Julia Dobrovol'skaya: Kawaihae, hana a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Dobrovol'skaya Julia Abramovna lohe nuiʻia i loko o kiʻina aʻo a me kaʻepekema koʻikoʻi a hanohano. Kona makaʻu i ka hanaia'na o ke ao nei kaʻoi Italian 'ōlelo puke, ka' oi kelakela puke wehewehe: Russian-Ikalia a me Ikalia-Russian.

Ua mea no kona ola i ka hailona no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, puke, 'atikala, ao mai olalo i nā haumāna. Kumu Milan, Trieste, Trent University Dobrovol'skaya hana oi ma mua o kekahi mea'ē aʻe e popularize i ka Lūkini 'ōlelo i loko o Italy. More ma mua koke iho o ka Aupuni Italian ua hookoia kona waiwai pio: i loko o ke kula o ka moʻomeheu.

Noho 'ana kamaliʻi, adolescence

25/08/1917 ma Nizhny Novgorod i loko o ka ohana o ka ululāʻau i hānau i ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema-linguist Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Kawaihae kona adolescence paha ma ka 'ohana ma hoʻoneʻe i ka'ākau kapikala. Kona makua kāne i hele ai, e hana ma ka Leningrad? Iecaianoaaiiuo kuhikuhipuʻuone, a me koʻu makuwahine - he kumu o Pelekania.

Ma hope o ke kula, i ke kaikamahine i loko o ke koho ana o kaʻoihana ua ma luna o kapuwaʻi i ka makuwahine, komo i ka'āuna kumu o LIFLI. Me nā kumu Julia immensely laki: ke ao nei kaulana nä känaka 'epekema Propp V. Ya fundamentally ao mai ai i nā haumāna,ʻaʻole wale nō ka'ōlelo Kelemānia, a me ka wehewehe ana i keia ano' ōlelo.

A hiki i ka pau ana o kona ola Abramovna Julia ua mahalo no Vladimiru Yakovlevichu ao mai la ia i ka hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ke akamai - e ia i ka polyglot. I ka wā e hiki mai, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka loaa ike ukana Julia Dobrovol'skaya hiki e ke Kumu kokoke a pau kā lākou mau kumu o Europa,' ōlelo.

''he keiki ka hoʻonaʻauao i ala e euphoria: i ka wā e hiki mai ua hoihoi Komsomol "mau halelewa, i loko o ka lewa."

Ia mea, hoʻoikaika ihola e kakau inoa

Aʻu i heluhelu i kona Kawaihae ke ala mai 'ona pū' kaula Vladimira Vysotskogo: "Snow noa o ka lepo me ke ola lōʻihi me ka wahaheʻe ...".

Pane akula ua ike ia ka hau ma suburban e hoʻomoana ai. A me ka mua ia, ua hoopiiia me ka baseless malama o ke kipi (oe. 58-1 "he") i makemake ole ia e pana paha makahiki 15 i loko o ka hale paʻahao. Julia Dobrovol'skaya, hoʻowahāwahā puʻe, ke olaʻana a me ka ua i 'ike i hookauia iho e ka hala.

Kēia wahine i ole nae i ka mākaʻi ana i noi ai i kona mau torturers ma panopano-paʻa i na halepaahao. Wale kekahi hopuna'ōlelo, mai hemo mai, mai kona mau lehelehe: "E hiki wale hoi i noonoo ai: Lubyanka, Lefortovo, Butyrka ..."

Hope ole ka ho'āʻo 'ana e wawahi i ka ia, Ua hoouna mai la oia i ka hovrinsky hoʻomoana ai. "Paʻa" o ia mau manawa i loko o kona ola ana i koe o ka hikiʻole, e i na keiki i ka hopena o ka hana oolea.

I ka makemake o ka wahine 28-makahiki-kahiko i hoʻokuʻuʻia ma lalo o ka e pili ana i ka makahiki 1945.

Dobrovol'skaya e pili ana Stalin mikionali ma Sepania

Ua lilo kekahi kaʻao ka hope o ka "holo" a hiki i Sepania.

Komsomolskaya Yuliya Dobrovolskaya ia i ka leo kahea "ke kanaka i loko o sīwila kapa," kuhikuhi nei, i pūʻali koa i mea e komo i loko o kōkua i ka Republicans. Akā, ma ka makahiki ekolu mea Stalin hoouna 30,000 koa a me ka enkavedeshnyh hoʻomalu ua ike.

"Internationalists" me ke koa hanau ana, i mālama ai i kuhikuhipuʻuone,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o na puali hui o Republicans, akā, i Point i ka wikiwiki e hana i ka mea like o ka NKVD. Cervantes'āina hoomakaukau iho e lilo i ka aina partocracy. O ka kūloko Communist "People ka Front" malihini i keʻano o ka Bolshevik commissars.

Ka poe expropriated waiwai, i hana ia me ma kā lākou mau kanaka hoʻokahi. Hui Spaniards limanui ho'āʻo e huli i loko o atheists, puhi iho i ka ekalesia, a pepehi i nā kāhuna. Events hoʻomohala ma ka 'atikala Stalin ka "kūlana paio."

Kaʻike o ka hewa ma mua o ka Spaniards

Ka heluna kanaka i loaa 'ana ia "hoa" like fascists i kā lākou mau hana, e ala aʻeʻoe, a kākoʻo i ko lakou koa nei. I ka pau, a me ka "Spanish Chapaev" (mua hoʻomaʻamaʻa i loko o Frunze Academy, hoʻokahi Yulii Abramovny Valentin Gonzalez) a hiki i ka hopena e pili ana aʻo Kīwala'ō fascists communists.

Ke kāki o ka miliona o ola ka Paniolo Republicans i luku, a me ka "internationalists" kipaku. Julia Dobrovol'skaya hoi aku i ka hale, i aku la ia i kekahi mea e pili ana i mea āna iʻike ai, a ua hoano e.

Ua mau hoa i waena o na kanaka me ka makou a holo, alaila, Mohai me ka Soviet Union. Girl-unuhi i kekahi 'kanaka (e hoikeike ai ma kona kiʻi i loko o ka puke "No ka mea a ka Bell uku" ma Ernest Hemingway).

ʻae nō hoʻi, ka repressed Back i loko o ka USSR i ke kaikamahine "ma ka mua, a me ka pono ma ka ina": mai ka makau ia ia, ai kakau iho e pili ana i ke kaua Sepania ma ka Western Media, a hana i kekahi mea e like ia.

Ma hope o 40 makahiki, he unuhi olelo e ia i loko o Pakelona, a me ka mea, e iho i lalo mai ka pelatano me ka naau kaumaha, e manao ana hōʻinoʻia no ka huakaʻi o ka wa opiopio.

kōkua e ola

Hoʻomanaʻo Julia Abramovna, i kona noho ana ma lalo o kaʻauamo, i ka mea nui wale nō ua i nā kumu,ʻaʻole pau i ka ike i ka maikai i loko o kanaka. Ua hahai keia rula, nānā, memorizing, a me ka mahalo i ka poʻe i hana maikaʻi hana ma o ka leo kahea o ka uhane. Eia naʻe, iwaena o lakou, ia mea pakahi aku la ia koʻu mahalo i ka:

• kona mua kane kohu kūpono Dobrovolskomu Evgeniyu Aleksandrovichu, nomenklatura, zhenivshemusya e "zechke" a me ka mohai i ko lakou mau 'oihana,';
• lunaʻenehana hovrinskogo-hoʻomoana hola Mikhailov, hooponopono, i kona hoohalike olelo;
• poʻohina-piʻipiʻi, menina makai aliʻi, ma kāu kamepiula heʻe koko iā ia i ka palapala holo'āina'ē kahi o ka palapala o ke kala.

E hai mai oe iaʻu i kou mau hoa i ...

Kēia kahiko Roma adage ua ku i ka hoao ana o ka manawa. He nui makahiki o ke aloha nakinaki aku la ia Yuliyu Dobrovolskuyu me na pono a me ka mea kanaka:

• pio o ka Gulag, he pono kīvila o activist, ka palapala, ai manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni Lev crackdown;
• haku mele, unuhi, kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa Korney Chukovsky;
• publicist, unuhi, haku mele, kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa Iley Erenburgom;
• Kampessino (Valentinom Gonsalesom) repubalika luna koa a laila repressed;
• Italian na keiki o ka mea kākau Gianni Rodari kekahi poʻe haku moʻolelo;
• pena Renato Guttuso;
• MSU Kumu Meraba Mamardashvili;
• mea kākau Ninoy Berberovoy, ka wahine a Vladislava Hodasevicha.

Personal ola

Julia Dobrovol'skaya ma hope o ke kala ana o na 'ōlelo aʻo mai i ka Moscow Institute mai ka MH 1946 a hiki i 1950. Ua Ua komo i loko o ke aʻo a me ka unuhi hana.

Kupono a me ka loina hooponopono ia ua ke koikoi no propartiynyh manipulators. E hoopii ia koke i loaʻa. Once Julia Abramovna unuhi i ka 'atikala o ka Hui maʻiʻo. a me Kumu unuhi loa ua hoano e ka "ku okoa ana o ka manao ma ka Soviet format."

Ua Ua kī mai o kona 'oihana. Ka puʻe ua, no ka ikaika i kāna mua kane Evgeny Dobrovolsky haʻalele iā ia.

Eia naʻe, Julia Dobrovolskaya e hoʻokele ma hope o ka mea e ho'āʻo kona hihia a me ke kiʻi i ka 'oihana ma MGIMO. Aia, i kona mālamaʻana i ke poo o ka Oihana o Romance 'ōlelo Gonionskiy S. A., ka mea, ua mare. Kana wahine, Semyon Alexandrovich ua he maoli ka oluolu a me kākoʻo. Ma muli o ka maʻi Dobrovol'skaya kane umikumamaiwa makahiki o ka wahine kāne make.

'oihana hana

Ke kumu no ka holo mai o ka USSR Kumu lilo i oihana pāpā i ka loaa ana o kona lahui ia nā kumu kāki.

I ka 1964, ua pau i ka hana ma luna o kona mau kaʻao puke Julia Dobrovol'skaya "mea hiki Course o Italian 'ōlelo." Ma ke ala, a manawa (no ka hapalua o ka kenekulia), i kēia pono o ka waihona ipu no nā haumāna-philologists. No keia hana, he ike Classic, i ka makahiki 1970 i ke Aupuni Italia i hookoia MGIMO kumu Yuliyu Abramovnu aupuni ia nā kumu kāki no e piʻi like i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka moʻomeheu.

Naʻe, ka mea Soviet Aupuni i i ae ia e hele wale aku no i ka uku. Julia Dobrovol'skaya, unuhi mai a puni ke ao nei, aʻu i manao e like me ka kanaka opiopio trapped i loko o nā paia o nā casemates. Ua maoli Ua manaoia ia me ka haule ana o ka alihi kaua o ke koko? Eia, a me ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ka thaw ka 60 makemake eia ka mea hope e hiki ke hana me ka uku ole, walania iho la ia hoʻohiki. Kumuʻike ihola i ua ole i ke kula, ka bureaucracy, kona mauu - ka mea, ua hewa ia i ke kahua.

More e ike maopopo i ka Abramovna Julia i hiki ole. I ka 1982, ua komo i loko o ka mare me ka Italian kupa, a koe ma ka aina. Ua kōkua kona Milanese hoa Emmy Moresco, ka mea i noi i ka lokomaikaʻiʻia mai i kona hoa Ugo Dzhussani.

"Ke kumu o ke ola"

Ma ka haʻalele 'ana i Italia, mai ka USSR, Dobrovol'skaya Julia mea no ka ia, "ke kumu": ka mea, ua mau puni ma ke kai o ka haumāna me nā nīnau. Ua hai aʻo paipai. He hana ukiuki, hoʻowahāwahā 65 makahiki o ka makahiki.

Ua ai hiki mai ia i ka inoa o Soviet Kumu 'aneʻi' o ia hoʻi uuku nae i nā linguists, a i ka mahalo i ka nui Lūkini kumu ike. Julia Abramovna makemake e olelo aku ia ia, aole kekahi i. ʻEhiku mau makahiki ma hope, ua lilo i Kumu, a ma Italy. ʻO kona doctoral ia hoʻi i ka hanana no ka 'epekema kaiāulu o ka aina.

Dobrovol'skaya mau manaʻo, he 'elele nui o ka moʻomeheu - Lūkini. Ua komo i loko o ka puke o ka unuhi puke ma kona wahi lulu Classics. Italians mahalo "Lūkini kumu": ka mea kākau moʻolelo Marcello Venturi hai aku la no ia i loko o kona puke "Gorky Street, 8, keʻena 106". (Once ma luna o ka manawa ia i kona hale aae?).

Nui ma ke alo o kona Italian haumāna he waimaka ka wā, ma luna o noi, e hai ana ia iā mākou e pili ana i kona ola Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Kawaihae hai mai ke ano a me na kumu ua like me ka hoike ia ia puke: "Pehea ua ia oe anei ia e hoomau a hiki Mahope iho o kona make ana, kulanui nā hoapili ike me ka mahalo i ka 2016, i kona mau hana i kūpono 'epekema kānaka apau i mākaukau o ke kime??!

Ua pono no laila i hiki mai ai i na aina elua, elua hana 'ike loea, e lewa mau maikai ana i loko o ka pilikia hopena o keia wahine.

ka hopena

Ma hope iho o ka'opi o ka USSR, ka mea, ua pinepine ae la oia mai ka home oluolu haawi ninaninau 'ana.

I ka pau ana o kona pilikia ola epistolary iaiyoe compatriots haʻalele Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Books e ao ana Italian-Russian, e hele mai ana mai mai o kona peni, inā ma ka ohi ana i biographical «Post Scriptum. Ma kahi o memoirs. "

Ke Kumu, unuhi mai a puni ka honua, he oiaio, a anamanaʻo kamailio ano hai heluhelu e pili ana i ke ao nei, ana i noho ai, e pili ana i ko lakou mau manao a me ka manaʻo e pili ana i hoa.
Ma hope o kona make ana, ka poe i ike ia iaʻae ma ka manao ana, ma hope o kona hele ana i haalele ai ia hōʻole manaʻo o ka understatement. A pau ia ia e hana, a pau hai aku la ia, a pau i kākau.