Iho iwi. Nā iwi o ka iho iwi

Ia ka iwi oia i ka wahi o ko IeIIeYOA o nāʻiʻo, he palupalu'aʻaʻa kākoʻo, ka hoomalu ana a me ka wahi viscera. Ua hoʻomōhala ai mai ka mesenchyme. Mai ma kahi o elua haneri iwi kanaka o ke kanaka iwi mea. Iho iwi, a me ka palena manawa he poe okoa iwi, akā, aneane no ia a pau ma ka ligaments, ami a me na wahi i pili i hana i ka a pau.

Skeletal loli i ke ola

Iwi ma ke ola ua mau hoʻololi. Cartilaginous iwi o ka fetus, no kekahi laʻana, iloko o fetal? Acaeoey ua i nā UAIAaIN ma ka iwi. Kēia kaʻina hana mau ma hope o ka hanau ana no kekahi mau makahiki. Ke keiki e Born, aneane 270 mau iwi i loko o ka iwi. 'O kēia mea' ē aʻe ma mua o kekahi kanaka makua, a? Oaieeia, o 200-208. Keia koena unuhi ana i ala hou no ka mea, ke keiki iwi ia ka inoa o na mea he nui ka poe liilii, na anoano. Wale ia i kekahi mau makahiki, ka mea, i loko o coalesce nui poʻe. Keia pili, no kekahi laʻana, a hiki i na iwi o ka spine, pelvis a me ka iwipoo. Sacral vertebrae e fused i loko o ka sacrum (he hookahi iwi) a hiki i ka makahiki o 18-25 makahiki.

He aha iwi mai e hui pololei a hiki i ka iwi?

Ma ka iwi, aole ia i pololei hai aku kuikawa pohaku eono i i loaʻa i loko o ka waena pepeiao, ekolu ma kēlā me kēiaʻaoʻao. Ua pili wale i kekahi i kekahi, a komo 'ana i loko o ka hana o ka hui, o ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo. Mau iwi ho'īli kuekueni a hiki i ka pahale iloko pepeiao, a hiki i ka eardrum.

Features kekahi iwi

Hyoid iwi i loko o ka kanaka kino o ka mea wale kekahi i pololei e pili ana i na mea e ae. Ua Ua Aia i loko o ka'ā'ī, akā, ka mea, ua mea maʻa mau wahi i ka puniu wale iwi (pilikino kāleka). Ua Ua kaulia ana me ia nāʻiʻo, a ua pili i ka larynx. Femur - ka loihi i loko o ka iwi, a me ke kuʻu kēpā, i loko o ka waena pepeiao - i ka mea uuku.

iwi hui

Ma kānaka, i ka iwi ua papahana ma luna o ka loina hooponopono, he pono ole i ka vertebrates. Kona mau iwi, ua māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu: ka iho iwi, a me ka palena manawa. Ka mea mua i na iwi i lilo i ka iwi o ke kino. Ka mea, e moe ana ma ka waena, - ka mea, i ka pau o ka iwi o ke poo a me ka ai, sternum, iwiʻaoʻao ona, vertebrae. Iho iwi holoholona ma luna o ka hookahi loina hooponopono. Ka Manaÿo Hou - he scapula, clavicle, iwi, luna, a malaloʻaoʻao a me pelvis.

Subgroups o ka iho iwi

na iwi a pau o ka iwi, ua māheleʻia i loko o subgroups. Iho iwi ninoieo o ka eia.

1. ka iwi poʻo iwi o ka hookumu ana o ke poo, e like me ka pono me ka noho ana o ka lolo, nā loko o ka honi, me ka hoolohe, a me ka hihio. Ua ku nei mau na pauku: ke alo, a me ka lolo.

2. E noonoo pono i ka kanaka iwi (iho iwi) ka mea, e ike pono ia laua, a me ka pahu, a hoi i ka'opihia palapala o ka truncatedʻohana. He He waihona no kela na nā loko. Ua ninoieo o ka 12 hui o ka iwi aoao 12 thoracic vertebrae a me ka sternum.

3. Spine (aka - ka spinal kolamu) - o ke kākoʻo o nā mea a pau o ka iwi, ke kumu nui iho (axis) o ke kino. Spinal kaula ala i loko o ke spinal Canal.

Subgroups hou iwi

Ka mea, o ka Naauao ke kēia mau subgroups.

1. ke kāʻei o ka keena mau lala, a E ho oku ui IeIIeYOA o ka iho iwi o ke keena lala. Ua oia no ka paʻa o clavicles a me ka'ūhā mua kōmi 'ana.

2. luna lala, i mea e pono hoʻomākaukau e lawe mai hana. Ka mea, he poe ekolu māhele: lima, forearm a me ka'ūhā mua.

3. ke kāʻei o ka laloʻaoʻao, a ua hoakaka adherence i ka iho iwi o ka laloʻaoʻao. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea he kākoʻo a me ka wahi no ka 'īnea i nā loko, i ka urinary a me ka digestive nenoai.

4. E ka haʻahaʻa nuku i i holo ana o ke kino i loko o ka lewa.

Iwi a me ka māhele o ka iho iwi

E like me 'oe ke' ike, ka iwi me na iwi e pili ana i nā pūʻulu. Mākou ua noonoo pokole ka iho a me keu iwi. ʻAʻole mākou e noho ma luna o ka palena manawa, e like me ka mea i ole kekahi hapa o ko mākou hana. E mākou e noonoo likeʻole i ka oihana, a me nā iwi i e mai i loko o kā lākou mau olelo e lilo iho iwi.

spine

Kēia mechanical e kākoʻo mai o ke kino. Ua maupaʻa mai 32 a hiki i 34 vertebrae interconnected. Five oihana kahiāuli i loko o ka spine: coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical. I huiʻia o ka lumbar a me cervical lawe lima, a me ka sacral a me ka umauma - i AEeOEXAaI. Lau physiological anuenue i ka spinal kia ao. Lumbar a cervical hoʻohei kauoha aku, ho okumu i lordosis a me ka thoracic a me ka sacral - hoʻi (kyphosis). Ma nā wahi likeʻole o ka vertebrae mea i ka ia nui. Ka mea, hilinaʻi ma o ka nui o ka hana 'ana i kekahi a me ke kiʻi, a Muscle? Acaeoey i kekahi o ia mau mea. Sacral a lumbar vertebrae loaa ole i ka i kā mākou ka nui. Ka intervertebral iwi kuamoʻo ia hana, e like me ka hawewe-absorber - hāʻawi i ka puʻuwai ma waena o ka vertebrae, a me kekahi, hoʻolako 'ia e pono ai i ka ikaika a me ka hoʻoneʻe.

Over i ka wa e ola ana, aia no he kūpono 'ana o ka iho iwi. A keiki spine aneane pololei, ma hope o ke oiai e haule ana e curves o ka spine. Aia i mau anuenue hoʻi a mau aku (kyphosis a me ka lordosis).

I ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o ia mea, e hoʻonāwaliwali i Haalulu iho torso a me ka poo ana holo, e hele ana, o Kepakailiula. Scoliosis (curvature o ka spine ma kekahi ala e hiki aku) oia hoi ae nānā mau ana ma na mea he nui kanaka. ia mea pinepine i ka hopena o ka hoʻomauʻana loli ma ka spine ola.

vertebrae

Ma ka iho iwi loaʻa i ka vertebrae. Ka mea, ua hoʻokahi a ke kino a me ka panina vertebral foramen e pio. Ka mea, ua appendages i ai pili aku me kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe kiko'ī a vertebrae. Ke spinal kaula hele ma ka loko o nā puka. ka mea, hoʻonoho papa iā he tunnel i kapaia ka spinal Canal. He He loea hoomalu no ka iwi mea i loko o kona spinal kaula. Ke 'ole ninoieo o ka vertebra: dura (aiiayʻili lahilahi); spinous kaʻina hana o ka iwi, a hoʻohuiʻia ia i na nāʻiʻo; spinal kaula a me ke koko o na moku. Ma ka māhele o ka intervertebral iwi kuamoʻo hiki ke ike lenticular nucleus pulposus a me ka fibrous apo. Spinous kaʻina i hope, a me ka vertebral kino - mua. Ma ka waena kuni ihola ia i ka weheʻana vertebrate. E ka i aku nei au i kekahi mau olelo e pili ana i arcs. Ma arcs vertebrae ka mea, ua recesses, i kahi hookahi palapala i ka intervertebral lua ma i hele aʻe i ka spinal nā aʻalolo.

E ka noho ma luna o kekahi vertebrae, e noonoo pono i ka 'ole o ka iho iwi. Mea Maluna Iho - ka mua cervical vertebra. He mea ole kino. Kēia vertebra kiko'ī a me ka 2nd cervical vertebra a me occipital iwi o ka iwipoo. Epistrophe (2nd cervical vertebra) i ka odontoid kaʻina, a ia hoʻi e pili ana me ka Mea Maluna Iho (anterior e pio). Spinous kaʻina hana ma ka 7th cervical vertebra ua ole bifurcated. He hiki wawe ka detectable. Kēia kaʻina kŰlń ao ma luna o ka mea e pili vertebrae a me kā lākou mau spinous keʻano o ka hanaʻana. He oi hai i loko o nā kānaka. Ma ka thoracic vertebrae i ka glenoid fossa. Ka mea, e pono i ka mea pili loa i ka iwi aoao. Ke spinous keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka thoracic vertebrae ua kauohaia e kō ana a me ka hope, ka mea, i ka loihi. The loa nunui - lumbar vertebrae. Lākou spinous keʻano o ka hanaʻana i deflected hoʻi. O 5 fused vertebrae ninoieo sacrum. Hoomaopopo mea, he akea luna hapa (kumu),ʻeluaʻaoʻao aku i kauwahi, a he ololi lalo (luna). Ma puka i loko o ka sacrum ho'āʻo nā aʻalolo, a me ka mea i loko o ka sacral Canal. Ka mea, oia ka palena manawa no ka spinal Canal. Taz prichlenyaetsya i ka sacrum. Coccygeal iwi o ka iho kino iwi a māheleʻia i loko o 4-5 fused vertebrae ma waena o ka underdeveloped. Mau mea i ka koena o ka huelo, a i waena o na kupuna o ke kanaka. Hoʻohana 'ana i ke apo, cartilage a ligaments interconnected vertebrae. Ka spine ke unbend a me ka hoʻohei, Ke Kai, hoʻohei no a hiki i kekahiʻaoʻao. Hapanui neʻeʻana o kona mau papa - cervical a me ka lumbar.

thorax

Kekahi Oihana, i ka mea i iho iwi - thorax. Ua ninoieo o ka sternum (hōʻike kahiāuli i ula), iwiaoao ona, a thoracic vertebrae. Ka lōʻihi o ka sternum i loko o nā mākua ma waena o 16 a me 23 knm, kēia unpaired lalo iwi o ka iho iwi. I ka mea, ma laila nō ke kēia ekolu māhele: ka xiphoid kaʻina hana, o ka awelika (kino) a me kekahi keena (kumu). Na iwi aoao, ua i mai o ka cartilage a me ka iwi. Ka mua o kēia mau mea i ke aupuni 'ʻaneʻane horizontally. ʻEhiku mau hui o ka iwiʻaoʻao ona a me kā lākou mau cartilages ma ke alo wēlau mea i pili i ka sternum. ʻO nā elima hui i ole e pili ana me ia. 8th, 9th a me 10th paʻa prichlenyayutsya e cartilage overlying iwi aoao. Ke 11th a me ka 12th noa hope me ka mua welau o na nāʻiʻo. ʻO ke kanaka i loko o ka pahu i ka maʻiʻaʻai, naau, esophagus, trachea, nä olonä, a me ka nui i ke koko o na moku. Ua hoʻomau ana ma ka hanu 'ana - kona leo i exhalation a inhalation ma rhythmic neʻe emi iho a me ka piʻi pū. A keiki umauma i ka pyramidal shape. Naʻe, ka mea, ua hoʻololi me ka ulu ana o ka thorax. Ma na wahine ka mea, ua emi o ia o nā kānaka, e like me kona luna i ka kŘpa a lehulehu. Hoʻololi thorax hiki ma hope o nā maʻi. Eia kekahi laʻana, moa umauma iho aʻoʻia i loko o ka wī rickets (i loko o keia manawa, o ka sternum protrudes ia i mua).

iwi poʻo iwi

Hōʻike no ka iho iwi, ia mea pono e hōʻike e pili ana i ka iwipoo. Kona mau iwi i haku no na kēia: nasal iwi, frontal iwi, parietal, malar, occipital, Lower a me maxillary iwi a me nā niho. Kalevari (iwi poʻo) i ka lua, kahi o ka lolo. Aia hoi, eia hoi, o ka waha, ihu wahi i ka lohe ana a me ka hihio. E manao i ka iho iwi o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka, i hookuu hoomaopopo i ke alo o ka iwipoo a me ka lolo. A pau i kona mau iwi, koe nae ka mandible, ma waena o ka seaming. Mau hui o dice mai lolo oihana. Ua mea e pili ana i ke kino a me ka parietal. Ua pū anao? Aou eha unpaired - occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal. ʻEono hui kaulua lehalehu t iwi ka pahu kämaʻa, hookaawale iho la (a luna, lacrimal, nasal, palatal, zygomatic a ma lalo turbinate), a me nā unpaired. I ka la mahope, ua komo pū nō ka opener a me ka iwi ā lalo. Hyoid iwi - keia mea i ka iwi maka. He nui no ka iwi o ke poo o ka iwi i ka auwai a me ka lua no o ka hooholo ia ana o ke koko o na moku a me nä olonä. Kekahi o ia i ka halepaahao a me ka lua piha me ka lewa (kapa sinusitis). Brain iwi poʻo o ke kanaka ka i lanakila ma luna o ka lehalehu t.

Nā sutures o ka iwipoo iwi

Kekahi mau na nakaka, a interconnect ka iwipoo iwi. Ka mea, e hele mai i loko o lalo (laumania kihi e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi iwi o ka lehalehu t aina), ho'ēmi '(no laila, hoʻohui i ka parietal a me ke kino iwi), kapa (ka mea, e ano o ka papa kuhikuhiE hapa o ka puniu wale iwi, aʻo ka loa mau nō). Loa ami i loko o nā mākua, a oi loa ossified i loko o ka kūpuna. A me ke ami hoi temporomandibular hoʻohuiʻia i hoʻohui pū ai me ke kino iwi o ke mandible. Kēia hui, he cartilage, ligaments, ami mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku ua ikaika.

Nā lāliʻi hou e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka puniu wale no

Hale i kapaʻia ka luna aʻe o ka cerebral hapa o ka poo iwi. A me ka lalo - keia honua. Uaʻano o foramen magnum. Lehalehu t mau iwi kāleka (koe wale no ka lalo iwi), e like me ka hale o ka puniu wale no i loko o kona ulu ana i 2 kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao: mua, webby, laila, ka iwi. No na mea e ae, o ka iwi o ka puniu wale no ua wehewehe aku ma ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Membranous, cartilage a me ka iwi. Ke koena o ka membranous iwi poʻo (kapaʻia fontanelles) i loaʻa i loko o ka hale o ka puniu wale no o ke keiki. Aia nāʻeono wale nō: mau mastoid, mau auka-hoʻokino, e kūkulu a me ka alo. I ka nui o ka ia - alo a me ka hope. Front ua Aia ma ka hookui ana o ka parietal a me ka frontal iwi (ma ka luna). No ka kekahi, a me ka hapa makahiki ia ossified. Occipital (hope) fontanel ma hope mahina wale 2 ma hope o ka hanau ana o ke keiki ulu. I ka manawa kamalii uuku kīloi paʻewa fontanelles i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO i loaʻa, a ina ka mea, i, laila, koke overgrow (ma ka 2nd paha 3rd mahina o ke ola). Keiki mua oihana mea emi e hoʻomōhala ana i hoohalikeia me ka lolo ma mua i loko o ka makua: na niho i nalowale, pneumatic sinuses o na iwi cranial ka mea, i ke kino. Sutures ossify me ka elemakule, e like me emi ma ka, ahu iho o cancellous iwi - o ka puniu wale no mea brittle a me ka maʻalahi. Kona ulu Ua ana i loko o 25-30 makahiki. Iwi poʻo kanaka kŘpa a oi aku mamua o na wahine, i pili i ka nohona ma ka nui o ke kino. Bumps a protrusions ma luna o nā iwi cranial e emi'ōlelo ai i nā wāhine ma mua i loko o nā kānaka.

No laila, nānā mākou i ka walaʻauʻana māhele o ka iho iwi. Hoʻomanaʻo aʻela nō ia ma luna o ka palena manawa, ua hewa o ka lawehala wale pokole, no ka mea,ʻaʻole ia i ke kumuhana o keia Haawina. Ano, e ike ana i ka iho iwi? Oaieeia, o na iwi, i kekahi mau hale a me ka hana '.