Kāleka Clay. 'O nā mea pā'ani Clay nā hulu. 'O ka pena o ka lepo lepo

'O ka pā'ani Pākī Lūkini kahi o ka ola o nā kānaka no nā kenekulia he nui. 'O ke'ano o ka hana'ana i kēia mau mea a me nā hana o ka'oihana ua ho'oholo'ia mai kēlā hanauna i kēia hanauna. 'O kēia mau mea i'ike'ia he'ano kūpono o ka nani, ka hana a me ke'ano o nā po'e Lūkini.

Ka mo'aukala o ka lawe'ia o ka pālolo

Ma ka'āina o ko mākou'āina ua loa'a i nā kālai lā'au a me nā mea hana pālolo kahiko loa mai ka makahiki'elua o BC. 'O lākou nā'ōlili, nā'ano meahana a me nā ki'i o nā'oihana ha'aha'a. I ka wā o nā loka (Moscow, Ryazan), ua loa'a nā mea pā'ani o ka mea i'ike mua'ia. He'ano pilikino lāua a ua hana'ia i ke'ano o nā kānaka, nā manu, nā lio. Mau toys hana ma ka hōʻikeʻia nani lepo , a laila, calcining e'a'ā ana. I kekahi manawa ua ho'onani'ia lākou me ka pena a uhi'ia me ka hau.

Ua ulu koke ka moolelo o ka lole hana lepo. 'O kāna hana i nā makahiki he 17-18. Hele wikiwiki. Ua ho'ohālikelike'ia nā huahelu no ke kū'ai'ana i nā mea puna. 'O Clay kekahi mea'ilika a palupalu. 'A'ole kūpono i ka hana'ana i nā kī'aha. Ua hana'o ia i nā'ano mea like'ole a pau, nā ki'i o nā kānaka, nā manu, nā holoholona, nā kolo, a me nā mea'ē aku. Ua loa'a i kēlā me kēia haku kona'ano a me kona'ano o ka ho'ohehe'e'ana a me ke kākala'ana i ka huahana. I ko Alexei Mikhailovich, he makana a me nā makana, ua lilo nā mea i mea makemake e kū'ai i ke aloali'i.

I kēlā manawa, ho'ohui'ia nā pā'ani lepo i ka li'ili'i a me ka nui. I komo'ia i loko o kēia no ka hapanui o ka wā o ka ho'oilo a ke kauwela, i ka nui o ka manawa mai ka mālama'āina mai. A hiki i kēia lā,'o kahi po'e kānaka hana pālolo i hana'ia i loko o ka lepo,'a'ole lākou e nele i kona pono. Hana'ia i nā ho'ololi a pau o ke'ano a me ka lei,'o ia ka mana kilokilo e lawe ai i ka hō'olu'olu, ka mahana a me ke'ano maika'i i ka hale.

'O ka pā'ani o ka lepo ākea: nā'oko'a ke kumuhana a me ke'ano hana hana

Hiki i nā mea pā'ani ke'oko'a i ka hana'ana o ka lepo, i lawe'ia no ka hana'oihana, a ma ke'ano o ke'ano ho'ohālikelike o kēia'ano ai'ole kēlā'ano huahana. 'O nā ki'i maika'i ke hana'ia i loko o ka lepo lepo. Ke ho'ohana nei mākou no ka hana'ana i nā mea hana Filimonov. Ho'ohālikelike'ia kēlā me kēia huahana e kekahi mau'ano a me nā lawai'a, e hilina'i ana i ke'ano o ka lepo i loa'a ma kekahi wahi a me kona mau mea'ilika.

'O nā'a'ahu Clay, i hana'ia ma mua, e pani i kahi lālā kūikawā, i mālama'ia a hiki i kēia lā. 'O ka Expressiveness a me ka ma'alahi nā kumu nui no ka ho'ohālike'ana i kēia mau huahana e nā po'e hana lima.

Nui kaulana, ua Lūkini pālolo liʻiliʻi: Abashevo, Kargopol, Dymovskiy, Filimonov, etc., kēia hana la kona hoolaha aku ma na aina o ko ke ao nei.

Clay toys Kargopol: ka moʻolelo o ka hou

'O ka inoa o kēia mau mea e pili ana i ko lākou wahi i hānau ai,'o Kargopol, ka moku'o Arkhangelsk, a'o nā kauhale paha a puni ia. 'O ia ma laila kahi i hana mua ai nā po'e haku i nā mea hana mai loko mai o nā mea i hiki ke'ike'ia ma kēia mau wahi.

He mea'olu'olu loa ka mo'olelo o ke ola hou'ana o kēia lawai'a. I pili i kekahi'ano'ano akamai, ua kūkulu'ia ke ola hou'ana ma nā manawa Soviet,'o ka'oihana ki'i Kargopol i Rusia i kahi manawa ua aneane nele. Eia na'e, ua mālama'ia kekahi mau huahana a mālama'ia i ko mākou mau lā iā Ulyana Babkina. Ua hiki iā ia ke hā'awi i ka lua o ka noho'ana i ke'ano o ka'oihana i hana'ia. Nā mea'ilima Clay, nā ki'i i hō'ike'ia ma lalo nei, e no'ono'o i nā mea a pau a me nā mea e pili ana i nā wahi i hānau ai.

Nā hi'ohi'ona o ka helehelena o ka pā'ani Kargopol

'O kā Kargopol crafts, e like me ko lākou mau'ohana, ua'ike'ia e ko lākou'ano kino. Akā na'e, hiki ke'ike'ia lākou i ko lākou'ano,'ano a me nā pena.

Ua pu'unaue'ia nā mo'olelo i nā'ano'elua:

• Nā mea hō'ailona e hō'ike'ike ana i ka nohona o ke kaiāulu, a me ka hana hou'ana i nā mo'olelo kaulana. Hiki i nā mea ke'oko'a loa - "Girl for washing", "Fishermen", "'Ekolu lio" a me nā like.
• 'O nā'ano kahiko -'o nā'ano holoholona a pau, nā polkan (he kanaka me ka lio), he manō (he wahine me nā nūnū ma kona mau lima).

'O ka'oihana ko'iko'i nui o kēia mau mea pā'ani,'o ia ka "makuahine", nona nā hō'ailona o nā pū ola ola o ka "lepo makuahine" a me ka lā. 'O kahi ma'amau i waena o nā haku o Kargopol ka wahine "Bobka".

Hiki i nā haku o kēia wā ke hana i nā mea hou me ka mālama'ana i nā hō'ailona o ka pā'ani Kargopol. Ho'onui kēia i ka nui loa o nā ki'i o ia mau mea lima lima.

Inā'oe e hahai i nā ku'una a pau,'o ka pena i pena'ia he ki'i ke'oke'o, i ho'onani'ia me nā'ano'ele'ele'ē a'e, akā, me ka'ole o nā kiko'ī a me nā'ōlelo kūpono. Ma nā'ano'oko'a o nā'oni, nā nalu, me nā mea'ōma'oma'o, ke nānā aku nei i ka ho'onani. He mea ma'alahi ka pena ki'i.

Nā'ano'ōlohelohe

He mea ma'alahi ka pālolo lepo lepo, akā, no ka wā lō'ihi. Ma'ane'i hiki iā'oe ke'ike i nā rectangles, nā'ōpū, nā hō'ailona, nā'ōpala, nā hahau, nā'ōkō, a me nā kekee. 'O nā'ōme'a nui, he'ano'ōma'oma'o, he'ele'ele,'ele'ele,'ōma'oma'o, brick-red and blue shades. Emi mau pākuʻi kālā a me ke gula HW.

Nā hāmele Clay: ko lākou kūlana a me nā mana'o

Ho'omaka ka ho'oma'ama'a'ana i nā pā'ani mele Clay i ke'ano o kahi pā'ani o kahi keiki. Ma mua, i ka wā o nā akua'ē, he mea kupaianaha kēia mau ki'i. Ho'opili lākou i nā'uhane'ino.

Ua'ōlelo'o Pinega kipi e hiki i ka pā'ani ke ho'ohuli i nā ma'i. A'o kēlā kumu ho'okahi, he'oko'a like'ole. Ua ma'a pinepine'ia lākou ma ke'ano o nā holoholona a me nā manu'ē a'e, a'o ka mea nui,'o ia ka'ōlelo ku'una o nā mea hula kahiko o Rusia.

Ma ka'āina Tula, aia kekahi mau mana'o'i'o e hiki ke ho'one'e i ka'ino mai kekahi kanaka ae ho'iho'i i ka mea nāna i ho'ouna. 'O kēia a i'ole nā'ano'ano'ē a'e paha o nā'ōnele i hiki ke ho'omaha i nā ma'i like'ole. 'Oiai, ua kau'ia lākou i mua o ka puka makani e pale ai i ke keiki mai ka'ino a me nā ma'i.

Ma ke kenekulia 19, ua hana'ia kekahi hana kahiko i Vyatka me ka ho'ohana'ana i kahi mea pā'ani, i ho'olālā'ia e ho'oku'u aku i nā pū'ali'ino a ho'okomo mai i nā mea maika'i. Ua kapa'ia kēia māka'i "Svistoplyaska" ai'ole "Whistler". 'O kēia mau lā he mau mākua a me nā keiki i'ōwili'ia i loko o ka pālolo, a ho'okani i ka hula a me ka hau'oli.

He aha ke'ano o ka'oihana i hana'ia i loko o ka pālolo?

I ka'ike'ana i nā hana a pau o nā haku o ka wā kahiko a me nā wā hou, e like me nā haole, hiki i kekahi ke'ike i nā'ano like'ole o nā'oihana kālai'āina. Ho'opili'ia ia i nā kumu he nui, e like me kahi picchoo - kahi mea hana no nā puka kani ma kahi pā'ani. 'O ka lō'ihi o nā mea hana a pau like'ole - mai 80 mm a 100 mm. Eia na'e, hiki ke ho'ololi i ke alahaka -'o ke ākea,'oval, a'ao'ao paha.

'O ka hana a kēlā me kēia haku,'o ia kāna mea hana pono'ī, i hana'ia e ia iho, no laila,'oko'a ke'ano no nā mea a pau, a'o ka hopena, he'ano like'ole ia me nā mea'ē a'e. Eia nō na'e, he mau'ano'ike e hana ai i ke koko me ke'ano'ole o nā hanana'ana, kahi e ho'ohana wale'ia ai nā lima.

Ka nui o nā mea i hana'ia e ka lima i kēia ao

'O ka hana'ana i nā pālolo palolo kekahi hana ma'amau no kēlā me kēia kanaka. Hāmaika'i kēlā mau hana i nā kula āpau. Me ke kōkua'ana iā lākou, hiki i kekahi ke ho'oku'u i nā keiki i ka hoihoi a me ke aloha i ka nohona honua, ka ho'omohala i nā ka'a'enekau, nā mea'oihana ki'i, ka ho'omanawanui o ke kālai'a, ka ho'omanawanui a me ke ahonui.

Nā mea lepo o ka lepo, i kūpono no ka hana'ana i nā mea hana

He ma'alahi ke koho e pili ana i nā pākī pālolo, e like me nā pūpū, he lepo. Ma kona'ano maoli, hiki ke'ike'ia ma nā'ano'ele'ele, akā'o ka manawa ma hope o ka pa'i'ana, ho'ololi ke kala i ke ke'oke'o ai'ole ka'ula'ula. No laila, ua ho'omaka'ia ke kapa'ia he "liquefied" ai'ole "he wela".

Kāleka Clay

'O ka palahalaha pālahalaha nui loa. Ma ke'ano he kūlana, e hana'ia ma ke kahakai o nā loko a me nā muliwai, nā kahawai a me nā pali. Hiki ke'ike'ia ma nā kahua kūkulu i ka wā e ho'ouka'ia.

Akā, pono'oe e'ike'a'ole i kūpono nā palolo kūlohelohe a ola'ole paha no ka hana'ana i ka'oihana'oihana, e like me ka pinepine i loko o nā'ano mea'ino'ole - nā pōhaku li'ili'i, one a me nā mea like. 'O ke kīhāpili me kahi'ilikai e pi'i i ka 5% ka mea i kapa'ia he "greasy", a'o kahi kahi i kapa'ia ai ka māhele o ke one a 30%, ua kapa'ia'o "lean".

No ka ho'onui'ana i kahi kānana kani, pono'oe e lawe i kahi mea ha'aha'a-momona (10-15%).

Ho'omakaukau'ana i nā mea no ka hana

'O ka paila kūpalu, a i'ole ka pae lepo paha, he hui ia i hala i kahi hana hana technology, a ma hope iho ua mākaukau ia no ka hana'ana i ka paila. Ma kahi'oihana hanahana, ho'ohana'ia nā mīkini kūikawā no kēia - presses, screens, mills ball, etc. A no ka hana'ana i kahi'āpana li'ili'i, hiki ke ho'ololi i ka hana holo'oko'a.

Nā kūlana o ka'enehana:

• E hopu i ka lepo i kāu'oihana. Pono pono ke kinai i nā mea i loko o ka umu e ho'omaopopo i kona pono e pono ai.
• Ma kahi ma'ema'e, e ho'opau i nā lumps a ho'omalo'o.
• A laila e wāwahi iā lākou a ho'ohemo i nā lepo o nā'āpana, nā pōhaku, ka'ūlū, a pēlā aku.
• I ka lepo honua e ho'onui i ka wai ma ke ana o'ekolu mau māhele o ka wai a me kekahi hapa o ka lepo. E ho'onā i ka hopena.
• E waiho i ka pāpa'i a hiki i kahi o ka hapa nui loa (pōhaku me ke one) e waiho i lalo. 'O ke koena o ka wai i ho'oka'awale'ia e pono e ho'opau maika'i'ia.
• E hana i ka papa waena o ka lepo a ho'omohu i loko o ka wai holoi a i'ole ke kekeke.
• E'ae i ka hui'ana e maloo a hiki i ka papapalapala māmā, a laila, i ka wā o ka hana,'a'ole ia e pa'a i kou mau lima.
• Ho'opili i ka lepo no ka ho'one'ene'e'ana i nā nalu hau.
• Hiki ke nānā'ia ke'ano o kēia mea e like me kēia: e'ōwili i kahi pūpū a me ke anawaena o 15-20 mm, e ho'oluli kemu i ka hapalua. Inā noho ma'alahi ka wahi o ka'ikepili, me ka'ole o nā paku a'ole'ole me ka'ole o lākou, a laila kūpono kēia pāku'i no ka hana'ana i nā'ōpū.
• No ka mālama pono'ana, e ho'okomo'ia ka nui hopena i loko o kahi'eke cellophane a ho'opa'a'ia. Ma kēia'ano, hiki ke hana i ka palolo no kekahi mau mahina. I kahi pūpū malo'o, hiki iā'oe ke ho'onui i kahi wai li'ili'i a holoi pono loa ia.

Inā i loko o kāu mau ho'olālā - e hana i nā pahu wale wale nō, e ho'ā'o e ho'ohana i nā mea i loa'a iā'oe ma waho o ka hana mua i ho'ākāka'ia ma luna. Maika'i i ka ho'ohana'ia'ana o Clay mai kahi waihona. Inā hiki'ole ke ho'omākaukau i nā mea i loko o nā ala i hō'ike'ia, a laila hiki ke kū'ai'ia ma nā'oihana i hana i ka hana'ana o nā huahana mea'ai, ma nā hale kū'ai'oihana a i nā hale kū'ai pūnaewele paha.