Ka mua a me ka lua o ka kānāwai o thermodynamics

Ma mua o mākou noonoo o ka mua a me ka lua o ka kānāwai o thermodynamics, ia mea pono e hoakaka ka mea i manaoia ma ka makahiki "thermodynamics". Ma keia hihia, ka olelo e'ōlelo no iho: mea, mea oluolu no ka hoʻoholo 'ana i ka' ē aʻeʻelua - "thermal" a me ka "hōʻeuʻeu". A lohe o Greek huli "wela ka mahana" a me ka "ikaika, ana, loli." Ma nā hua'ōlelo, thermodynamics ho kekahi o na lala o ke kālaikūlohea, ke aʻo 'ana hiʻona o ka wela huli i nā ano o ka ikaika a me ka Hope versa. Ma keia hihia i ka thermal noi o ka mea microcosm (nā'ātoma, nā lātoma, (particles)) ua i komo i loko o la pauku, a ua aʻo i loko o nā wahi o ka 'epekema. Thermodynamics kekahi epa me ka holoʻokoʻa nunui nenoai, a i wehewehe aku ma ke dala, puʻe, a pela aku.

Kēia 'epekema ua nānā' ana ma luna o kekahi kumu o hiʻona ( 'Aʻohe, mua, lua kānāwai o thermodynamics), aponoia ma ka postulates. Ka mea, ua paa experimentally, a hookupaa iho la ia ma kaʻimi naʻauao ho. Ka pilina ma waena o ia meaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe wale, mai ka hoʻomaka o ka pololei auoiaea o kekahi mai ka kekahi mea,ʻaʻole hiki.

Aia mau eha hoʻomaka '- me ka' Aʻohe ma luna o ke kolu. E kuhikuhi iā mākou mai i ka ano o kela a me keia o ia mau mea. 'Aʻohe kānāwai o thermodynamics hākālia nō i kekahi'ōnaehana mālama i ka thermodynamic equilibrium, no laila, i loko o ka hope he mea he koena me ka nalowaleʻana o ka mea mawaho hana. Ua hiki e ka noho kaʻawaleʻana kahua loa.

Kekahi o ka papa kuhikuhiE - o ke kānāwai mua o thermodynamics. Ua Ua mua ua kālaiʻia i loko o ka 19th kenekulia. I mea, ia mea i ke kānāwai o ka mālama o ka ikehu i pili i ka mea e hanaia ana ma macrosystems thermodynamic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma ke alanui, ia mea pinepine i ke kōkua o kēia postulate hoole i ka manawa kūpono o ka ola o me kekahi mau noi mīkini, no ka mea, e hana i ka hana pono e externally manawalea hou ikehu nenoaiu. E like me ia iā ia, i loko o ka paʻa kaʻawale'ōnaehana ka ikehu cia mau koe ka ia.

Ka lua o ka kānāwai o thermodynamics mea maʻa i ka na kanaka a pau, mai ka wā kamaliʻi. E like me ia, i ka thermal ikehu hiki maoli ai e pū i hiki i wale i kekahi ala e hiki aku - mai ke kino kai mehana i ka emi paio hahana maoli nō. No ka laʻana, no ke aha la i loko o ka hooilo ma ke alanui e pono ia e anu, mahope mai o ka Ambient mahana mea haʻahaʻa ma mua ia o ka kanaka kino, i ke kumu no ka wela. Ka lua o ka kānāwai o thermodynamics o kekahi o ka loa kaulana. Kekahi o kona hopena paipai i ka holoʻokoʻa kipi ikehu o ka'ōnaehana hiki ole ke loa hoohuliia i loko o maikaʻi kēia hana. He aha ka hana hoihoi, i ke kānāwai lua o thermodynamics i mathematically provable. Ma ka hoonoho iho la i iiiaanoaa o ka ho okolohua, i loko o kēia kumu, hope hookama me ka axiom.

I mea kekahi o na, ao ke ano e emi iho i ka lua o ka kānāwai o thermodynamics? Entropy! Kēia manawa i loko o Greek o ia hoʻi, "hou." Entropy Ua ano o kekahi thermodynamic'ōnaehana a me ka mea i ka hana o ka moku'āina. Ma kekahi mau mea, hiki ke ea i ka entropy Hōʻike i ka hoʻokô 'ana i kekahi kahua kāna hana. R. Clausius, ka mea i manaoia o ka manawa no ka thermodynamic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me ka ho'ākākaʻana i ka hana ana o ka wai ke kūpaleʻana: ho i ka wai i loko o ke kinowai moku'āina ma ka palena o ka 'Aʻohe kekelē Kelekia. He waiwai ka mea, e hōʻike i kekahi hapa o ka mea mawaho ikehu, lawa no imbalance, ka wai huli i loko o ka paa ana (hau). A pau keia loli ku i ke kipi 'ole o ka ikehu ua hookuu. Ma keia hihia, ia mea he reversible kaʻina. Alaila, o ka entropy loli o ka lākiō o ka huina nui o thermal ikehu i ka loa mahana waiwai. Kekahi no Hōʻike i ka paʻa nenoai ole mawaho keiki entropy, piʻi pū.