Ke kālaikūlohea: walaʻauʻana manaÿo, nā papakuhikuhi, kānāwai. Na walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea, i kanaka pono e ike

Ka ukupanee ma ka waho honua a me kona kānāwai o ka functioning a? Acaeoey o ka maoli a me ka pololei. He nolaila, kupono, e hoʻolohe i ka sciences maoli, e like me ke kālaikūlohea, a wehewehe i ka loa i loko o ke kahua a me ka evolution o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea mea maʻalahi ka maopopo. Kela manawa, ma ka loa opiopio makahiki School hoʻolauna iā 'keiki i mau kumu.

No ka nui loa, ua 'epekema hoʻomaka me ka puke "ke kālaikūlohea (Grade 7)." Hoʻokumu paʻa manaÿo a me nā kānāwai o nā mechanics a me thermodynamics e wehe i ka haumāna, ka mea i hoʻolauna i ka 'ōlelo o ka papa kuhikuhiE physical kānāwai. Akā, e ka ike e kaupalena 'ia lā kula? He aha physical kānāwai pono i kela mea keia mea? Kēia e e ana no hope i ka pauku.

Science ke kālaikūlohea

He nui nuances i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka' epekema e kama'āina i nā mea a pau, mai ka wanaʻao kamaliʻi. A me keia mea ku pono i ka mea e, i ka hookoia, o ka ke kālaikūlohea o kekahi o na mau mea o ka 'epekema. Ka mea, e haʻi ana i nā kānāwai o ke ano, i ka hope o ka i mai ka hopena ma luna o nā ola o ka a pau, a ma na aoao o ua hoakaka ia e pili ana i nā hiʻona o ka mea, kona 'ole a me nā kānāwai o ka noi.

Ka manawa "ke kālaikūlohea" i mua kākauʻia Aristotle i loko o ka ha o ka kenekulia BC. Initially, ia mea synonymous me "kālaiʻike" manaʻo. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, nā ka 'epekema i ka na pahuhopu nui - e pono e wehewehe i nā maomeka o functioning o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Akā, ma ka umikumamaono kenekulia like me ka hopena o ka 'epekema kipi o ke kālaikūlohea ia lilo kuokoa.

mau kānāwai

Kekahi walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea pili i loko o kekahi mau kihapai o ka 'epekema. Ma waho ia ma laila nō kekahi i ua manaoia e e, he pono ole i ka a pau o ke ano. Mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka ikehu mālama a me ka huli ana kānāwai.

Ua hoʻohuʻu i ka ikaika o kēlā me kēia no ka paʻa'ōnaehana i ke kahe ana o ka mea, a pauʻike manaʻo pono i ka malamaia. Aka hoi, e hiki ke iho i loko o kekahi palapala a me ka hoʻololi 'ana i kā lākou mau laupaʻi ka maʻiʻo ma wahi likeʻole o ka mea i olelo nenoaiu ka pono. I ka Ia manawa i loko o ka hamama'ōnaehana, ka ikehu emi me ka hoʻoulu ikehu, hoomakaukau a pau kino a me ka mahinaʻai i ka launa pū 'ana me ia.

Ma waho aʻeo ia ka luna nui rula, ke kālaikūlohea he walaʻauʻana manaÿo, nā papakuhikuhi, kanawai i mea e pono ai no ke ano o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka puni honua. Lākou like hiki ia he incredibly pīhoihoi ka hoao ana. No laila, i kēia 'atikala e nānā pokole ka walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea, a no ka ike ia nui nui iho la ia, ia mea pono, e haawi ia piha noonoo.

mechanics

Open i uiʻepekema, he nui walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea 7-9 papa kula, i mea nui loa? Anoee kēia lālā o ka 'epekema, me he mechanic. i ho'ākāka 'ia ma lalo kona walaʻauʻana me nā loina.

1. Galilaia paha ia relativity Act (e like me ka mea ua kapaia ÿano kānāwai o ka relativity, a me ke kumu o ka panina mechanics). Ke ae pā o ka loina hooponopono moe i loko o ka mea ana i like ka noho ana o ka ÿano keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o nā mea a pau inertial pili nenoai i'ālike.
2. Hooke ka kānāwai. Kona Mānoa, he wahi ia i ka mea i oi aku i ka hopena ma luna o ka laholio kino (pūnāwai, koʻokoʻo, hooluolu mai ia, mea nana i ulana) mai ka waho, ka mea i oi aku o kona deformation.

Newton mau kānāwai (ho i panina mechanics kumu):

1. I ka rula o ka 'oni' hākālia nō i kekahi kino hiki ia i maha pahaʻaʻahu noi i ka pololei o ka laina wale nō ināʻaʻohe'ē aʻe kino i loko oʻaʻohe ala aloha ia ia, ai ole ina ka mea, i loko o kekahi alanui compensate no ka hopena o kekahi i kekahi. E hoʻololi i ka mämä holo o ka neʻeʻana, a hiki i ke kino e pono e hana me kekahi koa, a me ka papa i ka manaʻo, ua like me ka ikaika ma luna o kekahi kino nui, e kekahi oko.
2. Home kumu hoʻohālikeʻano hākālia nō ka mea i oi aku ka resultant koa i a ianoiyuaa a hana ma ka haawi kino, o ka nui, ua loaa hoʻonui ia. A, me, ka mea i oi aku ke kaumaha, i ka lalo o ka uku.
3. Newton ka kolu o kānāwai hākālia nō i kekahi mau kino i mau interacting me kekahi i kekahi ma ka'ālike kumu: ko lakou poe koa i ka ia ano, e like me ka nui a me ka e hōʻoia i ka i ka mea ku pono ana i olelo ma pololei ka laina, a hoʻohuiʻia ke kino.
4. I ka rula o ka relativity hākālia nō i nā mea a pauʻike manaʻo e ana ma ka ia kumu i loko o ka inertial pili nenoai, i loa'ālike ano.

thermodynamics

School buke, oaka ae la na haumana i ke kumu o kānāwai ( "ke kālaikūlohea. Grade 7"), a me ka hoʻolauna iā 'ia i ka hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o nā thermodynamics. Kona mau loina a ua komo mākou i manao ia ma lalo nei.

Nā kānāwai o nā thermodynamics mea i walaʻauʻana i loko o kēia kahua o ka 'epekema, e mau ma ka ano a me ka mea i pili ai me ka' ole au mamuli kekahi waiwai ma ka'ātoma kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke ala, i kēia mau kumu i nui ole wale no ke kālaikūlohea akā, i loko o kemika, kālaimeaola, aerospace, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

No ka laʻana, i loko o ka luna nāʻoihana, he mea ole amenable i Logical ka wehewehena o ka rula ana i loko o ka paʻa'ōnaehana, ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia mea ua hoʻololiʻia ma manawa i equilibrium moku'āina. A na keʻano o ka hanaʻana e hele ma loko o laila, mau ana kekahi i kekahi mai.

Kekahi aliʻi o thermodynamics hōʻoia ana i ka welelau o o ka'ōnaehana i oia o ka, alahula mau helu o (particles) me ka huikau ka neʻeʻana, he hoʻololi ia mai ma muli paha emi i huipuia o ka'ōnaehana i loko o ka nui paha.

A kānāwai Māhū Lussac (i kapaʻia Ke Kinoea Law) hākālia nō ia no i kekahi nui o ke kinoea i loko o ka hale lio puʻe hopena o ka māheleʻana i kona leo ma ke kāpae mahana pono i ikaika.

ʻO kekahi mea nui rula o ka hana - ke kānāwai mua o thermodynamics, i ua i kapaia ka loina o ka mālama a me ka loli o ka ikehu i ka thermodynamic kahua. E like me keia, i kekahi dala o ka wela, a i hoike ai i ka'ōnaehana, e ke hoolilo wale n? Ma metamorphosis o kona kūloko ma ikehu, a me ka hana ia me ka mahalo i kekahi mawaho koa hana. He keia kumu, a lilo i ka kumu no ka ho okumu ana o ka huakai kaapuni hana o thermal machines.

Other kinoea kānāwai - ka mea, o ke kānāwai o Charles. Ua hākālia nō i ka puu nui i ka manaʻo koikoi o ka kekahi nui o ka maikaʻi kinoea ana ka malama ana i ka a eia i ka leo, i ka kiʻekiʻe kona mahana.

uila

Ua wehe hoihoi 'opiopioʻepekema 10 walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea kula ka papa. I keia manawa, no ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o nā kānāwai o nā 'ano a me ka hana ana o ka uila papa, e like me nā lāliʻi mākou hoʻopaʻa haʻawina.

Ampere ka Law, no kekahi laʻana, hākālia nō i nā conductors pili i loko o laua, ma i pono i pele i loko o ka e like me mamua, inevitably o Laielohelohe, a ma ka ina ka e ku pono ana he kuhikuhi, niioaaonoaaiii, e kipaku. I kekahi manawa, ua hoʻohana 'ia ka ia inoa no ke kānāwai physical e hoʻoholo i ka manehu i loko o ke kanawaiʻume mākenēki ke kahua ma luna o kekahi mahele uuku o ka alakaʻi mele ua a ianoiyuaa a e mālama nei i kaʻikena. Kona i kapaia o - Ampere poe ikaika no lakou. Ua loaʻa i i kaʻepekema ma ka hapa mua o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia (o ma 1820).

Ke kānāwai o ka mālama o ka uku ole i kekahi o ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o ke ano. He mai nei i ka algebraic huina o nā mea a pau i ka uila hoopii i kupu mai kekahi uila kaʻawale'ōnaehana, mau hoʻopakele (i ikaika). I loko nō o kēia, ka mea i kapaia o ka rula, aole ia i hookaawale ia i ka hanana o ia mau nenoai i hou i hoopiiia (particles) e like me ka hopena o ke kulu o kekahi keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Aka hoi, i ka pono uila malama o ka lānai hou i hana (particles) e pono e 'Aʻohe.

Coulomb ka kānāwai o kekahi o na kumu nui i loko o electrostatics. Ua expresses ka loina o ka ikaika AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o nā wahi paÿa hoopii, a wehewehe i ka laupaʻi i ka ho omaulia ana o ka mamao ma waena o lākou. mai Coulomb ka kānāwai mau hiʻohiʻona nō e ho'āpono aku i ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o electrodynamics mana ala. Ua hākālia nō i ka haka wahi hoopii pono pāʻani aku me ke koa i mea kiekie o ka puu nui i ka huina hoonui o ko lākou nui, a me ka pela, me ka uuku o ka uuku o ka hale o ka mamao ma waena o kēia mau 'āhewa' ana, a me ka permittivity o ka papa ma i ka wehewehe AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ia lŘlŘ.

Ohm ka kānāwai o kekahi o ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o ka uila. Ua hākālia nō i ka mea i oi aku ka ikaika o ka paʻa uila he hanaʻiʻo akula nō ma luna o kekahi o kekahi hapa o ke kaula, i ka nui o ka anakahi uila ma kona welau.

"Maikaʻi ka lima rula" Ua kapaia ka loina hooponopono i mau hiʻohiʻona nō e hooholo i ka olelo o ka pono i loko o ke alakaʻi mele hele i loko o kaʻume mākenēki kahua waiū ma ka kekahi alanui. E hana i kēia, e kau i ka lima akau no laila, i kaʻume mākenēki ala e pili ana ke kinona o ka hamama loulu, a me nā manamana nui ma ke ala e hiki aku o ka, e huki like uea kalepa. Ma keia hihia, ka mea'ē aʻe, eha manamana straightened ho oholo i ka olelo o ka poloʻaiʻikena neʻeʻana.

I keia rula kōkua i loaʻa mai i ka mau wahi o na laina oʻume mākenēki hoʻokomo laina alakaʻi mele alakaʻi pono i ka manawa. Ua ka hana e like keia: kau i kou manamana nui pono no laila, i ka mea kuhikuhi mai la lakou i ka olelo o ka pono, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe, eha manamana lima puliki figuratively alakaʻi mele. I ka wahi o kēia mau makia, a hōʻike i ka kiko'ī ma amau o kaʻume mākenēki koko laina.

I ka rula o ka electromagnetic a hoʻokomo mea he kumu e wehewehe i ke kaʻina hana o ka transformers, nā mīkini uila, Hawaii. Kēia kānāwai Ua like penei: ma ka paʻa kaapuni ua loaʻa ma ka electromotive ikaika o ka hoʻokomo o ka puu nui, me ka nui o ka uku o ka loli oʻume mākenēki koko.

optics

Branch "Optics" a me ka Hōʻike 'kekahi hapa o ke kula laulā maʻamau (walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea: 7-9). No laila, i kēia mau kumu i ole ai paʻakikī i ka maopopo e like me ka mea i ikea ma mua kilohi. Lākou like lawe me ka mea i pono houʻike, akā, he maikaʻi naauao o aku o ka lanakila. Na walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea, a hiki e wahi ai i ke kahua o optics, like penei:

1. Gyuynesa rula. He He papa hana i ka pono hōʻike hiki kēlā me kekahiʻoihana o ke alo o ka lua o kaʻikena hawewe. Kona Mānoa, he wahi like penei: a pau nā mea nui a pau i loko o ke ala o ka mua nalu i loko o ka kekahi hapa o ka lua, i ka mea, ia lakou iho i kumu o spherical hawewe (kiʻekiʻe), oiai i ka hoʻokomo 'ana o ke alo nalu i loko o ka ia mahae lua o ka'ālike i ka ili honua i hoopuni ai a pau ka spherical ale (kiʻekiʻe). Keia rula ua hoʻohana 'ia e wehewehe i ka na kanawai e pili ana i ka refraction ana o ka malamalama, a me kona noʻonoʻo.
2. Huygens-Fresnel rula Hōʻike 'he pono ka hana o ka manao paa nīnūnē e pili i ka propagation i ka nalu. Ua kōkua e wehewehe i ka pili a hiki i ka diffraction o ka malamalama walaʻauʻana pilikia.
3. Ke kānāwai o ka noʻonoʻo o nā nalu. Ua pili like i ka manaʻo i loko o ke aniani. Kona Mānoa, he wahi ia nā huki-ia mea nana i ulana, a hoʻokahi i i ua lewa a me ka p ÷ haku kūkulu mai o ka wahi o ka mea hiki wale mai i ke aupuni 'i loko o ka hoʻokahi pelane. Ua mea i nui, e hoomanao i loko o keia hihia o ka huina ma i ka hana 'kaola no ka hoi mau pono like i ka huina o ka refraction.
4. I ka rula o ka malamalama refraction. Kēia loli ma ke ala o ka propagation hawewe electromagnetic (o ka malamalama) i ka manawa o ka neʻeʻana mai o ka homogeneous meakino i kekahi, i mea me ka nui loa okoa, mai ka lalani mua o ka refractive indices. I ka mämä holo o ka propagation o ka malamalama i loko o ia loli aʻe.
5. Ke kānāwai o rectilinear propagation o ka malamalama. Ma kona Kora naʻEsau, ia mea he kānāwai e pili ana i ke kahua o geometrical optics, a me ka mea like penei: ma kekahi homogeneous meakino (nānā 'ole o kona ano) malamalama hoʻopulapula pololei ma ka pololei o ka laina, ka shortest mamao. Kēia kānāwai wale, a wehewehe i ke kahua o ka aka.

'ātoma a nukelea ke kālaikūlohea

Na walaʻauʻana kānāwai o quantum ke kālaikūlohea, e like me na kumu o ke o'ātoma a me ka nukelea ke kālaikūlohea e aʻo i loko o ke kula kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe.

Penei, Bohr ka postulates mea he nui o ka walaʻauʻana hypotheses, a lilo iho la ia i ke kumu o ke kumumanaʻo. Kona o Mānoa, ke moe i loko o ka mea ana i kekahi'ātoma nenoaiu hiki ke noho mea hānai wale nō i loko o ka wahi Hawaii. Kekahi ea puka a omo o ka ikaika ma ka'Ātoma hanaʻiʻo nō ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka loina hooponopono, i ka i loko o ka i mea like penei: pāhawewe pili me ka transporter i monochromatic.

Mau postulates nō i ke kula polokalamu maʻamau i Pilikanaka no ka walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea (11th papa). Ko lakou ike ua koi 'ia i ka puka.

Na walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea, i kanaka pono e ike

Kekahi o ke kino ai 'kumu, nae, a me ka pili ana i kekahi o na lala o ka' epekema, nae, e mau ma ke ano maoli, a ina e ike ai i na mea a pau. Papa inoa o ka walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea, i kanaka pono e ike:

• Archimedes kānāwai (pili i ka mau o hydro a me aerostatics). Ua hoʻohuʻu i kekahi kino i i submerged i loko o ka gaseous a wai a hana i kekahi ano o ka buoyancy, i oiaio ua kuhikuhi hoʻopapakū hala loa i luna. Kēia ikaika He mau heluna hapauuku like me ke kaumaha o ka hoʻoneʻe loli kino a me ke kinoea.
• Kekahi hoʻomanaʻo o kēia kānāwai mea: he kino bapetizo i loko o ke kinoea a wai, eʻoiaʻiʻo, e lilo ke kaupaona like ka nui me ka mea kaupaona o ke kinowai haku mele 'ana a me ka kinoea, ma i ka mea i hoʻouna ma ka moku. lilo kēia kānāwai, a me ka walaʻauʻana tenet o ka pähola 'ana o ke kino luʻu.
• Ke kānāwai o ka umekaumaha (Newton weheia). Kona o Mānoa, ke moe i loko o ka mea i loa inevitably i ke kino a pau ua o Laielohelohe i kekahi i kekahi, me ka mana i ka mea oi aku i ka hou i ka huina hoonui o na nā paʻi hua o ke kino, a, me, ka uuku, o ka mea uuku i ka hale o ka mamao ma waena o lākou.

'O kēia ka 3 walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea, i kela kanaka keia kanaka e ike i ka makemake e maopopo i keʻano papa hana o ka functioning o ko ke ao nei a me ke' o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o laila. Maopopo i ka loina o ka hana, he mea nui iho la ia.

I ka waiwai o ia 'ike

Na walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea i e ia i loko o ka ukana a kekahi kanaka o ka ike, ka nānā 'ana o kona mau makahiki a me ka hope. Ka mea, noonoo i ke ola ana o ka holoʻokoʻaʻano papa hana o keia la ka ike maopopo, a me ka mea, o ka wale a eia i loko o ka noke hoʻololi honua.

Walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea manaÿo kaumaha hou manawa, e makaikai i ka puni honua. Ko lakou ike kōkua i maopopo i keʻano papa hana o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a me ka neʻeʻana o ke ano lani kahi. Ua hana iā mākou,ʻaʻole pono kiu kela la i keia hanana a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a leie aku e ike ia lakou. A i kekahi kanaka maopopo ka hoomaopopo i ke kumu o na kanawai o ke kālaikūlohea, i mea, na mea a pau e hana a puni ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ka mea i hiki ke kahu ai i ka loa efficient ala, e ka wehe a me ka ai ana i ko lakou mau ola hou hōʻoluʻolu.

hualoaʻa

Kekahi mea, hoʻoikaika ihola e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ma ka hohonu, ka walaʻauʻana kānāwai o ke kālaikūlohea no ka hōʻike, kekahi - ma ka hana, a me kekahi - mai ka 'epekema lanakila. Ka nānā 'ana i nā pahu hopu o keia' epekema, ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka ike i loaa i hiki ole ke overestimated. ʻAʻohe mea oi satisfying ma mua o ka naauao o ka hoʻokumu paʻa maomeka a me nā kānāwai o ke ola o ke ao nei.

Mai noho indifferent - e hoʻomōhala!