Ke degere o ka'okesaside - i o ka maikai? Pehea e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka'okesaside o na kumu mua?

Oia kekahi kula kumuhana e like kemika ke kumu lehulehu hihia i loko o ka hapa nui o kēia mau haumāna, loa mau kanaka ke ho oholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside i loko o nā hui. Ka nui o ka pilikia i loko o na keiki kula i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina'okanikaʻole kemika, i mea, iniiaiie kula haumana (8-9 papa). Mea misunderstanding hiki aku ai i hookae schoolchildren i ke kumuhana.

Kumu kālā līkaia no ka nui o ke kumu no keia "mau hookae ana" na haumana ma ke kula haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe, a kiʻekiʻe i loko o kemika: ka unwillingness e maopopo i ka luna 'Nine Inch hua'ōlelo, hikiʻole, e hoʻohana algorithms no i kekahi kaʻina hana, ka makemakika ike o ka pilikia. Ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao i ua i nui nā loli i loko o ka maʻiʻo o ke kumuhana. Eia hou, i ka "ʻoki" a me ka helu o nā hola no ke ao ana o ke kemika. Kēia kūlana loli i ka pono o ka ike ma ka kumuhana, he emi o ka hoihoi i loko o ke ao o ka mea hahau.

He aha kumuhana kemika papa i haawi mai i nä haumäna i ka hardest?

Ma lalo o ka polokalamu hou i loko o ka papa o ka hahau "kemika" kumu o ke kula kikowaena kekahi mau nui kumuhana: papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaaina o ka oihana mua D. I. Mendeleeva,'okanikaʻole waiwai papa, ion pānaʻi. Hardest haumāna papa ka wehewehena haawiia 'okesaside moku'āina oxides.

i hoʻokomo 'lula

Mua o nā haumāna ë he mähele wale ia mau-hehee ai oxides i luna 'i huiʻia, ma a ka haku mele' ana me ka oxygen. A elue aeaie hui no a hiki i ka papa o ka oxides ka oxygen ma alua wahi i loko o ka haawi mai i huiʻia.

Ho omaulia i ka 'inideka i loko o kekahi hāʻawi papa o nā papakuhikuhi ua loaa wale ina o ka haumāna i ka maopopo algorithm.

Algorithm no kaʻakika oxides

E hoʻomaka, ua e hoailona oukou i ka degere o ka'okesaside mea he laulā olelo o ka valence o na kumu mua. ʻakika oxides i hana 'ole-i eliiaʻi a me ke hooheheeia me ka valence o ka eha i ehiku, i ka lua ua koi' ia i loko o ia mau oxides nei ka oxygen.

Ka oxygen ma valence oxides mau hoʻopili like i ka elua, ka mea hiki e hooholo e like me ka oihana mua o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina D. I. Mendeleeva. He He typical ole-metala like o oxygen, oiai ma Group 6 o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa o ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup, Eʻoluʻoluʻoe i mau electrons, i mea e hoopau ai i ke hoʻokō 'ia kona kino mawaho, ikehu pae. Ole-ke hooheheeia ma ka oxygen ma hui pinepine ho'āʻo i ka lani kiekie loa valency i hoʻopili like me ka helu o ka pae wale. He nui ka hoʻomaopopo i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka Nine Inch hehee mea he anakahi holoholo i ka maikaʻi (io) ka helu.

Nonmetal e ku ana i ka hoʻomaka o ka haʻilula i ka maikaʻi'okesaside moku'āina. Ole-metala oxides i loko o ka oxygen ma-ka pilina paʻa, kona refractive -2. I mea e hōʻoia i ka pololei o ka hoʻopololei o nā loina maʻakika oxides i, e hoonui i na helu oe i ma luna o nā indices o ka ua hehee ai. Ia ka hoʻomaulia i manaoia i pololei ia ina ka huina huina o nā mea a pau i ka pros a me ka hooluolu ana o ka huapalapala 0 degere ua loaa.

Makaukau o elua-hehee ai nā papakuhikuhi

Ke degere o ka'okesaside o'ātoma hehee wale mai i ka manawa, e hana, a hoʻopaʻa i ka huina o nā kumu mua. Ka wā e pili ana i ka haʻilula no ka hoʻomaka nā hoʻailona kokoke i hoakakaia, ke akahele ka lua e ka oxygen. Ma luna o kela a me keia o na kākau hōʻailona hoakaka ia waiwai o na degere o ka'okesaside, laila i loaʻa ma waena o ka helu o ka helu i e e ole kekahi kōā kaulike divisible ma nā helu. Ke anakahi E e puunaueia pākahi ma ka laulā cia o ka degere o ka'okesaside e loaa indices no ka mea mua a me ka lua o ka eiiiiiaiou o ka mau-hehee ai mea. Higher'okesaside moku'āina ka heluna hapauuku like i ka waiwai ma luna valence typical nonmetal mea'ālike i ka hui helu, kahi o ka PS mea he nonmetal.

Ke algorithm hana laulā aiee i loko o ke kumu o oxides

Ia mau hui i manaoia typical metala oxides. Ka mea, i loko o nā hui a pau i ka uku o ka'okesaside moku'āina o ole oi aku mamua o hookahi a elua. I mea e maopopo mea e ia i ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka metala, he mea hiki, e lawe ka lanakila o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Ma ke hooheheeia i ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroups o ka pae mua, ua koho ka mau ikaika, ia mea i 'ano like me ka hui helu, i mea hoʻokahi.

I eliiaʻi ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup o ka lua o ka pūʻulu i kekahi wehewehe aku ma ka hale hānai'okesaside moku'āina +2 heluna hapauuku. Ke degere o ka'okesaside i loko o ka nui o ka oxides ma ka nānaina o ko lākou mau indices (helu) e haawi Aʻohe, no ka mea, o ka Nine Inch ua noʻonoʻo i ka'ākilikai lātoma, devoid o ke kauoha huna.

Ka hoʻopololei o'okesaside i loko o ka oxygen ma-i loaʻa nāʻakika

Nāʻakika i eiiieaena waiwai haku o kekahi a oi hydrogen nā'ātoma mea i pili i kekahiʻakika koena. Ua haawiia i ke degere o ka'okesaside mea he laulā māka no lākou i ka ho omaulia pono kekahi makemakika mākau. Oia i anakahi i ka hydrogen (proton) manawa i ka pilina paʻa i loko o nāʻakika, o +1. Eia ka mea, Ua hiki e hōʻike i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka io o oxygen ion, ia mea i ka pilina paʻa, -2.

Wale ma hope o kēia mauʻanuʻu, he mea hiki, e hoʻomaulia i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ke kikowaena ke keʻena o ka haʻilula. Me kekahi mau 'hāpana noonoo hehee wale hoomaopopo ana i ke degere o ka'okesaside ma sulfuricʻakika, H2SO4. Ua haawiia ia i loko o ka lātoma o ka luna 'waiwai he mau hydrogen proton, 4 oxygen ma nā'ātoma, ua loaa i ka olelo o ka palapala + 2 + X-8 = 0. I mea e dala i hana 'Aʻohe, y me ka ke degere o ka sulfur'okesaside +6

Ka hoʻopololei o'okesaside i loko o ka paʻakai

Paʻakai i eiiieaena hui oia hoi ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia Ion a me hoʻokahi a oi anions. Nā Papahana O Ka hoomaopopo ana i ka degere o ka'okesaside o kela a me keia o na eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka luna 'ka paʻakai o ka ia me ia ma ka oxygen ma-i loaʻa nāʻakika. Ua haawiia i ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka oihana mua - ka mīkini anakahi, ia mea nui, e hōʻike i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Inā ka metala ho okumu i ka paakai mea i loko o ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup, kona'okesaside moku'āina mea i ka pilina paʻa, e like me ka pūʻulu helu mea maikaʻi. Inā ka paakai he he mea hiki ke hooheheeia ia subgroups PS hoike okoa valences ho oholo i ka valence o ka metala i ia ma luna o kaʻakika koena. A hiki i ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e e hoʻouka kekahi, i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ka o oxygen (-2), ukali ma ka helu ana i ka degere o ka'okesaside o ke kikowaena kino ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka Nine Inch helu kaulike.

Me lakou i mea hoike, e noonoo i ka wehewehena o ka'okesaside Hawaii no na kumu i loko o ka paʻakai nitrate (maʻamau paakai). NaNO3. Sol ka papa kuhikuhiE subgroup o ka pae 1 metala ua hana, nolaila, ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka paʻakai o +1. Ma o oxygen ma nitrate'okesaside moku'āina o -2. E hoʻoholo i ka laulā cia o ka'okesaside equates + 1 + X-6 = 0. Ka hoʻoponopono i kēia helu kaulike, ua loaa i X pono e 5, keia mea i ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka naikokene.

Key hua'ōlelo i loko o ka IAD

Aia i kūikawā hua'ōlelo i i koi 'ia e aʻo i nā haumāna no ka'okesaside a me ka ho'ēmiʻana kaʻina.

Ke degere o ka'okesaside o kona hiki e kauoha paʻa i iho (e haawi okoa) electrons, mai kekahi mai o na Ion a me nā'ātoma.

Ke oxidant Ua noʻonoʻo pono'ākilikai nā'ātoma a me Ion i ka Nine Inch naoh iho hui electrons.

Ka hoemi hope e uncharged nā'ātoma paha Ion mea, ma ke kaʻina hana o ka Nine Inch AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN lākou mau electrons lilo aku.

Ke'okesaside ke kaʻina hana no ka poe e like me ka huina'ine hopena.

Loaa ua pili i ka hookamaia o nā electrons uncharged'Ātoma paha ion.

Redox kaʻina ua wehewehe aku ma ka naoh, i loko o ka papa o ka i pono EUIAaIN ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka'Ātoma. Kēia ho'ākāka 'ana e leie aku mākou e maopopo pehea ia mea hiki e ike ai i ko ka naoh o ISI.

OVR parsing lula

E ho ohana i keia algorithm, na coefficients hiki ke hoonohonoho ia ma kekahi Nine Inch naoh.

1. Mua oe Pono e waiho i loko o kēlā Nine Inch'okesaside moku'āina. E noke ana i ka mea mea 'okesaside moku'āina o 'Aʻohe, e like me ka mea, aole ia auoiaea (e pili) o io (particles). Terms o ka hoʻokomo 'ana o'okesaside ma aeaie, a ekolu-hehee ai i huiʻia i hookolokolo aku la ia e mākou ma luna.

2. Alaila, ia mea pono e kuhikuhi i ka poe a nā'ātoma a me Ion, a i hanaia i ka huli ana,'okesaside loli.

3. Kākau, mai kaʻaoʻao hema o ka helu kaulike mea kaʻawale nā'ātoma paha Ion, a ua loli lākou degere o ka'okesaside. He mea pono no ke koena pepa. Over na kumu mua koi 'ia e hōʻike i ko lakou waiwai.

4. No hoi ia palapala i kela nā'ātoma a Ion mea i hana i ka naoh, he + hoailona Hōʻike i ka helu ana o electrons maliuia mai'Ātoma, - i ka helu o ka nou ana la o io (particles). Inā i ke kaʻina hana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN e hoemi'okesaside moku'āina. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi, ua hopuia mai electrons'Ātoma (ion). A hiki i ke degere o ka'okesaside'Ātoma (ion) e lūlū mai electrons i ka naoh.

5. Ka mea uuku huina helu ia, e puunaue i ka mua, a laila, e hoolei aku iloko o electrons loaa coefficients. Point helu i ke koi 'ia stereochemical aʻe.

6. Hooholo oxidant, reductant, keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka hana ana i ka naoh.

7. Ka hope loa anu u, e ia i ka hoʻopololei o stereochemical aʻe i loko o keia naoh.

   Eia kekahi laʻana OVR

E hoi kakou i ka pili ana o ka algorithm i loko o ka ua Nine Inch naoh.

Fe + CuSO4 = cu + FeSO4

Mākou e huli i nā mea a me ka luna 'waiwai.

No ka Fe a cu i na mea waiwai, kā lākou'okesaside moku'āina o 0. I CuSO4, ka cu + 2, laila 2 oxygen, ka luaipele, a ma +6. Ma FeSO4: Fe +2, nolaila, no ka O 2, calc S +6.

Mea e huli no na kumu mua i hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kiʻi, i loko o ko makou kulana, ka mea, e lilo no Fe, a cu.

Mai ka waiwai ma hope o ka naoh i loko o ka hao'Ātoma ua 2, 2 huina'ine Ua hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka naoh. Keleawe lākou mau indices hoʻololi i 0 i 2, Nolaila ke keleawe i 2 electrons. Ano, ke hoakaka i ka helu ana o electrons loaa mai, a hoolei aku la hao'Ātoma a me cupric cation. Ma huli ana ia cation mau electrons cupric ia huina'ine haawiia hao'Ātoma.

Ma keia kaʻina i pili, e hooholo i ka palena iki, he pono ole mau, e like me ia, a haawi i huli like ka helu ana o electrons. Stereochemical aʻe e kekahi kulike i kekahi. Ma ka naoh o ka hoemi hope, e ho'āʻo waiwai o ka hao, oiai ka mea, ua oxidized. ua hoemi i ka maemae keleawe Cation divalent keleawe i loko o ka naoh ka mea, i ka lani kiekie loa degere o ka'okesaside.

palapala noi kaʻina

Haʻilula degere o ka'okesaside E e ike ai i kela schoolboy 8-9 papa, e like me kēia pukana ua komo i loko o ka 'oihana OGE. Kekahi keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana me ka oxidizing, hoemi symptoms, Radio nui i kuleana i loko o ko kakou mau ola. Ka mea, ua paʻa mau metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kanaka kino.