Ka uhi'ili: nā'ano a me nā'ano hana

Ke ho'ohana'ia nei ka pe'a a me ka hue nani ma kēia mau lā ma nā'ano like'ole, no ka mea he nui nā mea maika'i. 'O kekahi o nā kumu nui no ka hō'oia'i'o'ana i kēia mau pono a pau, a'o ia ke kumu e no'ono'o ai i ke'ano o nā kapa e like me ka ho'opili pololei'ana.

He aha kēia?

'O ka pe'a a me ka'enehu i hana'ia he ki'i pa'i ki'i i ho'okomo'ia i kahi o kahi. Hiki ke ho'ohui'ia ma nā'ano like'ole. 'O ke'ano hana hana ho'okahi, kahi i hana'ia ai ka ulana paona,'o ia ka mea mua, ka ho'omalo'o'ana, a laila ka ho'oikaika hope'ana o ka mea i ho'ohana'ia.

'O ka hana nui o ia mau kapa komo,'o ia ka mālama pono'ana i nā pō'ino, a me ka hā'awi'ana i kekahi o nā'ano maika'i i ke nānā aku, ka lanu a me ke'ano.

Nā'ano

Ma muli o nā'ano hana, hiki ke pa'i ka pe'a a me ka pehu varnish i kekahi o kēia mau'ano: ka wai'ole, ka'aila a me ka'aila, kū'ē i ke ākea, palekana, kūpa'a kūpiliki'i, mālama mālama, ho'olālā uila, a me kekahi kumu kūikawā. Eia nā'ao'ao i lalo:

• 'O nā mea'oko'a a me nā mea'ono (GOST R 51164-98 a me nā mea'ē a'e) ka mea nui ma ka'oihana moku. Me ke kōkua'ana o ia mea, ua kāpae'ia ka hopena o ka hana'ana i nā moku o lalo o nā moku, a me nā'ano o nā hale hydraulic e nā algae,'ōpū, microorganis, a me nā mea'ē a'e.
• Ke ho'opihapiha i ka pena a me ka'ona (GOST P 41.104-2002 a me nā mea'ē a'e). Loa'a i ka mana o ka lumana i ka'āpana'ike o ke ahupua'a ma mua o ka'ike'ia'ana i ka irradiation, mālamalama.
• Ke kuhikuhi wela. Hā'awi iā'oe e ho'ololi i ka'ōlinolino a i'ole ke kala o ka mimiko ke loa'a kahi mahana.
• Ke ahi-retardant, ka mea e pale ai i ka ho'olaha'ana o ka lapalapa'ana ai'ole e wehe i ka hiki'ana o ka hō'ailona'ana i kahi ki'eki'e o ka mahana.
• 'O ka haunaele. E palekana i ka ho'okomo'ana i nā hawewe kani ma o ka honua.

Ma muli o ke'ano, hiki ke hana i ka pa'i ki'i'ana i kekahi o nā papa'ehiku, a he'ano kūikawā kēlā me kēlā me kēia, a me ke'ano o ke'ano'oko'a o ka ki'i ma mua.

Nā Pono

Ua'ae'olu'olu'ia e ho'ohana i nā'ano o nā mea i pili i:

• Ke kinikini thermoplastic mua;
• Nā mea hana'oniuma ma kahihana;
• 'Ala'ai;
• 'O nā'aila i ho'ololi'ia.

'O nā mea a pau i'ōlelo'ia ma luna nei a me nā kapa'a'ahu makamae i kēia manawa ua ho'ohana nui'ia i nā wahi a pau o ka ho'okele waiwai o ka'āina, a ua ulu nui ho'i i ka nohona o ke ao.

Ka helu Heluhelu

I kēlā me kēia makahiki, ua'oi aku i ka 100 miliona mau'oni o ka pena a me nā mea'eneka i hua'ia ma ka honua holo'oko'a,'oi aku ka hapalua o kēia kālā i ho'ohana'ia ma ke enehana, a'o ka hapahā ua ho'ohana'ia no ke kūkulu'ana a me ka hana'ana.

No ka hana'ana i nā pena a me nā kapa'enehu, kahi i ho'ohana'ia i ka ho'opau'ana, ua ho'ohana'ia nā'ano'oko'a ke'ano ma'alahi, e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana o ia mau mea hana ki'i'oni'oni e like me ke'ano o ka dispersion o ka polyvinyl acetate, casein, acrylates a me nā mea like like'ole e pili ana i ka aniani wai.

Ma ka hapanui nui o nā hihia, ua hana'ia ia mau kapa komo ma o ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea kūikawā ma nā papa he nui, a laila e loa'a ai ka'oihana palekana loa loa o ka papalu e pale'ia. 'O ke kumu, he 3 a 30 micron ka nui o ko lākou mānoanoa, a ma muli o ia mau kumu li'ili'i, he pa'akikī ke koho i ka mānoanoa o ka pena i loko o nā hale, kahi hiki'ole ke ho'ohana i nā mea hana kūikawā.

Nā lole komo

No ka loa'a'ana o kahi palekana palekana, he mea ma'amau ka ho'ohana'ana i nā'ano o nā'ano like'ole o nā mea i ka manawa ho'okahi,'o kēlā me kēia waihona i kāna pono pono'ī.

Kekahi mea no ka ikea ai HW ho film ua noi i mea e hōʻoia i ka waiwai o ka mea haʻahaʻa, ahu iho e like me ka hoʻolako 'iniiaiie hoomalu, mea pīlali i ka kūpapakū, retardation electrochemical ka popopo a me na mea e ae.

'O kahi pāpale e ho'ākāka'ia ana e kona mau pale kia'i ki'eki'e e pono e komo i kekahi mau papa ma'alahi:

• O Putty;
• Ho'opili;
• Kūlana Phosphate;
• Mai ho'okahi a'ekolu mau lālā o ke enamel.

I kekahi mau mea, inā ua hō'ike ka mea no ke ho'ā'o'ana i ka pa'i ki'i i nā kumu kūpono'ole, hiki ke ho'ohana'ia ka papa, a me nā mea e pono ai ka ho'omalu'ana i nā pono, a me kekahi mau mea ho'onani. I ka hana'ana i nā kapa pale nani, ho'ohana'ia ka varnish ma luna o ka'ili o nā huahana, a'o ia ka mea e pono ai ka palekana.

Kāhua

'O ke ka'ina hana'enehana kahi i loa'a ai nā pale lole pena ma'alahi he mau hanana like'ole o nā hana like'ole e pili ana i ka ho'olālā'ana i ka ho'olālā'ana, ka ho'ohana'ana i ka pena'ana, ka ho'oma'ama'a'ana a me ka hana'ana i nā wāwae.

'O ka koho'ana o kahi mākaukau'enehana kū'oko'a ma muli o ke'ano o nā mea i ho'ohana'ia, a me nā'ano hana o ka'ili pono'ī. Eia kekahi,'o ka ho'olālā a me nā hi'ona o ka mea a lākou i ho'ohana ai ua mālama'ia. 'O ka maika'i o ka ho'omākaukau'ana o ka mahele ma mua o ka ho'ohana'ana i ke kala, a me ka koho pono'ana o ka pa'i ki'i e ho'ohana ai, e ho'oholo pono i ka ikaika pa'a o ka mea, a me kona lō'ihi.

Ilikai e hoʻomākaukau ai ka loaʻa o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ana me ka lima a me ka mana kila, pana aku la ia malili paha sandblasting, a me ka aaioee hoʻohana kela Nine Inch konohiki, i komo ai i ka moʻo o ka hana:

- Ho'onui i ka'ili. Eia kekahi la'ana, pili kēia i ke kāpa'au'ana me nā hanana aqueous kūikawā a me nā hawewe'ana i loko o nā mea'onihu a me nā mea'oko'a'ē a'e, nā solvent organic a me nā loli kūikawā paha, me ka wai a me ka mea ho'omehana honua.

- Ho'okomo. 'O ka ho'opau piha'ana i ka'ūmū, nā pākuhi, a me nā hua aku'ino'ino mai ka lewa e pale ai. Ma ka hapanui o nā hihia, hana'ia kēia ka'ina hana ma hope o ka ho'ā'o'ia'ana o ka pe'e'eneka a me ke kāhili o ka ka'a a i'ole nā huahana'ē a'e.

- Ka ho'ohana'ana i nā papa hana ho'ololi. Hā'awi ia no ka ho'ololi'ana i ke'ano kumu o ka'ili a ho'ohana pinepine'ia i ka wā e pono ai e hana i nā lole pena paakiki me kahi ola lō'ihi. I loko o kēia'ano,'o kēia ka phosphating a me ka pale'ana (ma ka hopena o nā'ano koho electrochemical ma ka anode).

- Ho'onohonoho'ia o nā sublayer metala. Ho'opuka'ia kēia me ka hana'ana i ka hana'ana a me ka cadmium (ma ka ho'ohana pinepine'ana i ka hana hana pono'ī i ka cathode). Ho'omākaukau'ia ka ho'omalu āpau me ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea'onika lā'au ma ke kāpili'ana a ho'okomo'ana paha i ka huahana me kahi hopena hana kūikawā ma lalo o nā kūlana pa'i ki'i pono a me nā mechanic. Ke ho'ohana'ia nei nā'ano'oko'a o nā pena pelekane,'o ka ho'ohana'ana o nā mea hana kino e hiki ai ke loa'a kahi ki'eki'e o ka ho'omākaukau'ana i ka ho'olālā'ana, akā i ka manawa like no ka ho'oma'ema'e hou'ana me ka wai a me ka maloo wela o ka'ili.

Pehea e ho'ohana'ia ai nā kapa komo wai?

Ke koho'ia nā mea kūpono e pono ai, a nānā'ia ke'ano o ka pena'ana, e koho'ia ke'ano o ka ho'ohana'ana ia mea i ka'ili, a he nui nā'ano:

• Nānā. Ho'ohana'ia no ka pena'ana i nā'ano nui o nā huahana, a me ka ho'oponopono hale a me ka wehe'ana i nā'ano'ino'ole o ka home. Ma ke'ano ma'amau, he mea ma'amau ka ho'ohana'ana i nā huahana kūikawā o ka pena a me ka lole.
• Ho'olālā. 'Imi i ho'omohana'ia, kahi e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana i kahi'ōpili'ōpili. Ho'ohana'ia ia no ka noi'ana i nā mea waiwai i nā hua pālahalaha, e like me nā polima film, nā pepa a me nā hua i'ōwili'ia, ka pepa pahu, ka pepa a me nā mea'ē a'e.
• Inkjet. Lawe'ia ka huahana i hana'ia ma o ka "pale" kūikawā o ka mea kūpono. Ma kēia'enehana, ka pena a me ka uhi'ana o ka mīkini, hiki i nā'ōpili hale a me nā huahana'ē a'e ke ho'ohana'ia, akā, no kēlā me kēia wahi, ho'ohana pinepine'ia ka ho'ohana'ana i ka lather, i ka mea nui, nā hua pālahalaha e like me ke kaula kila, .

Ho'ohana'ia nā'ano o ka'omi'ana a me ka ho'oinu'ana i ka hapanui o nā hihia e kau i nā papa o ka pena ma kahi huapili i kahaki'ia me kahi'ōmole'olu'olu, inā makemake'oe e pa'i ia mau mea i kahi'ele'ele. No ka hana'ana i nā pena pelekane me ka'ele'ele'ele'ele me ka hana'ole i kahi kūkulu a i'ole ka lekage, ma hope o ka pa'i'ia'ana o ka huahana no kekahi manawa, e mālama'ia i nā nalu pale e hele pololei mai kahi ke'ena malo'o. He mea nui e ho'oholo pono i ka mānoanoa o ka pena.

Ho'opomo'ia i ka'au'au

Ho'oka'awale maika'i'ia ka pe'ape'a kahiko ma ka'ili ma hope o ka wehe'ia'ana o ka huahana mai ka'au'au ma hope o ka'enemo'ana. Inā mākou e nānā i nā mea wai wai puna, no laila ke'ano ma'amau ka ho'ohana'ana me ka chemo, ka electro a me ka ho'ohemo'ana. E like me ka hō'ailona o ka mea i kauoha'ia no ka'ili o ka huahana e mālama'ia, he like'ole ka'āpana electrode- aopopretic.

I ka hoʻohana 'cathode enehana ka mea ka paleʻana i loaa a i kekahi i lawa ke kiekie ka popopo ia'ku, oiai hoʻohana electrodeposition' ike loea hou loa e leie aku i ka moakāka loa ka popopo 'ohana ka palekana o ke kihi a me nā aka wahi huʻi huahana e like me na cavities a me welds. 'O ka hi'ohi'ona maika'i'ole o kēia'enehana,'o ia wale nō ka papahana o nā mea i ho'ohana'ia ma kēia hihia, no ka mea,'o ka papa mua,'o ia he dielectric, e ho'opilikia ai i ka electrodeposition o ka papahana hope. Eia kekahi pono e ho'omaopopo'ia ke'ano hiki ke ho'ohui'ia kēia'ano me ka ho'ohana mua'ana i kahi pula kūikawā kūikawā i hana'ia mai ka ho'oku'u'ia'ana o ka ki'i ma mua.

I ka ho'ohana'ana o ka chemo-deposition i ka pena a me ka'enehu, e komo pū ana me nā'ano palekana a pau. I loko o ko lākou hui pū'ana me kahi pani kila, ua ho'okumu'ia kahi kukuna ki'eki'e loa o nā kinona ma'amau ma'amau, i mea e ho'ohui'ia ai nā papa li'ili'i o nā mea i ho'ohana'ia.

I ke kumu o ka pali kahawai, ua hana'ia ka lepo ma kahi'āpana wela, a ma kēia'ano ua ho'okomo'ia kahi mea ho'ohui kūikawā i loko o nā mea'ene i ho'opili'ia e ka wai, e nalowale ana i ka ho'oha'aha'a i ke'ano o ka ho'omehana'ana.

'Oiho

Ho'oka'awale'ia kēia'enehana i'ekolu'ano nui:

• Pneumatic. Ho'olako ia no ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea'enela pana i ka'ōpala a me nā lima paha me nā mea pa'i ki'i ma kahi mahana o 20-85 ° C, i hānai'ia ma lalo o ke ki'eki'e. Ho'omaopopo'ia ka ho'ohana'ana i kēia'ano hana ma kahi kūlana ki'eki'e loa, a hiki nō ho'i ke ho'okō i ka maika'i maika'i o nā pena pale, me ka nānā'ole i ke'ano o nā'ao'ao.
• 'O ka hydraulic. Hana'ia ia ma lalo o ke kaumaha, i hana'ia e kekahi pona kūikawā.
• Aerosol. Ho'opiha'ia nā pāpū me nā mea puhi, a me nā pena a me nā mea'eneka. Wahi a GOST hiki i ke pa'i'ia'ana o nā ka'a ke ho'ohana'ia ma kēia'ano, akā i ka ho'ohana'ia'ana, ho'ohana ma'alahi'ia ia no nā mea pena a me nā huahana'ē a'e.

'O kahi'oi aku ka nui o ka huki'ana, ka mea like'ole i nā'ano o ka ho'oulu'ana i nā mea nui, no ka mea ua lawe'ia ka aerosol e ka ventila, e kau ana ma nā paia o ke ke'ena a me nā mea hanahana i ho'ohana'ia. He mea pono e'ike i ke kumu o nā lilo e hiki ai ke hāpai'ana i ka'ōpū kahe i 40%,'o ia ka hō'ailona ko'iko'i loa.

I mea e hō'emi'ia ai nā mea e like me ia, he mea ma'amau ka ho'ohana'ana i ka'enehana'enehana ma kahi māla elela kūikawā nui. (Particles) o ka mea ma muli o ke corona hookuuia paha malama o ka papa ke kūʻai aku ua loaa, a laila, waiho ma luna o ka pena huina hoonui, a ma keia hihia lawelawe 'ana me ka'ūholo uila o ke alo o ka hoailona. Me kēia'ano, ma ka hapanui o nā hihia, he mea ma'amau ke ho'ohana'ana i nā lole pale'ano multilayer i nā metala a me nā wahi ma'alahi, i loko o ia mea,'o ia paha,'o ka lā'au a me ka mea'ilika paha me kahi uhi pale e ho'oka'awale'ia.

Pehea e ho'ohana'ia ai nā mea ho'olimalima?

I ka pae holo'oko'a,'ekolu mau'ano hana nui e ho'ohana'ia ai no ka ho'ohana'ia'ana o nā lole pelekina i ka paukū.

• Ho'ohui'ia;
• 'Ākala;
• 'O ka ho'olālā ho'olālā pani.

'O ka hapanui o nā'enehana loea ulaula e ho'ohana'ia ana ma ke ka'ina hana o nā ki'i pa'i pololei ma luna o nā laina conveyor, no laila, i nā mahana wela, ua ho'okumu'ia nā pale lole palekana, i'ike'ia e ka nui o nā mea kū'ai a me nā'oihana loea.

Hiki ke loa'a nā humuhumu palena ma o ka ho'ohana ho'okahi'ana i nā mea i komo i loko o nā pahū, nā ho'olaha a me nā mea pa'i ki'i'oni'oni i ma'a'ole'ia. Hiki i nā mea hope ke ho'oka'awale iā lākou iho i ka wā e ho'oku'u'ia ai kahi palekana ma'amau a i'ole i ka wā e ho'onāukiuki'ia nā mea hīmeni ma luna o ka mahana o ke ana.

Ma muli o ka holoi'ana o ke pani, kahi pīkoi mua e ho'olako ana i nā papa ma luna o nā'eneka pena, a'o ka lua, ka mea e ho'omāhuahua ai i nā mea ha'aha'a. No laila, ua ho'okumu'ia ka hanana o ka uhi'ia multilayer.

Pono e ho'omaopopo'ia ka ho'onui a me ka ho'omaika'i'ana o nā'enehana i kēia wahi, akā, ua poina nā'ao'ao kahiko. Ma ke'ano, i kēia lā,'a'ole e ho'ohana hou'ia ka ho'opili'ia'ana o ka pena (55 pūnaewele) e like me GOST 6572-82 no nā kālaihana, nā traks a me nā chassis propelled propelled, akā ma mua o ka ho'ohana'ana o ka ho'ohana.

'Ohi

Na ka maloʻoʻana o ka pili ka paleʻana ua lawe mai i ka wela mai ka 15 ^{a hiki i} 25 ° C, ma ka hihia o ka 'ike loea hou anuanu a ma kona ano maoli, a ua hiki ke lawe mai i ke kiekie ana wela ka hoʻohana' ana i ke "ahi" 'ana i kūpono.

Ho'ohana'ia ka'enehana i ke'ano o nā mea i ulana'ia e pili ana i nā mea hana ma'amau a me nā mea i ho'onoe'ole'ia i nā kinikūpika e ho'ohana ana i ka lepo a i'ole ka oxygen e like me nā pa'akikī, e like me polyurethanes a me nā resine alkyd. He mea kūpono ho'i e ho'omaopopo i ke'ano o ka ho'oma'ama'a'ana i ke kino maoli i ka wā e ho'ohana ai i nā mea pale'elua, kahi e ho'ohana'ia ai ka pa'akikī ma mua o ka ho'ohana.

Ka maloʻoʻana o nā mea ma ka hana pinepine hana ma ka wela o ka mai 80 a hiki i ^{160 °} C, o ka lepo a me kekahi kūikawā mea ma nā mea a pau, a hiki e maloo ma mahana i ka 320 ^C. By e pili ana i na rula ua hoʻolako hōʻeleu i volatilization o ka'ūheheʻe, a ua lawe mai o kela kū'ē thermosetting binders No ka la'ana, melamine-alkyd, alkyd, a me nā resine phenol-formaldehyde.

'O nā'enehana lawai'a loa no ka ho'oma'ema'e'ana i nā kapa komo, penei:

• Ke ku'una. Ho'onāhana'ia ka huahana me ka'ō'ana o ka ea wela.
• Thermoradiation. I ke'ano o ka ho'omehana'ana, ho'ohana'ia ka pāhawewe infrared.
• Pāku'i. No ka malo'o, ho'okomo'ia ka huahana i kahi papa koho electromagnetic.

No ka loa'a'ana o nā pena pena e pili ana i nā oligomers i ho'onāuki'ole'ia, he mea ma'amau nō ho'i ka ho'ohana'ana i ka'enehana ma'ema'e ma lalo o ka mana o ka ho'ouka uila ultraviolet ai'ole nā mea koho electron.

Nā hana'ē a'e

I ka wā e malo'o ai, hana'ia ka nui o nā hana kino a me ka hana kino, a'o ia ka hopena i ka hana'ana i nā pehu pale a me nā kapa'a'ahu. 'O ke'ano,'o kēia ka ho'opau'ia'ana o ka wai a me ka mea'alapalapala, e ho'oma'ama'a i ke pani, a me ka polycondensation a me ka polymerization, inā he nīnau ia o ka huahana reactive - ke'ano me ka hana'ana o nā mea polima pūnaewele.

'O ka hana'ana o nā'a'ahu mai nā paukū o nā mea lepo e pili ana i ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o nā hua'oko'a like'ole o ka mea pa'i ma mua, a me ka ho'opili'ana i nā momulele i hana'ia a me ka holoi'ana o ke pani. He mea kūpono ho'i ka'ike'ana i kekahi mau'ano he mea ma'amau ke ho'ohana'ana i ka wela.

Ke ka'ina hana waena

'O nā lawelawe ma waena o:

• Ke kāwili'ana me ke kōkua'ana o nā'ili o nā mea'ili o nā papa lalo o ka pena e ho'ohemo ai i nā mea'ē a'e o nā haole, a me ka hā'awi'ana i ka opacity a me ka ho'omaika'i'ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā papa.
• 'O Polishing of the layer top with the use of pastes pastes, i mea e'a'ahu'ia ai nā lole'a'ahu. Eia kekahi la'ana, hiki iā mākou ke hō'ano i nā'ōnaehana kalawai'enehana i ho'ohana'ia i ka hana'ana o nā kino ka'a a me ka hō'ili'ili'ana, ka phosphating, ka hau'oli, ka ho'oma'ama'a'ana, ka ho'omaka'ana a me ka ho'oma'ama'a'ana i ka'ili, a me ka ho'ohana'ana i ke sila, ka ho'onoe'ana a me nā mea hana.

'O nā mea o nā kāhiko i ho'ohana'ia e ho'oholo'ia e ke'ano o nā mea i ho'ohana'ia, a me ke'ano o ka uhi'ana iā ia iho.