me ka helu o nā laina, ua like ia i ka valence. I aku ai i ua makahiki, i i ka mua sharosterzhnevye kŘkohu (e nānā. Photo ma ka hema). I ka 1866 i manaoia Kekule stereochemical kumu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka palapala o ka tetrahedron, a ia i komo i loko o kona puke "ke aloha kemika".

Valence o ka Nine Inch hehee wale, a me ka muli o kona piko a? Anoee e G. Lewis, ka mea i paʻiʻia kana mau hana i loko o 1923 ma hope o ka loaʻa o ka huina'ine. No laila, kapaʻia negatively papa moku (particles), a he hapa o ka'ātoma leho. I kona puke, Lewis hoʻohana i kekahi wahi a puni o kaʻaoʻaoʻehā o ka Nine Inch hōʻailona no ka hōʻike 'ia nei o ka valence electrons.

Valency o ka hydrogen a me ka oxygen

Ma mua o ka hanaia'na o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika oihana o valence o ka Nine Inch hehee wale i loko o ka hui i i, e like me na nā'ātoma e i ka mea, uaʻikeʻia. Hydrogen a me ka oxygen i koho like i maopopo nä haumäna. Kekahi Nine Inch hehee ai ua o Laielohelohe kekahi hookomoia no i kekahi helu o H nā'ātoma, a me O.

Ma keia ano, ua paa i ka waiwai i loko o ka monovalent i huiʻia me ka hydrogen (ka valency o ka lua o ka hehee ai ua hoʻokohu 'ia e ka Roma numeral):

• HCl - chloro (I):
• H ₂ O - oxygen ma (II);
• NH ₃ - naikokene (III);
• Ch ₄ - kalapona (IV).

Nā oxides o K ₂ O, HI, N ₂ O _3, SiO _2, ¶ I ₃ ua paa ma ka valence o ke hooheheeia, a nonmetals oxygen, a pāpālua hoʻi i ka helu o nā'ātoma attachable O. loaa mai kēia mau loina: K (I), C ( II), N (III) , Si (IV), S (VI).

Pehea e hooholo i ka valence o ka Nine Inch hehee wale

Aia nā kānāwai o ka ho okumu ana o Nine Inch paa a me ka mea e like me ka huina'ine hui:

• Typical hydrogen valence - I.
• Normal oxygen ma valence o - II.
• No ka oihana mua nonmetals-lower valence hiki ke nānā 'ia e ka haʻilula 8 - № pae ma i ka mea, i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Kiekie ae, ina e hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka pae helu.
• No kaʻaoʻao oihana mua o subgroups i kā mākou hiki valency o ka ia me ka helu o nā pūʻulu i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina.

Hoʻoholo 'ana o valence o ka Nine Inch kumu o ka huina lakou o ka haʻilula ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana' ana i nā kēia algorithm:

1. Record ma luna o ka chemically kama'āina i ike waiwai no kekahi o na kumu mua. No ka laʻana, ma HI ₂ O ₇ oxygen ma valency o II.
2. E huli i ka huina cia, a pono e hoonuiia e ka valence o ka helu o nā'ātoma o ka ia Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka lātoma, 2 * 7 = 14.
3. Ho oholo i ka valency o ka lua o ka hehee ai, no ka i mea mea IKE OLE IA. E mahele i loaa ma ka pauku. 2 waiwai ma ka helu o ke HI nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma.
4. 14: 2 = 7. Ka valence o manganese'okesaside i loko o kona kiekie - VII.

Paʻa a me ka ee iaaanu aey valency

Valence cia o ka hydrogen, a i oxygen eʻokoʻa. No ka laʻana, luaipele i loko o ka hui o H ₂ S ka divalent, me ka haʻilula ¶ I ₃ - hexavalent. Ke kalapona monoxide reacts me ka oxygen, HI a me CO _2'okikene lua. Ka hui mua o ka valence o C II, a ma ka lua - IV. Ka Ia cia ma ka methane Ch _4.

Ka hapa nui o na kumu mua mai i ho'āʻo ikaika a me ka ee iaaanu aey valence, e laʻa me, phosphorus, naikokene, ka luaipele. I ka huli 'ana no ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o keia kŰia alakaʻi i ka pähola' o Nine Inch ka ponaʻana, manaÿo o ka valence iwi electrons, hakakino orbitals. Ke ola ana o kekahi mau aiee o ka mea waiwai i loaa mai i ka wehewehe ana o ka 'ole o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma kūlana.

Hoikehonua, ka hapai ana o ka valence

All nā'ātoma i haku o ka maikaʻi nucleus hoʻopuniʻia negatively kauoha electrons. Ke mawaho iwi, a ka mea hana, mea paʻa hapa. Ka pau 'ole o ka loa i ka pilina paʻa, ka mea, he 8 electrons (octet). Nine ka ponaʻana a me ka mea e like me ka huina'ine hui hualoaʻa ma energetically maikaʻi kulana nā'ātoma.

Rule no ke kahua o ka hui o ka pau 'ana o ka iwi a ma ka loaa ana electrons recoil unpaired - ke kaumaha ma muli paha o ka kaʻina ka hiki pono o ka la. Inā'Ātoma eaaaony no ka ho okumu ana o ka Nine Inch hoopaa io (particles) loaa ole mau, na mea paa iaʻano like loa me ka mea unpaired electrons. E like me ke kālā no manaÿo, ka valence o nā'ātoma o Nine Inch oihana mua - o ka hiki i ka paka i kekahi helu o ka covalent paa. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka lātoma, H ₂ S luaipele, hydrogen sulfide loaʻa iā ia kekahi valence II (-), no ka mea, o kela mea keia'Ātoma 'oe e komo i loko o ke kahua o nā huina'ine hui. Ka hoailona "-" Hōʻike ka attraction o ka huina'ine paʻa i ka oi electronegative hehee ai. Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa electronegative i ka waiwai o ka valence appends "+".

I ka pou-acceptorʻano papa hana e komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka huina'ine hui o kekahi hehee ai, a me ka 'ē aʻe noa valence orbitals.

Ke kaukaʻi o ka valence o ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma

E noonoo no ka laʻana kalapona a me ka oxygen, e like me ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka 'ole o ka' ona valence o ka Nine Inch hehee wale. Papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Table haawi i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka walaʻauʻana ano o ka o carbon'Ātoma:

• Nine Inch hōʻailona - C;
• 'ikamu helu - 6;
• nukelea kauoha - 6;
• protons ma ka nucleus - 6;
• huina'ine - 6, a me 4 mawaho, 2 o ka i hana i kekahi mau, 2 - unpaired.

Inā ka kalapona'Ātomaʻano mau mea paʻa i loko o monoookside HI, laila, ua lako kona hoʻohana wale 6 io (particles). E loaʻa iā octets pono e paʻa 4 hana mawaho io (particles). Kalapona i ka valence o IV (+) ma ka'okikene lua a me IV (-) ma ka methane.

Ordinal helu o ka o oxygen - 8, ka valence iwi ninoieo o eono electrons, elua o ia hana i kekahi mau a me ka pae'āina ma Nine Inch makaukau na kaula paa a me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā nā'ātoma. Typical oxygen ma valence - II (-).

Ke valency a me ka'okesaside moku'āina

Ma na hihia a pau ia mea oi pono e hoʻohana i ka makahiki "degere o ka'okesaside". No laila, kapa kauoha'Ātoma i ka mea e loaʻa iā ina ua hoʻoneʻe a pau electrons i ka paa hehee ai, i ka mea i oi aku ko oukou maikai elektroootritsatelnosti (EO). Ke'okesaside ka helu o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai o 'Aʻohe. By'okesaside hou EO hou hehee ai "-" hoailona, emi electronegative - "+". No ka laʻana, ka mea nui pūʻulu i eliiaʻi no ka typical'okesaside a me ka ion hoopii like helu me ka hoailona o ka "+". Ma ka hapanui o na hihia i ka valency a me ka'okesaside moku'āina o nā'ātoma i loko o ka ia hui heluna hapauuku coincide. Wale ka wā AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka oi electronegative nā'ātoma maikaʻi'okesaside moku'āina, a me nā kumumea nona EO lalo - io. Ka manaʻo o "valence o" pinepine pili wale i ka waiwai o ka hakakino 'ole.