I Pytheas 'ike akula i kona hele ana

Pytheas i kekahi o ka mea kahiko Helene moana noiʻi. He noho ma waena o ma kahi o 380 a me 310 BC. e ka. I ka wā e hiki maiʻImi Loa i hanau ma ka panalaau ia Massalia (e ke Palani kulanakauhale o Marseille). Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i kona ola ana i ua ua hoʻopili i ka hele a me discoveries.

'Auʻau Pytheas

I ka makahiki 325 BC. e ka. Hellene enterprising hele aku la i kona holo loa kaulana a me ka mea nui. He aha weheia Pytheas, ua mawaho o ka laila-ike honua i ka poe Helene. He haʻalele ma hope o nā kia o Hercules - ke kiekie o ka hoailona, i ka mea i ka honua e ka pilikia o Gibraltar. Once i loko o ka 'Akelanika, Pytheas moku alai akau. No kahiko holo moku weheia Beritania.

A pau i wehe Pytheas, i kākau i loko o kona mau palapala ( "Ma ka Ocean" a me ka "Zemleopisanie"), a, Eia naʻe, i ole i iā mākou. Naʻe, ka mea, ua haawi ia i na haumana e like me Polybius a me Strabo. Kēia mau moʻolelo i hana kupua o discoveries "aina o ke kukulu akau." Na lono a me nā kaʻao a no Beritania i ua hoʻopaʻa i loko o ka manawa o Yuliya Tsezarya ka Roma kia'āina ma ka I. wale BC. e ka. A pau 'ike e pili ana i ka mokupuni mua ia manawa Hehe pii ai i ka palapala o Pytheas. Aie i ka mea i koe kākau i nā kue ala mākou ke manao nei makou i ka hele i mua na kapakai o ka UK, alaila, e kipa i ka kaʻao mokupuni o Thule, a mahopeʻikeʻia ma luna o na kapakai o ka Baltic kai, kahi i nāʻohana a koʻu mau makamae Amber. He aha wehe Pytheas, ka mea i luku ai i ka manao o kona wā, no laila, he nui loa i i manaoio i kona mau moʻolelo.

Thule mokupuni

Ke kaʻao mokupuni o Thule hōʻike hoʻokele, haawi ia i loko o kona (essay) "Ma ka Ocean". No laila, no kaʻoiaʻiʻo ka mea, ua i ike i ke ano o ka honua Pytheas olelo mai. Ma hope, Thule ua pinepine me'Āina Hao a me nā pae'āina ma hope o ka akau kai (Kepulauan, Orkney, Shetland a pili i ka Hebrides). Keia wahi ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka lihi o ke ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ma kela aoao o i kanaka e pono e hiki ole.

Kekahi noiʻi, a me Strabo, i hoopiiia Pytheas mea a pau i kona mau moʻolelo e pili ana i Thule i fiction. Akā, i ke kaulana ArcticʻImi Loa Nansen, ia i loko o ka XX kenekulia, manaoio aku la ia i ka mea kahiko GreekʻImi Loa kipa na kapakai o kona hanau Norway. Kēia mea mahuʻi kekahi i nā kānaka apau e nei. Pytheas huakaʻiʻalo na ano kūkaʻi 'ʻike manaʻo me ka Polar lā a me ka Polar malamalama. Aohe mea e like me ka poʻe e noho lā ma ke Kaiwaenahonua i ole i ike. Mau maoliʻike manaʻo ano o lakikū, ma kela aoao o ka Arctic Circle. Nolaila, Nansen hiki e pono i kona mea mahuʻi o Norewai. Eia kekahi, i hiki i ka Middle Ages Scandinavia manaoia mokupuni (e like me Tula). E ke hau, a he mau palena ma o ka akau kai, aponoia ma ke kahiko Helene no ka mea'ē aʻe ao nei a me ke aupuni o ke akua Kronos.

huakaʻi hui

He aha wehe Pytheas, ka mea i he mea hiki cia no na kanaka o Marseilles. Ua makemake aku e imi i ka shortest ala a hiki i ka piuta o Beritania a me Baltic Amber. Mau huahana i mahalo kuaiia, ma ke kahiko kuai. Here hopena i hōʻikeʻia Competition waena lehulehu Greek a Phoenician panalāʻau ma ke Kaiwaenahonua, a Black moana. No laila, ka mea makemake e hewa i ka manaʻo i Pytheas ua he adventurer a me ke kanakaʻilihune. He malama no me ka mea o ka lahui nui, i pili i ke keiki a me ka mana o kekahi o ka mea nui koloniala-oaio? A.

O ka holo ana, Pytheas i he ākea ike o ka hana kemika a me ka kilohōkū. He ua hiki ke hooholo i ka latitu o kona kulanakauhale ponoi. Kona mau haʻawina a me ka ho omaulia i hoʻohanaʻia e nā kānakaʻepekema. No ka laʻana, i kekahi o ia mau mea i ka astronomer a me ka mathematician Hipparchus o Nicea, e noho ana i loko o ka II kenekulia BC. e ka. No ka ho omaulia i ka latitu o Pytheas kekahi hoʻoholo i ke kiekie o ka la ma ke awakea.

Eia naʻe, i mea e hoonohonoho ia he lōʻihi ka hele ana, ike no ka Helene holo moku, ua i lawa. He ua i ka maka i ka ia'ku o ka Phoenicians. Ka mea, e hoʻomalu aku i nā kia o Hercules, a hoomalu nae lakou i ka mokuna o Iberia (kēia Spain), kahi e ua ole ae'ē. No ka mea, o ka fragmentary, a kāpili kumu, a no laila, e noho unclear pehea Pifeyu e hoʻokele i ka lanakila i kēia pilikia.

Palani a me ka UK mokuna

Akā, ua lohe ia i hōʻike Celtic. Pela, i ka i hoʻokumu i kapa me Farani. Pytheas ala ae la ka mokuna i ka kapakai, noho Ostim. Ke kanaka noiʻi i ho'ākāka 'ia ma Beritania, a lawe ae la oia ia ia i kekahi triangular mokupuni, e like me ke tina hoʻoukuʻia i nāʻohana. South-komohana welau o ka aina, Noord i ka Cape, a kapa aku la ia Belerionom. I kēia lā, ka mea, o Cornwall.

Baltic kai

Nā Helene i manaoio aku i ka Baltic kahakai, ma ka hele ana i pau Pytheas, o ka aina mythical. Ka muliwai Eridanus, kahi Amber ua o koʻu mau, ua ua unattainable no ke Kaiwaenahonua kanaka. Ua Ua pū me ka hihiu Scythia pili. Mau discrepancies ma waena o kumu i ka hilahila, no ka mea, o ka i mea ole, e maopopo kahi Pytheas hiki. Kuʻe Huli discoveries me na Helene, e like me ka Jutland Peninsula. Kēia'āina i ka aoao maoli palena ma waena o ka Akau a me Baltic moana.

Tanais

Interestingly, nā kumu o nā huahelu, a me nā muliwai Tanais, a wehewehe Pytheas. Kuʻe Huli discoveries o kona huakaʻi hiki i pili i kēia māhele 'āina, no ka mea, o ka olelo i loko o ke kēia Helene i kapaia o Don ma ka Black Sea steppes. Na ka hilahila anei i mai i ka mea i ka poe Helene i iki manaʻo e pili ana i kahi Scythia welau. Loa paha, Pytheas i kapaia o Tanais Elba, kahi āna ua hiki ke kipa i kona huakaʻi o ka Baltic kai. Ma kekahi hihia, i ka waiwai o kona mau discoveries mea paakiki e overestimate, no ka mea, waiho loihi ana i ka hoolohe ana o na Helene e pili ana i ke ao nei a puni ia.