Ka Heluhelu Kanaka o ka Malo Lūkini ma ka makahiki 1897. Ka helu mua o ka heluna kanaka

'O ka helu helu'ana o ka moku Lūkini (1897)'a'ole'o ia ka hanana mua loa ma Russia. He mea maopopo loa ia i ka manawa manawa i hana'ia nā ho'opuka helu'ana o nā kānaka ma ka'āina o nā ali'i nui o Rūsia, khanates, a me nā kalana i mea e ho'oholo ai i ka waiwai e hiki ke loa'a mai ka po'e o ka'āina i hā'awi'ia. Eia kekahi la'ana, ua ho'okumu nā mea kākau mo'olelo i ka helu'ana i ka heluna kanaka o ka manawa o Peter the Great i ka heluna lehulehu o ka moku Lūkini (i kēlā manawa) i ka'umikumamākolu miliona kānaka. I ka manawa mai ka ho'opau'ia'ana o ka ho'okūkū ma ka makahiki 1917 ma Rusia, ua ho'okō'ia ma kahi o'elua haneli ka'ina hana ma nā kūlanakauhale like'ole, ma loko o nā kalana Lifvingandsky, Courland a me Estland, he nui o nā po'e i noho i laila.

'O ka hopena o ka helu inoa i kahi o 90 mau puke

Ua ho'omākaukau'ia ka helu helu kanaka o ka moku Lūkini o 1897 mai ka makahiki 1874. Eia kekahi,'elua makahiki ma mua o ka ho'opa'a inoa'ana i nā hanana ma Rusia, ua pāpā'ia ka hana helu helu e pili ana i ka loa'a'ana o ka'ikepili mai ka heluna kanaka. Mai Iune 1895, ua kākau'o Tsar Nicholas II i kekahi'ōlelo ho'oholo e ho'oholo ana e'ike ka helu kanaka i ka hana, ka nui a me ka hā'awi'ana o ka heluna kānaka, e like me nā kānaka Lūkini a pau a me nā haole'ē a'e. No ka ho'okō'ana i ka hanana nui nui, 7 miliona mau pu'uwai i ho'oka'awale'ia. A ua hō'ili'ili'ia nā hualoa'a a ua ho'olaha'ia ma ka'ōlelo wale nō wale nō ma ka 1905, kokoke i nā kanaiwa he kanaiwa.

I ka Lūkini o Rusia, ua'ōlelo'ia he mau haneli'ehā

Ua'ike'ia ka heluna kanaka o ka heluna kanaka o ka moku Lūkini (1897) i ka heluna o ka heluna kanaka o ka'āina he 125.64 miliona kānaka, nona 55.6 miliona i mana'o'ia he Lūkia, 22 miliona ka Russian, a he 5.8 miliona ka Belarusian. I kēlā manawa i ho'okomo'ia nā'āina Polani, a ma ia'ōlelo, he 7,9 miliona kānaka i'ōlelo'ia, a ma Moldavian a me Romanian - 1,21 miliona kānaka. 'O ka'ōlelo Hebera i kēlā manawa ua ho'ohana'ia e ka 5.06 miliona mau kānaka. 'O nā'ōlelo li'ili'i i'ōlelo'ia i ia manawa ma Rusia,'o: Spanish a Portuguese - 138 mau kānaka, Dutch - 335 mau'ōlelo'ōiwi,'o Hindu, Kistin, Lezghin, Chuvansky, Afāghan.

'O ka helu helu kanaka o ka Lūkini Rūia (1897), hō'ike'ia ma Rūsia he po'e kama'āina maoli kēlā mau'ōlelo'ē'ē aku e like me: Haina - 57,000 mau kānaka, Iapana - he 2,6,000 wale nō mau kānaka, Korea - e pili ana i 26,000 mau kānaka. Ua nui nā kaikamāhine e'ōlelo ana i ka'ōlelo Kelemānia - e pili ana i 1.7 miliona,'Ameniana - 1.17 miliona kānaka. 'O kekahi hui nui he mau kaikamāhine maoli nō ka'ōlelo Tatar - 3,73 miliona, Bashkir - 1.31 miliona kānaka, Kyrgyz - 4 miliona kānaka.

Ua mālama'ia nā mo'olelo mō'aukala no mākou i ke kūlana o ka po'e'epekema e pili ana i ka ho'omaka'ana o kahi'ōlelo ma kahi manawa e hewa ai kekahi e pili ana i ka'ikepili hou. Eia kekahi la'ana, ua hā'awi'ia ka'ōlelo Yakut i nā dialect Turkish-Tatar. I loko o ka Mō'ī Lūkini'o ia manawa, ua'oi aku ma mua o ho'okahi hāneli mau'ōlelo a me nā dialect i ho'okumu'ia i kū i ka heluna kanaka ma kēia a me ia māhele. 'O ka'ōlelo ma'amau a me ia mau lā, a'o kēia ka'ōlelo Lūkini, e hiki ai i nā lāhui ke ho'omaopopo i kekahi i kekahi, akā e ho'omau i ko lākou'ike.

'O ka papahana ho'okahi wale nō i ka'elima

'O ka helu helu mua loa o ka moku Lūkini (1897) i alaka'i'ia e nā mea kope i ho'ona'auao kūikawā i loa'a i ka medal no ke komo'ana i ka hanana. Ua hana lākou i ka hana nui e ho'opiha ana i kahi pā'ani he kanakolu miliona mau pepa noi'i, e like me ka nui o ka po'e'ōiwi i'ike'ole'ia ai'ole'ike'ole paha. A ua'ike'ia kēia hō'ike i nā'ikepili - ma kēlā manawa i Rusia ho'okahi wale nō i ka 5 mau kānaka i heluhelu'ia,'oiai i waena o nā kānaka he pakeneka o ka "ho'ona'auao" he 30%, a'o ka wahine wale nō 13%. 'O ka mea maika'i loa,'o ka noho'ana o ka malihini'āina, i ka nīnau'ia'ana e pili ana i ka inoa o ka wahine, he nui ka po'e i pane mai e kāhea wale lākou i ka wahine i "wahine".

He'u'uku nā kānaka kālepa ma mua o nā kāhuna

Ma muli o ka helu inoa'ana o ka moku Lūkini (1897), noho ka hapanui o nā kānaka i nā kaiāulu (e pili ana i 87 pakeneka) a he lālā'āina kua'āina (77 pakeneka o nā kānaka a pau). 'O ka helu hou he mau philistines - e pili ana i 11 pakeneka, "po'e malihini" - e pili ana i 6.5 pakeneka, Cossacks - 2.3 pakeneka. 'O ka po'e o ka Pākē Lūkini i kēlā manawa,'o ka'oihana nui lākou i ka mahi'ai'ana i ka'āina,'a'ole na'e i kālepa'ana. 'O ka po'e kālepa i helu'ia he 0.2 pakeneka, kahi i emi iho ma mua o nā'elele o ka'ekalesia (hapalua hapene) a me nā ali'i (ho'okahi a me ka hapa hapa). Eia kekahi ma ka papa inoa he mau mea'ē a'e - 0.4 pakeneka.

He nui ka 'ae e pono e ne'e

'O ka helu inoa o ka heluna kanaka o ka moku Lūkia (1897) ua ho'okumu'o Rus i ka wā he kanaka uku-philistine, kahi i ho'onohonoho'ia ai nā po'e bourgeois li'ili'i i ka hō'ili'ili'ana o nā mea kālepa li'ili'i, nā mea hanahana, nā kānaka noho kūlanakauhale i loa'a ka waiwai nui o nā kūlanakauhale a'o ka po'e'auhau nui. Ma ka manawa o ka helu i kēia papa mea i malama i ka corporal hoopai, a ua pili i ka mea a ka waena o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia. 'O nā po'e bourgeois li'ili'i i ko lākou kūlana ma ka hui kaiaulu ua emi iho lākou ma mua o nā kālepa, ua pili'ia i kekahi kūlanakauhale (ma loko o ka buke punahele philistine). Ma waho o kona wahi e noho ai, hiki i kekahi mau bourgeois ke noho ma kahi li'ili'i manawa wale no, akā, e ne'e i kahi'ē a'e - me ka'ae wale'ana o nā'ekalesia. I kēlā mau lā i hiki ai iā ia ke holo ma luna o Rūsia wale nō ma o nā'oihana papahana, ua waiho'ia ka ha'aha'a o ka lāhui i kēia manawa.

Ma waena o nā kālepa a me nā ali'i

He aha nā mea pilikino i ho'omana'o'ia no mākou? 'O ka helu helu kanaka o ka Lūkini Lūkini (1897) ua kākau'o ia ma ka lāhui Lūkini i kapa'ia he "kānaka hilina'i hanohano," he 0.3% o ka heluna kanaka. He'ano waena kēia ma waena o nā ali'i hanohano a me nā kālepa, e'ae ana e pale i ka mea mua mai ka komo'ana i ke "koko hala'ole" a e ho'opiha i nā mana'o o ka mea hope loa. 'O ka hanohano ali'i, e like me ka no'ono'o, hiki ke pilikino a pilikino. 'O ke kūlana hanohano o ke kanaka pono'ī i hā'awi wale aku i ka mea nāna i lawe i kēia inoa a me kāna wahine,'oiai'o ka mo'okū'auhau,'o ia nō nā mamo a ka mea e pa'a nei i kēia ki'i.

I kēlā mau lā, he nui aku ka po'e manaoio a me nā luakini ma mua o kēia manawa

'O ka helu helu kanaka o ka Lūkini Lūkini (1897), hō'ike'ia'o ka pule ho'omana'o Orthodox, kahi i'ōlelo'ia he 70 pakeneka o ka heluna kānaka. I ka lua o ka manawa ma hope o nā Karistiano, aia he mau Mahele - e like me 11.1 pakeneka, a hahai aku nā po'e o ka Roman Katolika - kahi iva pakeneka, a he 4.2 pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka Iudaio. 'O ka po'e o Rūsia i kēlā manawa he po'e haipule, a ua kūkulu'ia he nui o nā'oihana ho'omana e pili ana i kēia. 'O kekahi la'ana, i Rusia i ka manawa o ka'Okakopa'Okahana Socialist Revolution, aia ma kahi o 65,000 mau hale pule a me nā halepule pule, kahi o ka Church Orthodox Rusia hou he 29-30,000 mau luakini, e like me nā mea i Belarus, nā Baltic States, Ukraine, a pēlā aku.

'O nā kūlanakauhale me kahi miliona miliona po'e

He aha nā mea i hō'ike'ia ma ka helu helu kanaka (1897)? 'O nā hualoa'a o kēia ha'awina e hā'awi iā mākou i ka manawa e'ike ai i kahi ma Rūsia i kēlā manawa i ka nui o nā wahi i noho'ia. 'O ke kapikala o ka moku'āina i kēlā manawa ('a'ole Moscow, St. Petersburg) he kūlanakauhale ia he miliona. He hale ia i kahi 1.2 miliona mau kānaka. 'O Moscow ka lua o nā kauhale nui loa - 1,038 miliona po'e. Aia ma kahi o ka hapalua miliona kānaka i noho i Warsaw (683,000), a laila'o ia ka hapa o ka moku Lūkini (ka'āina o ke aupuni Polani). Ma waho a'e o ka mea i luna, ma ka palapala'āina o ka'āina i kēlā manawa, aia he 40 mau kūlanakauhale me kahi heluna kanaka o ka'oi aku o 50,000 mau kānaka.

'O ka waiwai kūpono no nā mea kākau mo'olelo o kēia wā,'o ia ka papa inoa inoa ma'amau, i kahi e'ike'ia ai ka'ike mua. Hiki iā'oe ke a'o i ka nui mai iā lākou. Eia na'e, ua ho'opau loa'ia ka hapanui o nā pepa, no laila ua mā'ona mākou i nā'ikepili i palapala'ia.