Kālaiʻike: He aha ka iniiaiie - mea ole ka ike paka i?

Kālaiʻike - he kahiko 'epekema. Ua originated i nā lā o ke kauwa nenoaiu. A interestingly lawa, somehow koke i ka'āina e like me Kina, India a me Greece. I ka moolelo o ka 'epekema mea oi ma mua o 2500 makahiki. I loko o kēia wā ua hookupaa mākou i ou wahi lihi iki o okoa kino, hōʻikeʻana i ka pae o ka pili aupuni, nioeaeuii-yeiiiie? Acaeoey o ke kaiāulu. Explore na wahi likeʻole o ka kālaiʻike, o ka papa, a me ka hana hoihoi nui. Akā, ka mea a pau alakai i ke kihi - i ka pilikia o ka i a me ka ike paka i.

Kekahi mau mea haʻilula keimikala o ka ia pilikia

I ka loiloi mua ninau o ka kālaiʻike, a ua nānā 'ana ma luna o nā mea a pau mau mea, ua kālaiʻia i loko o kekahi aoao. Us i a me ka ike paka i - i ka pilikia o ka pilina o ka uhane a me ka ano, naau, a me ke kino, manao a me ka i, etc. kēlā me kēia kula o ka manao, imi ae la ka pane ana i ka ninau: He aha ka iniiaiie - mea ole ka ike paka i ..? He aha kona hanau ana ma luna o ia mau mea me ka manao a me ka i? Kēia lākiō o ka Kelemānia poe akeakamai Schelling a me Engels i ua kapaia ka ninau kumu o ka kālaiʻike.

Ka nui o keia pilikia moe i loko o ka mea ana, mai kona pololei hoʻonā hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hana o ka noniakahi 'epekema o ka ke kanaka i ka wahi i loko o ke ao nei. O ka manao, a me ka mea i inseparable. Akā, i ka mea ia manawa i ka paʻa o ke ku pono ana. Ike paka i ua pinepine kapaia ka uhane.

Aoao elua o ka ia pukana

Ma ka papa kuhikuhiE philosophical nīnau: "He aha ka iniiaiie - mea ole ka ike paka i" - he mau minute - existential a me ka cognitive. I-loko o nā hua'ōlelo, kaʻaoʻao ontological, moe i loaa ia makou kekahi pāʻoihana a hiki i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia o ka kālaiʻike. A me ka pā o kaʻaoʻao cognitive paha epistemological, mea e hoʻonā i ka ninau o ina ole paha knowable knowable honua.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o kaʻikepili o kaʻaoʻaoʻelua ua maheleia i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea eha. He He physical nānaina (materialism) a me ka idealism, ua hoano e (empiricism) a me ka rationalist.

Ontology i ka i kēia mau mea: materialism (Classic a me ka vulgaris), idealism (Pahuhopu a me ka pilikino), dualism deism.

Epistemologicalʻaoʻao ua poe e elimaʻaoʻao. Ua lae hope Gnosticism a me agnosticism. Kekahi ekolu - empiricism, rationalism, sensualism.

I ka laina o Democritus

Ma ka moʻokalaleo, materialism ua pinepine kapaia ka laina o Democritus. Kona kākoʻo manaʻo i ka pololei pane i ka ninau o ka mea e hiki mua - mea ole ka ike paka i, mea. I kulike ai me keia materialist postulates e like penei:

• mea maoli i koe, a me ia mea kuokoa o ka ike paka i;
• ?? lelo - mea he hana nona iho waiwai; ka mea, ua nele ia wale nō, a e hoʻomōhala ana i lalo o kona wahi lulu kānāwai;
• ike paka i - kēia waiwai Hōʻike 'ia iho, a e pili ana i ka loa o kāna mau hoʻolālā mea;
• ike paka i mea ole he kuokoa waiwai, ka mea, o - ia.

Mawaena o ka materialist poe akeakamai, ka mea i hoonoho ia lakou iho i ka ninau nui o ka mea e hiki mua - mea ole ka ike paka, hiki ke hōʻike ':

• Democritus;
• Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes (Milesian kula);
• Epicurus, ka puaʻa, Ua laka, Spinoza, Diderot;
• Herzen, Chernyshevsky;
• Marx, Engels, Lenin.

maoli hoʻohihi maoli

Kaawale līkaia no konaʻena materialism. Ua ho Vogt, Moleschott. Ma keia manao, ka wā e hoʻomaka e kamailio ana ka mea iniiaiie - mea ole ka ike paka, me ka kūlana absolutise mea.

Poe akeakamai addicted i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka mea a me ka kōkua o ka kiko'ī sciences: makemakika, ke kālaikūlohea, kemika. Ka mea, kāpae'ōlelo i ka manaʻo me kaʻahahui a me kona hiki, e ho ololi i mea. E like me ka poe o konaʻena materialism, ke kanaka lolo produces manao a me ka ike paka i e like me ka akepaʻa, bile. Kēia au, aole ia i ike i ka qualitative likeʻole ma waena o ka manaʻo a me ka mea.

E like me ke kālā no ka noiʻi, ka wā o ka ninau o ka mea e hiki mua - mea ole ka ike paka, materialism, kālaiʻike, e hilinai ana ma ka kiko'ī a me ka maoli sciences, kekahi hoʻonohonoho ho'āʻo kona postulates. Akā, he mea he nawaliwali - he meager ho'ākāka o ka pā o ka ike paka i, nele o ke ano o na mea he nuiʻike manaʻo o ka puni honua. Materialism Kīwala'ō i ke akeakamai o Helene (ke au o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu) i loko o ka huipuia o na Helene, i loko o 'Enelani i ka XVII kenekulia, ma Farani, o ka XVIII kenekulia, ma ka Socialist aina o ka XX kenekulia.

Plato laina

Idealism o Plato i kapaia o ka laina. Proponents o kēia au e manaoio i ka ike paka i ka iniiaiie, mea mea kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻoponopono i ka papa kuhikuhiE philosophical pilikia. Idealism distinguishes mau hana nona iho wahi: Pahuhopu a pilikino.

Me ka Poeikohoia o ka olelo mua - Plato, Leibniz, Hegel a me na mea e ae. Ka lua o kākoʻo poe akeakamai e like me Berkeley, a Hume. Mea i hoʻokumu i ka Pahuhopu Idealism manaoio Plato. Na manao o keia wahi e wehewehe aku ma ka hōʻike: ". Wale nō i ka manaʻo o ka maoli a me ka iniiaiie" Pahuhopu idealism penei:

• ka puni ike maopopo - i ka honua o ka manaʻo a me ke ao ana o na mea;
• Eidos poepoe (manaʻo) nei mua i loko o ka Akua (nā hualoaʻa) manao;
• ke ao nei, a o na mea mea, aole ia i i ke kaawale ola ana, a me ka mea i keʻano o ka manao;
• kēlā kanaka mea - eidosesʻano;
• ʻano nui kūlana no ka huli ana i loko o kekahi mau 'ikamu manaʻo Mamao aku ke Akua-Mea nana i hana;
• kanaka Eidos nei objectively, kū kaʻawale o ko mākou ike paka i.

Loka a me ka kumu

Pilikino idealism, i ka i ana i ka ike paka i ka iniiaiie, haumāna mea, hākālia nō:

• na mea a pau i koe wale nō i loko o ka naʻau o ke kumuhana;
• I ka manaʻo nui i loko o ke kanaka naau;
• kiʻi o physical mea no hoi e prevalent wale nō i loko o ka manaʻo ma sensory inā pilikia ka haumāna;
• aole ia mea, aole hoi Eidos e noho malu oe mai kanaka ike.

Ke keakea ana o keia kumumanaʻo mea i ole ike loea a me ka Logical hoakaka ana o ka huli anaʻano papa hana eidoses he mau'ikamu. Philosophical idealism maluna i loko o nā lā o Plato ma Helene, i loko o ka Middle Ages. I kēia lā, ia mea, he pono ole i loko o ka United States, Germany a me kekahi'ē aʻe Western 'Eulopa'āina.

Monism a me ka dualism

Materialism, idealism - wahi e monism, oa na aʻo e pili ana i kekahi iniiaiie rula ... Descartes hoʻokumu dualism, i ka i loko o ka i moe i loko o ka ia hoʻi:

• Aia i mau kuokoa waiwai: physical a me ka uhane;
• 'ō he physical waiwai;
• uhane mai manaʻo;
• na mea a pau i loko o ke ao nei ua loko kekahi mai kekahi 'ole mai i ka lua o ka waiwai;
• physical mea hele mai mai ka mea, a me nā manaʻo - mai kaʻuhane waiwai;
• mea a me ka uhane - ka interrelated ku pono ana i hoʻokahi i.

I ka huli 'ana no ka pane ana i ka ninau kahua o ka kālaiʻike: "He aha ka iniiaiie - mea ole ka ike paka i' - hiki e ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo: mea a me ka ike paka i ua mau makana a me ka hoʻokō kekahi i kekahi.

Other LIKE ma kālaiʻike

Pluralism paa i ke ao nei i ka hailona o ka oihana mua, e like me ia ma ka pähola 'ana o monads Leibniz.

Deism ke hoʻomaopopo iho i ke alo o ke Akua, ka mea hookahi i hana ke ao nei, a i ole komo i loko o kona hou 'ana, ka mea, aole ia e pili i ka hana a me ke ola o kanaka. Deists i Palani poe akeakamai o ka mālamalama o ka XVIII kenekulia - Voltaire a me Rousseau. Ka mea, i ole e ku e Mother ka ike paka, a manao iho la ia spiritualized.

Eclectic ua hui manaÿo o ka idealism a me ka materialism.

Mea i hoʻokumu i ka empiricism ua Francis puaʻa. Akä naÿe i ka idealistic hoakaka: "ike paka i ka iniiaiie i pili i ka mea" - empirical kumumanaʻo mai nei i ke kumu o ka ike hiki wale nō e inā pilikia ka haumāna a me nā manaʻo. Ma ka manaʻo (manao), aohe mea i mea i ole ua hua experimentally.

hōʻole o ka ike

Agnosticism - kuhikuhi, loa e hoole ana i ka manawa kūpono o ke ahiahi, he hapa ka naauao o ka honua ma ka pilikino ka hoao ana. Kēia manaʻo i wahahee e T. G. Geksli, a he koʻikoʻi nō 'elele o ka agnosticism ua Kant, i ua kūkākūkāʻia e ke kanaka naau, he nuiʻia, akā, ka mea, ua kaupalena. Ma keia kumu, na kanaka naau hana nane a me nāʻokoʻa i i hiki ole o ka olelo hooholo. O kēia mauʻokoʻa ma Kant ka manao, he mea i eha. Kekahi o ia: aia no he Akua, - ke Akua, aole ia i nei. E like me ia Kant, a hiki i ka mea e pili ana i ka cognitive nā mea hiki o ke kanaka naau, ka mea hiki ole i ka ikeia, no ka ike paka i mea hiki wale ke hōʻike i na mea i loko o ka waiʻona ma ke, akā,ʻo ia hiki ole ke hoʻolimalima hale, e ike i ka pā o Mānoa.

I kēia lā, kākoʻo o ka manaʻo o "Nā'Ōlelo mea iniiaiie - ua loko mai o ka ike paka i ka mea" hiki ke loaʻa loa kākaʻikahi. Ke ao nei Ua lilo religiously aʻo i kaʻoihana, hoʻowahāwahā i ka paa koena unuhi o ka manao. Akā, ma ka naʻe o ka huli kenekulia-kahiko no na thinkers, me ka walaʻauʻana ninau o kālaiʻike ua ole uniquely hoʻoholo. Ua hiki i pane i kekahi o na poe kokua o Gnosticism, aole hoi na adherents o ka ontology. Kēia pilikia maoli koe unresolved no thinkers. I ka iwakalua kenekulia, Western kālaiʻike, School E hoike mai ka hōʻemiʻana nā mea kū i ka noonoo ana i nā loina walaʻauʻana philosophical nīnau. He i nā haalele i kona pilina.

he au

Na haumana me iāsepi, Camus, Heidegger, e olelo aku i loko o ka wā e hiki mai i lilo pili hou philosophical pilikia - existentialism. He He ninau ana o ke kanaka, a me kona ola, ka pāʻana pilikino uhane honua, na lehulehu mau hoahanau, ke ku okoa ana o ka maikai loa, i ke ano o ke ola, kona wahi i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a me ke ano o ka pomaikai.

Mai ke kuanaʻike o existentialism kanaka - he loa hanana aku o ka lanakila. No ka mea, aole e hiki i ka pili inhumane ana causality. ʻAʻohe mawaho ia kekahi mea iloko o ka kanaka, ka mea, i ka mea o lakou iho. No laila, ma ka existentialism kamailio kuokoa kanaka ka pili ana. Ola ana - keia mea i ka wahi o ke ku okoa ana, i ke kumu o ka a - i ke kanaka ia ia iho i hana, a i mea kuleana no ka mea a pau āna i hana. He hana hoihoi 'ia i loko o keia wahi, he mea he kuʻi nukeliu o ka haipule atheism.

Mai ka wā kahiko kanaka ho'āʻo ana e ike ia lakou iho, a loaʻa lākou wahi i loko o ke ao nei. Kēia pukana i mau pili akeakamai. Ma ka huli 'ana no ka pane i kekahi manawa haʻalele i ka a pau ke ola ana o ka poe akeakamai. Ke theme like o ke ano o ke ola ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i ka pilikia o ke kanaka ano. Këia mau manaÿo i intertwined, a he pinepine ka ia me me ka Hana me kaʻike manaʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka mea honua - he kanaka. Akā, i kēia lā, hiki ole haawi aku i ke akeakamai wale i ka ike a me ka pololei pane i kēia mau nīnau.