Pāhawewe huahelu. penetrating pāhawewe huahelu pa alima

Mai ka waenakonu o ka hope ke kenekulia, ua hele mai 'epekema i ka hou hua'ōlelo - pāhawewe. Kona loaʻa ua revolutionized i nā manaʻo o nā physicists a puni ka honua, a 'ae' ia i kāpaeʻia kekahi Newtonian theories, a e wiwo 'ole nā mea mahuʻi e pili ana i ka' ole o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, kona mea i hanaia a me ko makou wahi i loko o laila. Akā, i kēia a pau - no ka poe akamai i. Ke townsfolk i kaniʻuhū ana wale, a ho'āʻo i ka paukū e pili pū pu ia disparate ike e pili ana i keia kumuhana. Complicating i ke kaʻina hana o ka mea i ka pāhawewe mokuna he mea loa he wahi lihi iki, a ka mea i kuleana a pau.

terminology

Ka mua kau, a e halawai - mea, ma ka mea, pāhawewe. No laila, kapa ea puka kaʻina hana i kekahi waiwai o ka minuke i (particles), e like me electrons, protons, neutrons, helium nā'ātoma, a me na mea e ae. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka huna pāhawewe waiwai oko mai kekahi i kekahi. Ea puka Ua malama kekahi i loko o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia i loko o simpler waiwai, kekahi i loko o kā lākou hoʻololi kemikala.

Ka pāhawewe ke ana o ka mokuna - iʻike mau notions e hoike ana i na kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) nolaila ia i kuu mai i ka mea. Ma ka manawa, ke kālaikūlohea hana me ehiku okoa huahelu, a me ka hui pu ana o ia mea. Kēia i mea e hiki ai i ka wehewehe i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana likeʻole e lawe pū i ka mea wahi.

Radioactive palaho - ākeʻakeʻa kumu loli o ka 'ole o ka poe nuclei o nā'ātoma ka hoʻohana kala microparticles.

Ka palaho a eia i - ia mea he ana helu manaʻo, ka luaÿi i ka pahiki o ka ole o ka'Ātoma no i kekahi wā o ka manawa.

Ka hapa-ola - he manawa wā mawaena manawa i decomposes hapalua o ka nui o ka waiwai. Kekahi kumu o ka mea helu i loko o minuke, oiai kekahi poe - no ka makahiki, a hiki makahiki.

He aha mea ana pāhawewe

Units o ka pāhawewe ana - i ka mea wale no e hoʻohana i ka loiloi i nā waiwai o ka radioactive mea. I hoʻohana 'ia i ka Hawaiʻi e like me:
- Haʻawina pāhawewe kumu;
- koko nuʻa (helu o ionizing (particles) no pa alima āpana).

Eia hou kekahi, he mea heʻokoʻa i loko o ka hōʻike o nā waiwai o ka pāhawewe i ola a me ka 'ole-ola mea. No laila, ina mea ola 'waiwai, i mea pili iā ia i ka manaʻo:

- ka ke kemu mahele lāʻau;
- waiū mahele lāʻau.

Inā ka pāhawewe kanawai ma ka'aʻaʻa ola, ka mea kēia mau hua'ōlelo i hoʻohana:

- like mahele lāʻau;
- ka hoʻokō like paha mahele lāʻau;
- mahele lāʻau kōmi.

pāhawewe huahelu e, e like me ka ua i haiia ae maluna,ʻike mau laulā Hawaiʻi ia e kānakaʻepekema, e kōkua ho, a kūkulu hypotheses a me theories. Paha ia mea no ke aha la aole he hookahi e like me ka pa alima o ke ana.

Curie

Kekahi o ka pāhawewe huahelu mea he curie. Ia aole i pili i kou'ōnaehana (aole i hui ole ia me ka Si nenoaiu). Ma Rusia, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea a me ka laau lapaau. ʻeleu waiwai e i keia i kekahi curie no kekona ina mea e hoʻomaka ai 3,7 milliardov radioactive nāwaliwali aʻela. I ka mea e olelo aku i kekahi curie mea like i ekolu ieeeea?ʻehiku haneri miliona becquerels.

Kēia helu i aie i ka mea i Mariya Kyuri (i hoʻolauna i loko o 'epekema ka manawa)' ana i mālama lākou ia mea ma luna o radium a i like me ka kumu no kona uku o ka palaho. Akā, ma manawa, ua hoʻoholo ihola physicists i ka laulā waiwai o keia pa alima mea maikaʻi, e hoopili aku i ka mea'ē aʻe - becquerel. He hiki ke pale i kekahi o na hewa i loko o makemakika ho.

Ma waho aʻeo ia Ci, e hiki pinepine huli mau hale paha submultiples, e like me:
- megacuries (like i 3,7 no ka 10 i ka 16 degere becquerels);
- kilocurie (3.7 tausani ieeeea? Becquerels);
- mc (37 miliona becquerels);
- microcuries (37,000 becquerels).

Me keia pa alima hiki ke kāheaʻia ma ka buke, ili honua, a me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'hana o ka waiwai.

Becquerel

Unit nā māhele o ka pāhawewe Becquerel mea systemic, a ua komo i loko o International Units (Si) nenoaiu. He nui na mea, no ka mea, o ka pāhawewe ha awina o kekahi becquerel 'o ia hoʻi i ka waiwai he mea hoʻokahi wale nō radioactive palaho no kekona.

Ua la kona inoa i loko o ka hanohano o Antuana Anri Becquerel, Palani physicist. Ua 'āpono' ia ka inoa i ka pau ana o ka hope kenekulia, a ua nō i hoʻohana i kēia lā. No keia mea he 'ano uuku pa alima, ka mea, ua hoʻohana' ia i kapa i ka ha awina o kekimala prefixes: nā kilo, milli, anakahi iki, a me na mea e ae.

Nei, a me Becquerel i hoʻohana Common Unit e like me Ci a me RD. Rutherford lākou, hoʻokahi miliona becquerels. Ma ka hōʻike o ka bulk 'ole' ilikai hope hiki ke loaʻa designations Becquerel no kilogram Becquerel no mika (ʻahā like ole cubic) a me ka likeʻole nā mea loaʻa a pau.

X-Ray

Unit o ke ana X-Ray pāhawewe, he, mea ole ke kahua, naʻe hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i kapa i ka waiū mahele lāʻau loaa gamma pāhawewe. Kekahi X-Ray mea he pāhawewe mahele lāʻau ma i kekahi cubic kenimika o ka lewa ma ka hae ka lewa puʻe, a 'Aʻohe ka mahana hanau i ka malama o 3,3 * (10 * -10). Kēia mea like i mau miliona hui o ka Ion.

I loko nō o ka mea i like me ka Lūkini kanawai, loa ole-Si 'iniha, ua hiki ole e hoʻohana X-na kukuna hoʻohana i ka omaka ana o dosimeters. Akā, ka mea e koke hooki iho i ka e ia, e like me ua oi mea hiki i ka palapala, a hoÿomaulia i nā mea a pau i loko o poʻo, a sievert.

olioli iho la lakou

rad Unit o ka pāhawewe o ka Si'ōnaehana mawaho a lākou, i ka helu o ka pāhawewe, ma i kekahi gram o ka waiwai a ua ho'īli kekahi miliona joules o ka ikehu. I mea kekahi lealea nui aku ai - ia mea 0,01 joule no kilogram o ka mea.

A mea a absorbs ka ikehu i e kekahi he ola'aʻaʻa, a me ka 'ē aʻe ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole waiwai a me ka waiwai: ka lepo, ka wai, ea. E like me ke kūʻokoʻa pa alima rad i hoʻolauna i nâ makahiki 1953 a me Rusia i nā kānaka apau e e hoʻohana 'ia ma ke kālaikūlohea a me ka laau lapaau.

oho

'O kēia kekahi pa alima o ka ana o ka pāhawewe pae, a ua ike ia e ka System o Units International. Ua Hōʻike 'ia ka paka mahele lāʻau o ka pāhawewe. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka waiwai i loaa mai i kekahi mahele lāʻau o kekahi poohina, ina o ka ikehu i ka pū i hiki ai i ka pāhawewe, ua like pu no kekahi joule no kilogram.

Kēia mokuna i loaa kona inoa i loko o ka hanohano o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia nä känaka' epekema Lewis Hinahina, a ua formally hoʻolauna i ka 'epekema ma ka 1975. E like me na rula, ua ka pela i ka inoa piha o ka pa alima a me ka lowercase palapala, akā, kona hua h ÷ ailona - he nui kekahi. Kekahi oho mea like i hoʻokahi haneri Radama. Ma waho na mea naehana, Science hana i mau hale a me iiaciiie-o kekahi mau o ko lākou mau hoʻokoe e like me kilogram, megagrey, detsigrey, santigrey, a me nā microg.

Sievert

Unit sievert pāhawewe hoʻohana e Kû ke like paha pono a me nā māhele o ka pāhawewe, a ua hoi hui pū i loko o ka Si like poʻo, a Bq. Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka' epekema mai ka makahiki 1978. One Sv mea like me ka ikaika i i ke kemu kilogram'aʻaʻa lalana ana ia ia ma hope o waiū o ka gamma kukuna. Ua kapaʻia ma hope o Rolf Sievert, he nä känaka 'epekema mai Kuekene i ka inoa o kona pa alima.

E like me ka ho'ākāka 'ana, Sievert a me laua oho hina e, i ka mea like, a ke kemu mahele lāʻau nō i ka ia nui. Akā, i ka likeʻole ma waena o ia mea nō ma laila. Ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka like mahele lāʻau pono e noonoo ole wale ka nui akā, i ka mea'ē aʻe waiwai o ka pāhawewe, e like me ke kōā nalu, ikaika hawewe, a i (particles) ho i ia. No laila, i ka laulā cia o ka ke kemu mahele lāʻau o ka pāhawewe ua hoonuiia e ka mea e like ai ololi.

No ka laʻana, a pau nā rula i like, i ke kanawai o ke omo o ka, alpha (particles) e e iwakalua manawa hou ma mua o ka mea hookahi mahele lāʻau o ka gamma pāhawewe. Eia kekahi, pono e noonoo'aʻaʻa ololi, i hōʻike mai ana i kino i ka pane pāhawewe. No laila, ua hoʻohana 'ia ka hua'ōlelo mahele lāʻau i loko o radiobiology pono a me ka - ma ke keʻenaʻoihana Health (e normalize i ka pāhawewe waiū).

ka ikehu lā a eia i

Aia ka he pähola 'ia ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua i ua ike i ka pāhawewe lā. Naehana ana o ka pāhawewe mai ka hoku - na calories a me watts rms no pa alima manawa. A ka mea i hooholoia, no ka mea, o ka nui o ka pāhawewe, mai ka la me ka nānā 'ana i ka nui o ka wela i ua hua mai la ma na mea, a me ka pinepine' ia me a ia ua hakahaka. Ka mea, ke hele mai i ka Honua e ka hapalua o ka millionth o ka huina nui o kinoea ikehu.

Ka pāhawewe ke mai ka hoku ua māhele ma ka lewa ma ka mämä holo o ka malamalama i loko o mākou lewa i loaʻa i loko o ka palapala o nā kukuna. I ka pae ana o keia pāhawewe mea nō ka laula, - mai "keʻokeʻo uwalaʻau", oa Radio ale i ka X-kukuna. (Particles) a i hāʻule pū me ka pāhawewe - e protons, akā, i kekahi manawa, electrons hiki ia (ina ke kala o ka ikehu ua oi aku).

Ke pāhawewe loaa mai o ka la, o ka mana o nā mea a pau keʻano o ka hanaʻana e noho ana ma luna o ka Honua e hoohauhee ana. I ka nui o ka ikaika, ua loaa hilinaʻi nui ma ka manawa o ka makahiki, i nā mea i ho'ākāka 'ana o na hoku i loko o ka lani, a me ka mäliko o ka lewa.

pāhawewe hopena i mea ola

Inā'ālike i loko o kā lākou mau ano noho ana'aʻaʻa irradiated me nāʻano o ka pāhawewe (ma ka ia mahele lāʻau a me ka pinepine '), a laila, na nā hualoaʻa e e okoa. Nolaila, e hooholo i ka hopena o wale uuku ke kemu a me ka waiū mahele lāʻau, nā ma ka hihia o ka mea ola '. E hōʻike 'ia ma luna o ka loa o ka mokuna o ionizing pāhawewe, e like me kona poʻo a me Sieverts rems, a kuhikuhi mai i ka like mahele lāʻau o ka pāhawewe.

Kapaia like mahele lāʻau kemu ola'aʻaʻa, a ua hoonuiia e ka conditional (tabular) hiʻohiʻona i lawe i loko o ka mooolelo pehea pilikia loa kekahi ano o ka pāhawewe. Loa pinepine hoʻohana 'e ana ia i ka sievert. Kekahi sievert mea like i hoʻokahi haneri beram. I ka nui o ka lākiō, niioaaonoaaiii, pilikia loa pāhawewe. No laila, no ka photons mea - he hui pu ia lakou, a no na neutrons a me ka, alpha (particles) - he iwakalua.

Mai ka Chernobyl ulia i loko o Rusia a me nā Moscow'āina i e uku kūikawā noonoo i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pāhawewe waiū ma luna o ke kanaka. Like paha mahele lāʻau mai maoli kumu o ka pāhawewe E i oi aku mamua o elima millisieverts no ka makahiki.

Hana o radionuclides ma ka politika ola mea

Radioactive (particles) e lawe aku i ka 'āhewa' ana o ka ikaika i ka mea, hoolilo aku i ka waiwai, ka wāʻalo me ia. A me ka nui o ka huna pā ai ma luna o lākou i hele ai me ka kekahi nui o ka waiwai, o ka oi ia, e loaa ka ikehu. I ka nui o kona auhau i loko o nā māhele.

1. Ke kemu mahele lāʻau - o ka huina o ka pāhawewe i i loaa pono'ī waiwai. Ana i loko o kona poʻo a. Kēia waiwai 'Aʻole i hoike no ka oiaio i ka hopena o keʻano o ka pāhawewe i mea mea okoa.
2. Waiū mahele lāʻau - o ka ke kemu mahele lāʻau, akā, me ka degere o ka ionization o kekahi mau waiwai mai ka waiū i radioactive (particles). Ana i loko o coulombs no kilogram, a me ka X-kukuna.