Law, nānā 'ole o ka'āina hoʻoili. Mendel mau kānāwai. aaiaoe?

E like me ka hopena, noiʻi nä känaka 'epekema K. Correns, G. de Ka Vries, E. Cermak i ka 1900 i "rediscovered" nā kānāwai o nā aaiaoe?, Ua kālaiʻia i loko o ka makahiki 1865 i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka' epekema o nā kūpuna mai - Gregor Mendel. I kā lākou ia mea, ke nä känaka 'epekema hoʻohana i Hybridological ano ana i nā loina o ka'āina hoʻoili o nā moʻolelo a me kekahi waiwai o ka meaola i ua kālaiʻia. Ma kēia 'atikala e nānā mākou i ka walaʻauʻana kānāwai o nā kūpuna mai EYI, e noiʻi i aaiaoe?.

Mendel a me kona noiʻi

Noi hybridological hana ae la ia ia, e hookupaa aku i ka helu o nā kānāwai, a laila, i kēia mau kānāwai o Mendel. No ka laʻana, ka mea i olelo i ka rula o ka uniformity o ka mua o ka hanauna hybrids (mua kānāwai o Mendel). He kuhikuhi i ka mea hoike ana mai o F ₁ hybrids wale kekahi hiʻona, noho mana ana ma ka Hoʻohaku'ōewe. Penei, ma e holo mea kanu o ka hua peaʻano likeʻole a oko i ka hua ano (yellow a me ka uliuli), a pau mua hanauna hybrids he yellow wale waihoʻoluʻu anoano. A, a pau o kēia mau kanaka, he mau no hoi ka ia genotype (he heterozygotes).

kānāwai o ka segregation

Hoomau ana keʻa ma waena o ka specimen ia, mai ka mua-hanauna hybrids, Mendel loaa F ₂ cleavage hiʻona. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, phenotypically hōʻike 'mea kanu me ka recessive alleles o ka hoao ana hiʻona (uliuli ano o na anoano) i loko o ka nui o kekahi-kolu o nā mea a pau hybrids. Penei, i ke kanawai puʻe wale kuokoa o ka'āina hoʻoili 'ae' Mendel Hahai I ka EYIʻano papa hana e like me ka Hoʻohaku a me ka recessive nā'ōewe i loko o kekahi mau hanauna o hybrids.

Di- a me ka poligibridnoe i kela kapa

Ma mahope ho okolohua, Mendel huikau aku ana no ko lākou manaʻo. Ano, no ka aoao o ka mea kanu i ia, e like me ka mea mau OAOOUIEeE, a he nui ka helu o nā hui o ka papa huapalapala. ʻepekema kumu hahai Hoʻohaku a me recessive hooilina o nā'ōewe a me cleavage hualoaʻa loaa ia ia, a hiki ke poe ma ka mau haʻilula (3: 1) ^n, kahi N - i ka helu o nā hui o ka papa huapalapala i OAOOUIEeE makua kanaka. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka mea, i ka mau-hapalua penei kekahi phenotypically splitting i ka lua o ka hanauna hybrids e i ka palapala: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 a 9: 3: 3: 1. Ia mea, i ka lua o ka hanauna o ka hybrids hiki e malama eha ke ano o na phenotypes: i ka mea kanu me ka lenalena ala apuupuu (9/16) ia mea, me ka lenalena wrinkled (3/16), me ka uliuli ala apuupuu (3/16), a me ka uliuli wrinkled hua (hapa 1/16 ). Penei, i ke kānāwai, nānā 'ole o ka'āina hoʻoili i loaa i kona makemakika maopopo, a ua ike poligibridnoe interbreeding like i kekahi mau mea monohybrid - "superimposed" ma kekahi i kekahi.

'ano o ka hooilina

Ma aaiaoe?, Loaʻa nō kekahi mau 'ano o ka EYI' ano a me ka waiwai, mai na makua i na keiki. Ke kumu nui anaʻaneʻi o ke kinona hiʻona hooponopono lawe mai kekahi ma ka hookahi'ōewe - monogenic hooilina, a oi - polygenic hooilina. Mua nānā mākou i ke kānāwai, nānā 'ole o ka'āina hoʻoili o nā moʻolelo no ka Mono a me elua-hapalua penei kekahi,ʻo ka mea mua, ka lua a me ke kolu kānāwai o Mendel. Mākou e manao i kēia palapala i ua hoʻopili hooilina. Konaʻimi naʻauao kumu o ka pähola 'o Thomas Morgan, kapa chromosome. ʻepekema, ua hoike ia, a me nā kailaʻae pū i hiki i ka poe mamo kū kaʻawale, malaila nei ke ano o ka hooilina ka autosomal a me keka-pili mea pīlali.

Ma kēia manawa, he mau hoailona i loko o kekahi kanaka, ua ili pu me hoi malalo o ko nā'ōewe aia i loko o ka hookahi chromosome, a hoonoho iho la ia ia i - kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, nāna i hana i ka linkage pūʻulu nona ka helu mea like haploid 'ia paha o nā chromosomes. No ka laʻana, he kanaka karyotype o 46 chromosomes, a hoʻopili like i 23 linkage pūʻulu. Ua Ua ua ike i ka uuku o ka mamao ma waena o nā'ōewe ma ka chromosome, ke emi ia lŘlŘ ma waena o ka crossover kaʻina hana, e hiki aku ai i ka kŰia o aaiaoe oko a.

Like ili nā'ōewe aia ma luna o ka X chromosome

E hoʻomau i ka noiʻi i nā kumu hoohalike o ka noho ana, me ka hoʻolohe pono i ke chromosomal kumumanaʻo o Morgan. Aaiaoe haʻawina Ua hōʻike i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona (ka iʻa, manu, mammals) he mea kekahi pūʻulu o na hoailona ma luna o ka'āina hoʻoiliʻano papa hana e ololi he kanaka kahua hahi. No ka laʻana, kapa 'ia nā pōpō i loko o nā pōpoki, ano hihio a me ke koko clotting i loko o ka hopena i hoi malalo o ko nā'ōewe aia i loko o ka moe X chromosome. Mai mā like kanaka nā'ōewe phenotypically hoikea mai i loko o ka palapala o hereditary maʻi,'ōewe kapa. Mau nā hemophilia a me ka waihoʻoluʻu ka makapo. E wehewehe ana o Mendel a me T. Morgan ae i pili i nā kānāwai o aaiaoe? I loko o ka pilikia wahi o kanaka ke kaiāulu kanaka, e like me ka lapaau, mahiʻai,? Aneii o nā holoholona, a me nā mea kanu microorganisms.

Ka pilina ma waena o nā'ōewe a me kā lākou mau waiwai paa

Me ke kālā no aaiaoe noiʻi, ka mea i loaʻa i kuokoa kānāwai o ka'āina hoʻoili i ka hou? Anoe, mahope mai o ka lākiō o ka "1'ōewe - 1 hoailona", hp'pnphp, mea i paʻa. Ma ka 'epekema mākou la ia mea hihia o mau'ōewe hana a me ka hana kūleʻa nealellnyh lākou mau kinona. Oia? Ueony nā epistasis, complementarity, polymers. Penei, ka mea i loaʻa i ka huina o ka melatonin ili pigment kuleana no kona kala like 'ole, ua noho mana ana ma ka pūʻulu o hereditary kāna moʻolelo. Ka oi Hoʻohaku genotype o kanaka nā'ōewe kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka pigment, ka uala eleele i kaʻili. Kēia hana wehewehe ia ka naoh me polymers. I mea kanu, keia palapala o ka hooilina hoʻomaopop 'ana i cereal laha' ana o ka 'ohana ma i ka mānoanoa ko' ia nā pōpō polymeric hoi malalo o pae o nā'ōewe.

Pela, ke genotype o kēlā me kēia meaola loaʻa ka piha nenoaiu. Ua Ua hana like me ka hopena o ka mōʻaukala? Acaeoey o na? Ueo - phylogeny. Ka moku'āina o loa na hoailona, a me kona hiʻona - o ka hopena o ka'ōewe hana kūleʻa, nā allelic a me ka 'ole-allelic, a me ka mea hiki ke ho ololi i ka ulu ana o kekahi mau' ano o ka meaola.