Ka 'ole o ka reflex piʻo. Reflex apo hookahi. Physiology o ka'emi System

Kēlā me kēia o ko mākou ma ka liʻiliʻi koke i loko o kona ola hoʻopuka i ka hopuna'ōlelo "au i ka reflex", akā, maopopo mea ia nei mau kanaka. Ua aneane Ua nānā mākou a pau ke ola ma luna o reflexes. I ka wā kamaliʻi, e kōkua iā mākou e ola i loko o adulthood - e hana ka pono a me ka noho ola. Hoolohe ana i reflexes, makou ke hanu aku, hele, e ai, a me ka oi.

reflex

Reflex - mea he pane mai o ke kino a hiki i ka stimulus a ua lawe mai ma ka'emi ko kahua. Ka mea, hoike mai ka hoʻomaka a me ka hoopau ana i kekahi ha awina: i ka neʻeʻana o nāʻiʻo, endocrine glands, loli ma vascular leo. Ua apono 'oe e koke hoʻomaʻa i ka hoʻololi' ia. Meaning reflexes ma ke kanaka ola, no ka nui i hiki lākou hapa hoʻopau (wehe 'ana iʻoki kino, trauma, hahauʻana, epilepsy), e alakai i mau kīnā o ke kino.

I ka like ana o ka Central a me kaʻike ākea ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana limahana ma IP Pavlov a me IM Pauku. haʻalele ka mea, ma hope o ka puu o ka 'ike no ka hanauna e hiki mai ana o kauka. Mua mākou i ole kaʻana Psychiatry a me Neurology, akā, ma hope o kā lākou hana neurologists hoomaka ae la e hana wale, e loaa ka hoao ana a me ke kālailai ia.

'ano o nā reflexes

Puni ke ao reflexes e māheleʻia i loko o conditional a me ka unconditional. Ka mea mua e ala aʻeʻoe i loko o kanaka ola, a ma ke kaʻina i ua hoʻopili, no ka hapanui loa, me ka mea ana i hanaʻi. Kekahi o nā mākau i loaa ma manawa, nalo, a ua laweʻia e ka hou, oi kūpono lākou wahi i loko o ke ana. O nā Paikikala, haʻa ana, hookani bila, o kana oihana hana, e hoohauhee ana i ke kaʻa, a me ka oi. Mau reflexes i kekahi manawa, i kapaia "hōʻeuʻeu stereotype".

Unconscious reflexes i waiho iho i loko o nā kānaka a like, a ma laila mākou i hope o ka hanau ana. Ka mea, hoopaakiki mai ma ke ola, no ka mea, kākoʻo ko makou noho ana. People mai e ike i ka mea pono e hanu ana, e emi i ka naau Muscle, malama i kou kino i loko o ka lewa i loko o ka kekahi kulou, blink, kiheʻana, etc. Kēia ka hana koho, no ka mea, ano ua lawe malama o mākou.

Mea Maluna o reflexes

He nui na Mea Maluna o ka reflexes e noonoo i ko lakou kuleana pili i 'ole ka hōʻike' kiʻekiʻe o ka pokole. Kekahi ke kuhikuhi aku i kekahi o ia mau mea.

Liluwelo manaʻo nui ua kaʻawale reflexes:

• ka ai;
• hoomalu ana;
• anal;
• hōʻike;
• reflexes ka hoʻoholo 'kino kulana (pozotonicheskie);
• reflexes e neʻe.

E like me ka wahi o ka receptors e ike i ka stimulus hiki ke hōʻike ':

• exteroreceptors i mea ma luna o kaʻili a me ka mucous membranes;
• interoreceptors, Aia i loko o ka na nā loko, a ipu koko;
• proprioceptors ike mea ukiuki loa o nāʻiʻo, ami a me tendons.

Ike i ka Mea Maluna ekolu hiki ke hoʻouna 'ia kekahi reflex e wehewehe: ka mea, ua loaa paha congenital, i kuleana pili i hanaʻia, a pehea e kapa aku ia.

Pae reflex piʻo

No ka neurologists nui e ike i ke kiʻekiʻe ma a he reflex pani. Ua kōkua iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi kuhikuhi i ka hoʻohuli ai i nā wahi a ke kilokilo pōʻino ke ola. Hoomaopopo spinal reflexes, Hawaii neurons i i aia i loko o ka spinal kaula. Ka mea, e kuleana no kino mechanics, Muscle contraction, i ka hana o ka pelvic nā loko. Ala ana i ke kiʻekiʻe ma luna - i loko o ka medulla oblongata, loaʻa bulbar oaio? Ia e hooponopono i ka salivary glands, kekahi lehalehu t nāʻiʻo, hanu a me ka naau kuleana pili i. Poino o keia Oihana Ua aneane manawa ona.

Ke midbrain paa mesencephalic reflexes. Holo nōhie ka mea, o ka reflex piʻo o ka cranial nā aʻalolo. A hoʻokaʻawale mea i diencephalic reflexes hope neuron i ua aia i loko o ka diencephalon. A me cortical reflexes, a i noho mana ana ma ka cerebral cortex. E like me ka rula, e loaa ke kūlana mākaukau maoli.

E noke i ka 'ole o ka reflex piʻo ke komo pū i ka oi aku coordinating ioauoa o ka'emi'ōnaehana mau ka loaʻa o ka lalo pae. I mea no ka corticospinal ala, e hele ma ka waena, waena, a me ka oblong spinal kaula.

Ke physiology o ka'emi'ōnaehana ua hoonohonoho ai i kēlā me kēia reflexʻia i kekahi mau arcs. Kēia malama i ke kino i ka mana, e like me nā palapū a me illnesses.

Ka reflex piʻo

Reflex piʻo - i nā aʻalolo impulse EYI ala mai ka kaʻimiʻana kino (mea loaʻa) no ka hana. Ko mākou hopohopo reflex piʻo ninoieo o neurons a me kā lākou mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a hana i ka puni. Kēia manaʻo i hoʻolauna i lapaau M.Hollom ma ka waena o ka umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, akā, ma manawa, ka mea, ua lilo iho la ka "reflex apo." Ua Ua hoʻoholo i keia manawa maikaʻi Hōʻike 'na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ana i loko o ka'emi ko kahua.

Physiology maopopo monosynaptic, like hoʻi me two- a me trehneyronnye piʻo kekahi manawa loaʻa polisinapticheskie reflexes, 'o ia hoʻi, ke komo pu aku ma mua o ekolu neurons. Ke simplest piʻo he o mau neurons: ka perceiver, a me ka Hawaii. I ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale ae ma ke kaʻina hana lōʻihi o ka neuron a hiki i ke aʻalolo paena, a ma ka huli? Aaeaao ia i ka Muscle. Mau reflexes i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO unconditional.

Oihana reflex piʻo

Ka 'ole o ka reflex piʻo ninoieo o elima Oihana.

Ka mua - He mea loaʻa i hookipa mai i ka 'ike. Ua hiki ke kai piha a elua ma ke kino luna (ʻili, mucosal), a ma kona hohonu, (retina, tendons, nāʻiʻo). Morphologically mea loaʻa e nana, e like me ka kaʻina lōʻihi o ka neuron a hono o na keena.

Apana Hoʻohana - ikepili koʻikoʻi nā aʻalolo puluniu, i? Aaeaao excitation ma luna o ka piʻo. Ke kino o kēia mau neurons i aia ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana (CNS) ma waho, ma ka spinal hoʻopunipuni. Lākou kuleana pili i mea like me ka pua ma ke alahao. Ia mea, na neurons haawi 'ike i hele mai ia ia, ma kekahi pae o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu.

Ekolu Hoʻohana - makahiki OIeEOEIeAeEIIe ikepili koʻikoʻi i Hawaii olona. No ka hapanui o ka mea, o reflexes i loko o ka spinalʻaha, akā, kekahi o ka luna 'piʻo hele' ana ma o ka lolo, e like me aiiay, tentative, ai reflexes.

Eha Māhele hooku iho la ia Hawaii puluniu e hoʻopakele nā aʻalolo impulses mai ka spinalʻaha Hawaii neurons paha i ka effector.

Hope, i ka lima o ka mahele - ke kino i reflex hope. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO he Muscle paha gland, e like me ka haumāna, naau, ke keka, a salivary gland.

Ke physiological waiwai o ke aʻalolo-oaio? A

Ke physiology o ka'emi'ōnaehana mea ee iaaanu aey ma kona paeʻokoʻa. Ka hope i hana oihana, i ka nui pilikia i kana hana, a hormonal hooponopono. Aia nāʻeono i meaʻole i nā mea a pau nā aʻalolo-oaio? A, nānā 'ole o ka' äina waiwai.

1. E mālama nei excitation wale mai i ka mea loaʻa a hiki i ka effector neuron. Physiologically, keia mea no ka mea, na synapses (neurons pili puan) hana i loko o hoʻokahi wale kuhikuhi ana a me ka hiki ole hoʻololi 'ana i ia.

2. Kali hou aku; o nā aʻalolo excitation ua kekahi ua hoʻopili i ka helu nui o neurons ma ka piʻo, a, nolaila, na synapses. I mea e synthesize i neurotransmitter (Nine Inch stimulus), hookuu ia i loko o ka mauae synaptic, a ke lilo aku ai ka naita, ka mea i oi manawa ma mua, inā i nā lāʻau ikiʻai wale hoʻopulapula pono a ke aʻalolo puluniu.

3. Summation excitations. Kēia ka hana i ka wa a ka stimulus mea nawaliwali, akā, mau a rhythmically repetitive. Ma keia hihia, ke uwao ua loaa i loko o kaʻili lahilahi synaptic a ia mea,ʻaʻole he nui nui, a laila,? Aaeaao i ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale. Ka simplest laʻana o keia kŰia - i ka hana o ke kiheʻana.

4. Ka hou 'ana o ka excitation kōmi. Ka 'ole o ka reflex piʻo, e like me hiʻona o ka'emi'ōnaehana ia i ke ahiahi, i loko o ka lohi pāpana o ka stimulus mea kō kekahi o ka momentum - mai kanalima a hiki i elua haneri manawa no kekona. Nolaila, ua hoemiia na nāʻiʻo i loko o ka kanaka kino tetanic, oa discontinuously.

5. Reflex aftereffect. Nā neurons o ka reflex piʻo i loko o ka pīhoihoi moku'āina no kekahi manawa ma hope o ka cessation o ka stimulus. Ma keia mooolelo, ma laila nō nā theories. Na Hawaii mua i nā aʻalolo keena, e hoʻolele i ka excitation o ka lua o ka hou ma mua o ka stimulus a ai hooloihi reflex. Ka lua o ka ua me ka nānā 'ana ma o ka reflex komolima i ua pani ma waena o nā waena neurons. Ka mea, ke hoʻouna i excitation like loa me kekahi o ia mau mea hiki ole paha i ka lāʻau ikiʻai wale paha a ole mawaho ke peleki pāʻana aʻoaʻo neaiaea.

6. Poho iho la lakou nā aʻalolo-oaio? A ia lŘlŘ oiai e hooloihi ae i stimulation o na receptors. Keia ua hoikeia mai mua emi, a laila, pau loa kekahi pā lonoaʻili.

Autonomic reflex piʻo

Ma ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana type mea e kakau mai ai ka excitation, a e lawelawe ai ko mākou hopohopo impulse, kaʻawale, somatic a me autonomic ko mākou hopohopo piʻo. A kūikawā hiʻona mea i ka reflex i ka skeletal Muscle ua i keʻakeʻa, a me ka autonomic ganglia ua koi 'ia e OIeEOEIeAeEIIe no. A pau nā aʻalolo-oaio? A hiki ke maheleia i ekolu pūʻulu.

• Vertebral (spinal) ganglia e pili ana i ke aloha o ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu. Ka mea, i ke aupuni 'ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka spine, ho okumu i na kia.
• Prespinal aka wahi e ke aupuni 'i ka mamao, a mai ka spinal kolamu, a mai ka mana. Mau nā ciliary ganglion, cervical kōkua aloha aka wahi, ka poe plexus a me mesenteric aka wahi.
• Intraorganic aka wahi meaʻaʻole paʻakikī e koho, e aia i loko o ka na nā loko: naau Muscle, bronchial, intestinal Tube, ka endocrine glands.

Mau oko ao ma waena o ka somatic a me ka autonomic nenoai e kaumaha i uhukiia ma ka phylogeny, a ua pili i ka propagation māmā holo o reflexes a me kā lākou mau mea.

Kō o ka reflex

Externally ma ka reflex piʻo komo mea loaʻa stimulation, i ke kumu excitation a me ka hanana o ke aʻalolo impulse. Ke kumu o kēia kaʻina hana o ka loli i loko o ka lehulehu o ke kalipuna a me ka paʻakai Ion, i mea ma na aoao a elua o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Hoʻololi i ka helu ana o anions a me cations ke kumu no ka 'oni iki i ka uilaʻia a me nā hanana o ka hookuuia.

Mai mea loaʻa stimulation, centripetally kēia hoʻonaue komo ka afferent loulou reflex piʻo - cerebrospinal wahi. Scion ka mea hele mai i ka spinalʻula i ka ikepili koʻikoʻi Kora naʻEsau, a laila mea hoʻololi i ka Hawaii neurons. 'O kēia ka kikowaena loulou o ka reflex. Keʻano o ka hanaʻana Hawaii nuclei o ka spinalʻaha i ke aupuni 'pu a me nā aʻa, a hoouna aku la i ka AYEIE actuators. Ka pūhaka Muscle olona, hope Hawaii plaque.

Baud uku lāʻau ikiʻai wale hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o nā aʻalolo olona, a i ka ÷ 0.5 a hiki i 100 mau mika kekona päkahi. Excitation ua i hoolilo i ka pili nā aʻalolo aie i ke alo leho kaʻawale keʻano o ka hanaʻana mai kekahi i kekahi.

Meaning reflex inhibition

Mai ke aʻalolo puluniu mea hiki ke malama loa manaʻo pīhoihoi, i ka ke peleki pāʻana mea he nui adaptiveʻano papa hana o ka meaola. Mahalo iā ia, i ke aʻalolo aeee mai i 'ike mau luhi a me ka overstimulation. Hoʻokaʻaʻike afferentation, e olaʻi hoʻomaopopo a me ke peleki pāʻana, ua komo i loko o ke kahua o ka hoʻoponopono reflexes, a e lawe aku oe i ka pono no ka mea Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana e kālailai i ka kiʻekiʻe hana. Kēia i nā ōhumu reflexes, e laʻa me, hula.

Manaʻo Kōkua afferentation kekahi 'ano ua ālai ka propagation o nā aʻalolo impulses i nā hale o ka'emi oihana, oiai e malama ana i ko lakou hana ana.

Coordinating i ka hana o ka'emi ko kahua

Ma ke ola i ke kanaka i nā nā loko a pau hana harmoniously, a hooholo ae. Ka mea, e malama i kaʻaʻahu nenoaiu o ōhumu. Ka 'ole o ka reflex piʻo - keia mea he kūikawā hihia, a hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻokahi rula. Like me kekahi'ē aʻe'ōnaehana, i loko o ke kanaka, hoi, eia he nui o nā loina a me kanawai ana i ia hana:

• Hoʻohui (lāʻau ikiʻai wale o kekahi mau wahi e hele mai i kekahi hapa o ka CNS);
• irradiation (hoʻolōʻihiʻia a me nā loa ae hookaawale kumu excitation o pili kahua);
• mā lama (inhibition kekahi reflexes'ē aʻe);
• i kekahi, he pono ole hope ala (ma muli o ka discrepancy dala afferent neurons e efferent);
• manaʻo (pakiko-hooponopono'ōnaehana ma muli o ka helu o nā lāʻau ikiʻai wale loaa mai, a ua loaʻa);
• Hoʻohaku (i ke alo o ka papa kuhikuhiE pulakaumaka o excitation, a 'ano o ka' ē aʻe).