Ka nui Lūkini pena

Mai ka wā o ka bapetizo ana o Rusia, a hiki i ka pau ana o ka X kenekulia, i loko o ka hohonu o ka Orthodox Church nui auaneʻiʻoukou, a me nā hana akamai, i kapaia - Russian iconography. Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea i aneane ehiku kenekulia koe i ka 'ōlelo o Lūkini moʻomeheu, a ia wale i ka noho alii ana o Petero kipaku au ia naita ma pena.

Icons Mongolian manawa

Ua ua ike ia a me Orthodox Rus aie mai Byzantium a me ka e piʻi like ana o ka moʻomeheu, i loaa ma ka Kiev na'lii a kona hou ulu. Inā i ka inoa o ka mua kūkulu ma Kiev Desyatinny luakini i hanaʻia e Prince Vladimir kono huakaʻi i ke kai haku, loa koke Lūkini pena iʻikeʻia i loko o Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Smolensk, a ma ke poʻo, i kapaʻia ka Mother o Lūkini kulanakauhale. E hoomaopopo i ko lakou hana, mai ka icons pena e Byzantine kumu, ia mea paakiki, no ka mea, aole ia i paʻa i loko o ka piha wahine paha, o na aina kula i loko o ka mālama '-Mongol manawa hou aku.

E ua ola loa mau hana i loko o kēia wā, akā, no hoi mawaena o ia mea, he maoli masterpieces. Ka loa ana o kēia mau mea i ka mau-ala Novgorod ikona "Ka Hemolele Recycle", i kākauʻia e ka ike ole haku ma ka pau 'ana o ke kenekulia XII, ma ka hope o i ka loa o "ka Adoration o ke Keʻa." No ka oi ma mua o ewalu kenekulia, ka mea pepehi i ka Mea Nānā i loko o ke kiʻi, a laumania shading. I kēia manawa, ke ikona mea i loko o ka ohi ana o ka State Tretyakov Gallery. Photos o keia ikona wehe i ka 'atikala.

Other, ka hana i emi kaulana o ka mālama '-Mongol manawa, hōʻike ma ka State Russian Museum ma St. Petersburg - ka mea,' o kekahi o ka Novgorod ikona, ikeia like me ka "anela o Golden Hair." Helehelena o ka anela, piha ka maalea mea naʻau a me ka hohonu lyricism, i ka Mea Nānā i ka manaʻo o ka mālie a me ka mōakaaka. I ka hana, e lawe ia mau manaʻo Lūkini pena i loko o kona olelo e lilo ili mai lākou Byzantine kumu.

Ikona pena manawa o ka Mongol-Tatarʻauamo

Kaua o Rusia Batu Khan, nāna i hāpai i ka wā o ka Tatar-Mongolʻauamo, radically loli i ke ala o ke ola ana o ka moku'āina holoʻokoʻa. Ua i i pakele kona keiki a me ka Lūkini iconography. Ua pio loa, i hana mua oe-oaio? a, a hōkaiʻia ka iā Goga, a me ka poe i hala i ka mau hoʻopaʻi, ua hoano e paakiki manawa, i hiki ole lakou aloha ia akā, i ka pono noʻeau kiʻekiʻe o nā hana hua mai i loko o ia mau mea.

Aka hoi, a hiki i keia pilikia wā o Lūkini pena, ua hiki ke hana i kona kula iho o ka pena, lawe i ka pono wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka honua moʻomeheu. Special punohu ia ia i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XIV, a XV kenekulia kokoke a pau. I loko o kēia wā i loko o Rusia aʻu i hana pu ai i ka pau Wiliau Hōkū o poʻokela Artists, ka 'elele kaulana loa o i i Andrei Rublev, ka mea i hānauʻia ma Moscow na'lii a puni 1360.

Kākau o ka make ole "Trinity"

I monastic hoohiki ana i ka inoa Andrew (kona naita ma inoa unknown) i ka 1405, he haku komo i loko o ka pena o ka Annunciation Hale Pule Nui o ka Moscow Kremlin, a laila mea mahuʻi ma Vladimir. Mau nui-unahiʻole, i hana o Andrei Rublev hooikaika aku a me ka mau koʻikoʻi 'ē aʻe' o Puʻohala - Theophanes ka Helene a me Daniel Black,'ōlelo e pili ana i e e kūkā mai ma lalo nei.

ʻike hoʻokumu ua noʻonoʻo ka luna haku i loko o ka Lūkini ikona pena, a ua hikiʻole e hiki i kekahi i kekahi o na haku. Ke clearest a loa kaulana hana o "Trinity" - ka ikona o Rublev, ua mālama i loko o ka Tretyakov Gallery ma Moscow.

E ho ohana i ka moʻolelo, kauoha kahiko a ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka Episode i ho'ākāka' ia i loko o ka 18th mokuna o Genesis (Hospitality o Aberahama), ke kupua i ka mea haku mele, a me nā mea a pau kona moolelo, mamao mamua a pau'ē aʻe analogues. Haalele hoʻokali kūpono ', ma kona manao, kakou kamailio ana māhele, oiaʻeleu i ka Mea Nānā i ka noonoo ana i ka angelic kii ekolu, symbolizing he Triipostasnogo ke Akua - ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai i mea no ka Hemolele Trinity.

Image, symbolizing kilokilo aloha

Rublev ka ikona hōʻike i ka hoʻohui o ke Akua incarnation ekolu. He ua loaʻa i loko i ka waihona ipu ka lua pāʻoihana i kaiapili i lilo i ke aka i na anela. Oia ka lōkāhi, i a ke kanaka ia kaawale nō he integrally i hanaʻia, i typifies ke kiʻekiʻe aloha no i ka mea i kapaia o Iisus Hristos. Ke'ī mai, ka "Trinity" - ka ikona o Rublev, lilo iho la kekahi ano o ka olelo o ka uhane kohoʻia o nā mea a pau Karistiano.

Andrei Rublev make ma luna o October 17, 1428, i ka luahi o ka mea wawahi mai ma Moscow i ka maʻi. He Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia ma luna o ka mokuna o ka Andronikov hoailona, kahi make koke maila kāna hana ma ka pena o ka Mea e Olaʻi Hale Pule Nui. I ka 1988, ua canonized ka olelo hooholo o ka Aha Local o ka Lūkini Orthodox Church mōneka Andrew (Rublev) i waena o ka poe haipule.

Ke mentor o na haku nui

Ma ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini iconography kokoke i Andrei Rublev o kona Contemporary Daniel Chorny. Icons, a, e, i ka frescoes i e ia ma ka pena o ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui ma Vladimir, pela like i loko o kā lākou mau hana noʻeau hiʻona i 'Oihana pinepine loaʻa mea paakiki e hookupaa aku ana i kēia attribution.

Noiʻi loaʻa nā kumu i ka manaoio i ka hana pu me Rublev kauoha, Daniel i mālama ai i ka papa kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoao ana i ka haku, paha i ka mentor. Ma keia kumu, kiʻiʻoniʻoni kamaʻilioʻana e kaila i ia mau hana i loko i ka loa pono hiki ole o ke kula ma mua o ka ikona pena o ka XIV kenekulia. Ka loa ana hoʻohālike o ka fresco "poli o Aberahama", mālama a hiki i kēia lā i loko o ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui o Vladimir. Photo o kekahi o na hakina o pena o ka Hale Pule Nui ma mua o keia pauku o ka Haawina.

Make Daniil Chorny, me Andrei Rublev, like me ka hopena o ka ino i ka 1528, a ua kanuʻia ma hope ona, i loko o Andronik hoailona. Ua haʻalele nā Artists ma hope o ka hailonaʻana no nā haumāna no ka mea a ka mea hana i pena a me sketches, i mālama ai i Ke Ana Hoʻohālike no ka wā e hiki mai hana.

Russian pena o Byzantine me Kinohi

No emi ana mamuli o ka iconography o kēia wā ke malama i ka hana o Feofana Greka. Hânau 'ia i ka 1340 ma Byzantium (mai i kahi o kona inoa kapakapa), oia aʻo i nā mea huna o ke akamai, ke aʻo' ana mai i ka ike haku o Constantinople a me Chalcedon.

E hele mai ana i Rusia ua hana i ka pena, a me ia i noho i loko o Novgorod, Theophane hoomaka ae la i ka hou pae ana o kona 'oihana a me ka pena i ua iho mai i ko kakou manawa i ka Ekalesia o ka hoopahaohaoia'na. Malamaia i loko o laila, a me ke kupua mural depicting Kristo Pantocrator, ka makua'lii, na kaula, e like me ka pono me ka helu o ka Mea Paipala, e hoohuli.

Kona noʻeau kaila ua wehewehe aku ma kiʻekiʻe aloha, e like me ka mea ana mele, ua ike e wā, a me nā ukali o ka haku ikea. Keia ua maopopo e hoikeike ai ma murals o ka ekalesia o ka mea mahuʻi, a Fedor Stratelita i loko o ka ia wā, nā Artists, akā, hoopaa iho la i ka akaka hoailona o ka aoao o Byzantine pena haku.

Eia naʻe, i loko o kona olelo e liloʻike hoʻokumu Feofana Greka hoikeia mai ma Moscow, kahi āna i neʻe i ka 1390 makahiki, ua ola, a hana no kekahi manawa ma Nizhny Novgorod. I ke poʻo haku i komo ole wale pena luakini a me ka home o ka waiwai kanaka, akā, me ka hanaia'na hoi o kiʻi puke icons a.

Ua ua manaoio ia ma lalo o kona alakaʻiʻana, ka Kremlin pena kekahi mau ekalesia i lawe mai, a me ka Ekalesia o ka hānauʻana o ka Virgin, Arhangela Mihaila a me ka Annunciation. Kona kilo ua wahi i ka haku ana o ka helu o ke kaulana icons - ". Ka mea mahuʻi o ke Mother o ke Akua," "ka hoopahaohaoia'na o ka Haku" (kiʻi i loko o kēia māhele o ka 'atikala), "Don ikona o ka makuahine o ke Akua," a me ka Mai Life ke Kumu i ka 1410.

Kohu kūpono pa alima haku o ka hala

Hope o na mooolelo noʻeau i hoʻokumuʻia e Andrei Rublev, a me kona wā, lilo Dionusio - pena, ua hooko aku la i ikona no ka Hale Pule Nui ekalesia o ka mea mahuʻi o ka mea i hoomaikaiia Virgin Mary Joseph Volokolamsk hoailona, e like me na frescoes a me iconostasis Ferapontov hoailona, a mau loa aku i loko o ka waihona waiwai o Lūkini moʻomeheu.

Ua ua ike ia Dionusio, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka hapanui o ka wahi lulu pena, uaʻaʻole he möneka. Ka hapanui o kauoha ia i lawe mai ai me kāna mau keiki kāne, a me Vladimir Theodosius. Ua Ua ola i ka hailona o na hana i ma ka artist ia iho ai kekahi alakaiia'ku e ia Free. Ka loa kaulana o ia mau icons - "bapetizo ana o Kristo", "Ka Virgin Hodegetria" (aʻe Hawaii photo), "he mamo mai i Hell", e like me ka helu o nā hana.

Makahiki o kona ola uaʻaʻole pono, ka mea, ua ike wale nō i ka haku i hanau puni 1444, a ua kapaia o ka lā o ka make o ka hola 1502-1508 makahiki. Akā, i kona makana,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o Rusia akā, i loko o ka moʻomeheu o ko ke ao nei, oia no ka nui ana o ka olelo hooholo o UNESCO 2002 i hai aku i ka Year o Dionusio.

Lūkini pena o ka 17th kenekulia. Simona Ushakov

I kekahi mahele o ka moolelo i manawa o ka noʻeau kahua ala a hoole mai oia, Ua loa conditional, no ka mea, a hiki i ka manawa o ka manawa i mea ole ia i ka muli o ka nui hana, o ka papa, i hanaʻia i nā preconditions no ka hanaia'na o ko lākou wā e hiki mai.

Ua maopopo hiki ke ike i ana o ka hiʻona o ka nohona a me ka uhane ola o Rusia o ka XVI kenekulia i impetus e hoʻololi, paha hou noʻeau ano o ke olonā nō aʻe kenekulia.

O ka holo ana, o ka loa a me ka luku mua makakū kanaka o ka XVII kenekulia i ke kapikala pena Simona Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Koke poko ia i nā mea huna o ke akamai,ʻo ia ka ua i loko o ka makahiki o ka iwakalua-kumamalua i hoolimalima me ka artist o ke kala, o ke keʻena o ka Haku no ka mea, ua kahi o kona 'oihana e e sketches no ka hana o ka ekalesia oihana a pau a me nā luxuries.

Eia hou, ke keiki haku pena hae, unuhi ae la palapala, invented kāhiko no ka mea humuhumu lopi ano a me ka hana nui na hana. i He ia i kākauʻana i ke kiʻi no kela luakini a me nā wahi. Over manawa, ia o keia wahi o kaʻike hoʻokumu lawe aku la kona kaulana a me ka hanohano.

Ma hope iho o ka hoolilo ana o ke kookoo o ka Halepaikau (1656), o Simona Ushakov ua paa wale me ka loa 'ike Artists o kona manawa. No nā Moscow pena i ka mea kaulana, a i ole i nui ia e aliʻi lokomaikaʻi. Ua ae ia ia e noho i ka ola o ka hanohano a me ka pomaikai.

I loko nō o ka mea i koi 'ia i Lūkini pena, e kākau kā lākou hana wale nō ke i kahiko Ke Ana Hoʻohālike, Ushakov maluhia hoʻohana i loko o nā mele o nā kumu kanaka o Western pena, a ma ia manawa a pau Laʻana o nāʻikeʻia i loko o nui loa i loko o Rusia. Noho ana ma luna o ke kumu o ke kanaka maoli Lūkini-Byzantine loina, akā, i ka mea ia manawa no Turtle reworked e hoʻokōʻEulopa haku, ka artist ua hana i ka mea hou, no laila,-kapa fryazhskie kaila i hou hoʻomohala i loko o ka hana o ka pena o ka hope wā. He 'atikala he he Hawaii photo o kona kaulana ikona "The Last ahaaina ahiahi paha", i kākauʻia e ka haku i loko o 1685 no ka Dormition Hale Pule Nui o ka Trinity-Seregio Lavra.

An poʻokela haku o ka fresco pena

I ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XVII kenekulia paha ma ka hana ana i kekahi haku nui - Gury Nikitin. Hânau 'ia i loko o Kostroma, presumably ma ke kakahiaka 1620 o, ka mea, ua ia mai he keiki elemakule hanau ae la aʻo pena. Eia naʻe, kaumaha ka hoao ana loaa novice haku ma Moscow, ma ka 1653, a me ka hui ana o kona poe kanaka hoʻokahi komo i loko o ka pena i ka helu o ke kapikala ka maha.

Gury Nikitin, nona ka hana mea okoa kela makahiki a pau i ka mea maikaʻi a nui, i ikeia kuhikuhi i ke kumu o ka fresco pena. Ua ola mākou he nui i pena i loko o monasteries a kanaka ekalesia ma Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl a me Suzdal.

A ano hiʻona o frescoes i loko o ke kupua ma ka Mea Paipala kanaka, o ko lakou celebratory waihoʻoluʻuʻono a me richness o ka symbolism, no ka mea, a ma ka artist ka ola pinepine nema aku i ka secularization o ke akamai, i mea kona perishable honua pilikia e reorient. Eia hou, i ka hopena o kona mau makakū huli lilo i hana noʻeau 'ana i kūpono, e leie aku ka haku, e hana i loko o kona mau mele i kekahi māhele hopena. I oe mōʻaukala, hele aku la ia ma lalo o ka inoa "haʻilula Gury Nikitin". Kaulana pena make i ka 1691.

ʻike hoʻokumu Feodora Zubova

Eia hoi, e kamailio e pili ana i ka iconography o ka XVII kenekulia,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka inoa o kekahi haku nui - o Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). Hânau 'ia i loko o Smolensk, oia ua i loko o ke kakahiaka 1650 ka, no ka teenager oia hoʻoneʻe i Great Ustyug, ma kekahi o na ekalesia pena i ka ikona "Ka Hemolele Recycle", koke hoʻokahua i kona kaulana i ka oʻo artist.

Over manawa, kaulana kona ua ai hoʻomano palahalaha ae ma Rusia, i ka artist i kiiia i Moscow, a hui i ke kookoo o ka pena Halepaikau, kahi āna i mālama ai no ka oi aku kanaha makahiki hope. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Simona Ushakov, no ka mea, he nui na makahiki ke poo o ka mea ohi, he mau haku, Feodor Zubov i kona wahi. Mawaena o ka mea 'ē aʻe hana o ka haku ka mea, ua loaa i ka kūikawā kaulana ikona "apostolate", i ke hoʻoholo' ia i ka Hawaii photo pepa. A pono na makana i ka hooulu ana o Lūkini nō i Zubov a me nā keiki kāne - Ivan a me Alex, ua lilo ma ka makahiki o Petero i waena o ka maikaʻi loa i nā mea akamai i.