Ka pili 'ole o ka moku'āina: nāʻano a,' ole

ole States OAOOUIEeE wale i ka nui, ka heluna, nui o ka pomaikai o ke kanaka. Lākou na hui hiki no hoi e loaʻokoʻa. He aha nō i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona o ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana o ka aina? He aha nā 'ano apau loa a me ka' ole o ke kalaʻana aku i loko o ke kēia kumumanaʻo o ka moku'āina? Kēia e e kūkākūkā i loko o kēia 'atikala.

He aha ka ka moku'āina?

Ka moku'āina - mea he nunui-faceted ka leo waeʻano, a ua hana i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka helu o? Iie ka hoʻopaʻi' ana, mai ka hana kemika e sociology. Akä naÿe i kekahi mau '?? eoi? A Leeuwerikplein aupuni, ia lends ia i ke kahua o ka hana empirical pokole i oi Hōʻuluʻulu ma mua o ka maoli o ka mahele.

Ke kŰia o ka moku'āina, kona pili aupuni nenoaiu, ke ano o ka aupuni - kēia mau nīnau Pioloke iho la ka naau o na mea he nui akeakamai a me nā kānakaʻepekema ma ka likeʻole ma o ka mōʻaukala manawa. Penei, i ke ao a mau, ao ke ano o ka moku'āina komo i loko o ia mau thinkers me Aristotle a me Plato, Foma Akvinsky a me Confucius, Dzhon Lokk, a me Herbert Spencer.

Ke kahiko Greek poe akeakamai Plato hoolilo i keia pilikia i kekahi o kana mau hana (ʻano) ma lalo o ka ia inoa "The State". Ma kēia hana 'oe e' imi i kekahi hana hoihoi manaʻo i i ole nalowale lākou pilina i kēia lā. No ka laʻana, i mai la ia ma ke poo o ka mana akamai poe akeakamai pono ia, no ka mea wale ka mea, hiki pono lawe mālama o nā kānaka. Plato no hoi i leʻaleʻa loa o ke kūlana politika a kemokalakaʻano o ka noonoo o kanaka. Aupuni a ka lehulehu, ua kapa nani, a ma ka mea ia manawa, loa ka poe pono ole mana.

Nā hiʻona a me nā hana o ka moku'āina

State - keia mea he loa eiiieaen pili nohona e, i ka manaʻo o ka i hiki ke hanaʻia ma ke kumu nui hiʻona o keia hoʻonaʻauao. A huina o ehiku:

• pololei ho'ākāka 'ana hoʻii ka Geographic makahiki āpana;
• i ho'ākāka 'heluna kanaka;
• i ke alo o ka lehulehu Aupuni a me nā kānāwai (nā loina o ka hana);
• Aia o he ano o ke kānāwai mākaʻi kino, a me ka moku, ka hoʻokoloʻana i ka manaʻo o ke kānāwai;
• Poe koa alo aku;
• hana o kanaka o ka auhau'ōnaehana;
• i ke ola ana o ka moku'āina kūʻokoʻa 'ana (kuokoa).

Ma muli o kēia mauʻano, ka moku'āina ua koiia e hana mau oihana, oia hoi:

• pili aupuni;
• aneiai;
• nohona;
• kūlana pale;
• kānāwai mākaʻi;
• nohona kanaka, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me na mea e ae.

Ma keia 'atikala, e kālele ana mākou i loko o oi au mamuli o ka mea mua o kēia mau mana, hookolokolo aku la ia i loko o au mamuli o ka ano a me ka' ole o ka pili 'ole o ke aupuni. A poe i ka loa hanohano i keia la?

Ka pili 'ole o ka moku'āina a me kona kumu o ke ano

auhau Nā kānakaʻepekema, a me ka poe akeakamai thinkers ma naʻano likeʻole o ka kūlana o ka moku'āina. I kekahi manawa, i kēia mau koho ua Polar ma ka pili ana i kekahi i kekahi. No laila, Vladimir Lenin ua kūkākūkāʻia i "ka moku'āina - o ka nakeke o ka ikaika i loko o ka lima o ka rula ana ka papa." Akā, he pono-ike Lūkini existentialist Nikolay Berdyaev ua paulele i ka moku'āina e leie aku ka honua kanaka ola, aole ia e huli i loko o ka hope loa o Gehena.

A laila, a me kekahi olelo like i ka pono i ke ola. Ka pono kamaʻilio i loko o kēia 'atikala, hoʻonaʻauao Ua pili kēia kalele iho ma luna o ka hana i ho'ākāka' ano o ka pili 'ole o ka moku'āina. No, ma kekahi mau aina o ke ao nei, ke ike pehea na luna i maoli ana i ka hana no na kanaka. Ma na aina e ka mana o ka mokuna wale oppresses a hoʻohana kona poe kanaka.

Social a me ka pili aupuni nenoaia - ia mea he kaʻina hana, a ma ka mea hookahi manawa i ka hopena o ka hui ana o ka mana i loko o ke aupuni. Ua nā ke 'ano o ke aupuni' ole a me ka pili aupuni? Eia.

Ke ano o ka pili aupuni 'ole - ia mea he ala ana o ke aupuni, a me ka ia kenekoa hui o ka moku'āina. Ka mea, ua hoakaka no ka paa ana o kekahi mau 'ana ma waena o ka (kūloko) luna Central a me ka' āina '.

Pili aupuni'ōnaehana hiki ke lawe ekolu walaʻau 'ano apau loa. He He unitary moku'āina, a me ka Hui confederation.

Unitary moku'āina: 'ano a me nāʻikepili

Ma lalo o ka unitary moku'āina maopopo i kēia 'ole pili kalai aupuni o ke aupuni i loko o kona a kanaka hoʻomalu naehana aʻole' oe i kona kūʻokoʻa 'ana. Mawaena o ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o keia palapala i ka mea penei:

• he hookahi kupa a me ka Ahaolelo kahua;
• i ka aina o ka alakaʻi mai kekahi mawaena konu (ke poʻo);
• hoʻokahi kālā a me ka auhau kahua;
• hoʻokahi poʻe kaua;
• mau moku'āina hōʻailona - i ka hae, a me ka höʻailona o mele.

Ma kēia pili aupuni 'epekema hoʻokuʻu akula kekahi mauʻano o unitary Hawaii. Ka mea, e:

• pololei centralized;
• decentralized.

Unitary Hawaii i ke mele o ka hoʻokahi (ano he kumu hoʻohālike: Tajikistan, Ukraine) a oi kū kaʻawale (examples: Moldova, Spain).

Ke laupaʻi kēia lākiō i loko o ka o kēia au nei ua Kīwala'ō unitary moku'āina. Keia ua maopopo ike ma ka palapala 'āina kahi a lakou i wae i ka uliuli. E like me ka rula, ia mea liʻiliʻi i loko o ka'āina wahi me ka predominance o kekahi lahui. 'Oiai, aia nō, koe i waena o lākou. Kekahi o ia mau mea - China, i ua haku o kekahi mauʻano pae o kū kaʻawale.

Pekelala moku'āina: 'ano a me nāʻikepili

Hui - he hana pili aupuni'ōnaehana, ma a kanaka wahi o ka moku'āina i ka kona kūʻokoʻa 'ana i ua paa' aelike. I ka hua'ōlelo i Roma aa, a 'o ia hoʻi "hui" a "hui".

Kekahi o nāʻano o ke aupuni pekelala moku'āina o ka ai-kapaia mau kanawai. He aha aʻole ia ke ano o? Kanawai e ho okumu i nā kikowaena ke aupuni a me ka 'āina'. Ma kēia hihia, na bila i lawe ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka kanaka o ka Hui, e ole hoole aku paha i ke kānāwai pekelala.

Ma federations, e like me ka rula, aia no he hookahi kālā, nae, o ka auhau'ōnaehana hiki e pālua Kanal. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea i ho'ākāka' kumuhana o ka Hui i nā kānaka apau, e lilo lākou mau 'āina' Bedroom a līkaia no kona kālā.

Ka honua maopopo symmetric a me ka asymmetric Hui. Ka mua ia kenekoa nāʻoihana i like nā pono kīvila, akā, i loko o ka lua o ko lākou mau loio i ke kūlana loli aʻe.

Hui no ka mea laekahi pili aupuni palapala o ko ke ao nei i haawi kōā kaulike (loaʻa nā 28). Iwaena o lakou - kokoke i ka nui aina o ko ke ao nei: Rusia, USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, India.

Confederation: ke ano a me ka mōʻaukala examples

Ma lalo o ka Confederation hana i ka hui ana o kekahi mau Hawaii i hana ai, e hoʻokō i kekahi pahu hopu: koa, waiwai 'ole' ē aʻe. 'āina pili i ka confederation, e like me ka noho aliʻi, noho ma kā lākou ia kona kūʻokoʻa 'elua ma ka lulu popilikia kālai'āina, a ma ka global Arena.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE symptoms i emi kana confederation:

• like mokuna;
• hookahi kau oihana;
• hookahi kālā kahua;
• hookahi kumukānāwai;
• hookahi kupa.

Nā manaʻo hoʻoholo o ke confederation i laweʻia kona manaʻo ma. Eia hou, i kela mea keia mea o kona mau lala i ka pono, e kuu OAAIeOO mai ia o ka hui ana.

Confederation i haawi ma ka XVIII-XIX kenekulia maʻEulopa. Ma ka hope kenekulia he mau nō kekahi mau Classic confederations: ka United ¶ʻO'Araba Repubalika, e like me ka Senegambia. Naʻe, ka mea, mau ae la ia i ka kŘpa a pōkole manawa. I këia lä nā hiʻona i ka confederation hiki ke ike ia ma ka 'Eulopa Union a me ka Organization o ka Moscow (mokuaina o kūʻokoʻa States).

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka lehulehu-loio i? Eia

Nā mea mana i e ana ma kela a me keia o na'āina i loko o ke ao nei e hana i ko lakou mana ma naʻano likeʻole. He poʻe o nā hakakā a me nāʻano o ka mana - keia o ka moku'āina-loio i ke kūlana. Ua hana like me ka nui hehee ai, he ana no ka hoomaopopo ana i ke ano o ka ua moku'āina.

He nui na ano (ano) o ka moku'āina-loio i? Eia. Ua hiki e kemokalaka paha 'ole-kemokalaka (authoritative, totalitarian a me ka nazi' ole. D.).

Maopopo ma waena o ke aupuni? Eia mai totalitarian ia ka loa paʻakikī. No laila, no ka mea hoike, ka mea Soviet alakaʻi hoʻonoho iho i ke ao nei, e like me "he mokupuni o kemokalaka pono kīvila." A me nā kānaka he nui o ko ke ao nei me ka manao pono manaʻo i loko o kēia wahahee.

Authoritarianism a me kona symptoms

"Ka mana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā" - ai kekahi ke unuhi i keia manawa, mai ka Lakina. Ma keia? Eia kālai'āina loa ka mana a pau i loko o nā lima o kekahi kanaka (a me ka pae ana o kanaka).

Ua hiki ke komo i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE kēia mau hiʻona authoritarianism:

• ikaika centralization o ka mana;
• kauoha-? oaony ala e hiki ai i ke aupuni o ka alakaʻi;
• ke kanana 'mana o ka mau, ao ke ano o ka moku'āina o ka lehulehu ke ola;
• ka mea, aole he oiaio kaawale ana o ka mana i loko o kekahi mau lala (Ahaolelo, hooko, Hookolokolo);

Ke Kumukanawai ma lalo o authoritarianism mea hoʻokahi wale nō declaratory ma ke ano maoli, mahalo ke koho - mea nui, mhihi.

Pili aupuni repression ma keia ano, i ka Wahi koho, ka mea e kuhikuhi wale ka K'lauea mau hoa o na luna e ku e. Pluralism o ka manao, ma ke a pau, ua aeia mai, akā, wale ina mea aʻole i appreciable ino i ke kahua. Kēia mau hiʻona maopopo authoritarianism mai totalitarianism.

Totalitarianism a me kona symptoms

Mau kanaka ike i ka manawa i dala dictator Mussolini i loko o ka 1920s. Ma lalo o totalitarianism hana i ka piha (huina) moku'āina hooponopono ana a pau spheres o ka lehulehu ola. Despotism, ka hainā, repression a me ka nuipa a denunciations - kēia mau mea a pau i typical hiʻona o ka? Eia kālai'āina.

Society like me ka a pau, a me kēlā me kēia kanaka pākahi i totalitarianism ihola ia ke kemu ma ka moku'āina. Pluralism o nā manaʻo 'aʻole i lawe i kekahi o na spheres o ke ola. Kekahi hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona o ka totalitarianism - heʻoʻoleʻa vertical o ka mana.

Ma honua mōʻaukala, eia examples o nā "haʻalele" a me ka "pono" totalitarianism. Ka mua ua ano o ka Soviet Union, i ka lua o ka - i Nazi Germany a Mussolini ka dictatorial? Eia.

Aupuni a ka lehulehu a me kona papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona

Aupuni a ka lehulehu - he aupuni o na kanaka (he literal unuhi mai i ka olelo Helene, 'ōlelo). Me keia ano, i ka lawe mana i loko o ka moku'āina lawelawe 'ana i nā kanaka, e aho kona hapanui.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka poʻokela thinker PlatoʻAʻole makemake aupuni a ka lehulehu. He nānāʻana iā ia i kekahi o ka meaʻino ano o ka hoʻokele. Akā, he pono-ike politician Winston Churchill koke hōʻike ia penei: ". Aupuni a ka lehulehu - o kaʻino ke ano o ke aupuni, ke ole i na mea e ae a pau i ike i ka mōʻaukala" A maalea Pelekāne Kuhina Nui Kuhina 'aloʻahia aohe mea i' ano like o ka? Eia kālai'āina.

Ka loa nui hiʻona o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu - nei:

• ao suffrage, like me ka hopena o ka a mana ua ua loaʻa;
• iaia o ka mō'ī i ka mana o na kanaka ma ka loio i kiʻekiʻe;
• ka loa e hoʻokolokolo pono o nā pono o nā maka'āinana, nānā 'ole o ka wahine, makahiki paha Lāhui;
• subjugate i ka hapa a hiki i ka hapanui;
• lehulehu mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka hana o ka hooko lala.

Ke pili aupuni nenoaiu o Rusia

Hoikehonua, Rusia mea he aupuni pekelala moku'āina. Kēia mea he koho pelekikena-hale kanawai repubalika i loko i ka pelekikena ua hāʻawi mai i ka 'ano palahalaha mana. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kulanui o ka mana i loko o ke aupuni i hana i loko o ka kakahiaka 1990s, pono ma hope o ka'opi o ka USSR. I ka hoomaka ana o keia keneturia i loko o kā lākou functioning ua kekahi nīnūnē hoololi.

Rusia i ka luna 'hoʻomalu-ia kenekoa' ole. E like me kekahi hapa o ka moku'āina - 85 kanaka o ka Hui, ka poe i like nā pono kīvila a me ka pomaikai. Kēlā me kēia no ia i kona iho Ahaolelo, e like me kona 'āina' aupuni. Eia hou kekahi, Rusia Ua maheleia i eiwa aupuni pekelala apana.

Hoikehonua, Russian pili aupuni'ōnaehana i nā hiʻona o nā kenekoa a me ka lahui Hui. Education lahuiʻano ma ka Russian Hui a hooku iho la republics. Ia kenekoa naehana - he māhele, ?? eoi? Ee, kū kaʻawale, e like me nā kūlanakauhale o ke aupuni pekelala manaʻo nui. Kēia hui ano o ka'ōnaehana pili aupuni pono e e nani'ōlewa a me ka noʻonoʻo kūpono-mai pilikino E pili o na Aupuni.

I ka hopena ...

Ma lalo o ka palapala o ka pili 'ole o ka moku'āina hoʻohuʻu ke ala o kālai'āina i ka aina. Ma ke kēia kumumanaʻo o ka moku'āina ua maheleia i ekolu 'ano apau loa: he unitary moku'āina, a me ka Hui confederation. Kēlā me kēia no ia i kona mau peculiarities a me nā 'ano.

Ma ka pili aupuni palapala o ko ke ao nei o ka XXI kenekulia ua Kīwala'ō unitary moku'āina. Federations Ua nui emi, akā, na confederations, i ka mea, a aole i koe.