Ke Nine Inch waiwai o aldehydes: ka naoh o kala aniani

Aldehydes i ooieoeiiaeuiiai nā mea loaʻa o nā hydrocarbons, ma ka i 'ole he mea he hui CO (carbonyl pae). No ka poe noonoo ole aldehydes AICIeOEOI mea maʻa mau waiho waho (Mokuna) inoa, hua mai la ia mai ka inoa o carboxylic nāʻakika, i hoohuliia mai i loko o aldehydes ma'okesaside. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka IUPAC nomenclature, i ke kumu no ka lawe ana i ka loihi kaulahao i loaʻa i ka aldehyde pae. E hoʻomaka helu hydrocarbon kaulahao hua mai la, mai ka kalapona'Ātoma o ka carbonyl pae (CO), a iho hookipa mai i ka inoa helu 1. No ka papa kuhikuhiE hydrocarbon kaulahao ua hou a hiki i ka hopena o ka "'ōlelo". Mai aldegidogruppa Aia ma ke kaula hope, ka numeral 1, e ano laulā, e kakau iho. Isomerism isomerism ka makana i huiʻia mea ku pono i ka hydrocarbon iwi.

Nā aldehydes loaa i loko o kekahi mau aoao: oxo kaʻina, alkynes hydration,'okesaside a me dehydrogenation o ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Makaukau o aldehydes mai iniiaiie waiʻona mai ke kino kauoha kūikawā rula, mahope mai o ka mea ua loaʻa ke aloha i huiʻia hooholo koke oxidized i carboxylicʻakika. Aldehydes hiki ke synthesized no hoi ma ka dehydrating ka like waiʻona mai ke kino i loko o ke alo o ke keleawe. One nui hanalima ki ina hana like no ka hana aldehydes o ka naoh o ka oxo hoʻololi kemikala, i ua muli ma ka naoh o ka alkene, C0 a me h2 ma ke alo o catalysts i loaʻa ka Li, i ka wela o ka 200 degere, a me ka manaʻo koikoi o 20 MPa. Kēia naoh i loaa mai i loko o ke kinowai ai i loko o ke kinoea pae e like me ke ano: RCH = CH2 + C0 + h2 - RCH2CH2C0H + RCH (Ch) 3C0H. Aldehydes hiki ke hoomakaukau e hydrolysis digalogenoproizvodnyh hydrocarbons. Ma ka hope o ka halogen nā'ātoma ma ka OH hui o ka waena ua hana ai-kapa heme-diol, i mea lolelua ka, a ua hoohuliia mai i loko o ka carboxylic hui me ka hoʻopau o H20.

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o aldehydes - he mea e like ai muli o ke kala. Iloko o ka'okesaside na aldehydes i hoohuliia mai i ka carboxylicʻakika (e laʻa me, S5N11SON + O - S5N11SOON). Ma kekahi mea laʻa puke ke loaʻa ka 'ike e pili ana i mea i ke kālā aniani naoh ua hoʻohana' ia no ka 'ike o nā aldehydes. Kēia pūʻulu o ke aloha i huiʻia hiki ke oxidized ole wale ma ka hana o kūikawā oxidizing konohiki, akā, wale i waho pūnaewele ma lalo o ka aoao o ka lewa ka oxygen. Ka noho nanea oe me a na aldehydes oxidised i carboxylicʻakika ae e hoʻomōhala qualitative reactions (kālā aniani naoh) a hiki i kēia mau ke aloha i huiʻia, aʻo ka mea e hiki ai e koke aku a me ka moakāka e hōʻike ana i ke alo o ka aldehyde i loko o ka haawi mai pāʻoihana.

I ka enaena ana me ka ammoniacal pāʻoihana o ke kālā'okesaside i kaʻakika aldehyde ua oxidized. A pau keia ua hoemi ia i ka mea hao kālā, a ua waiho ia ma ka Tube paia me ka pouli, ahu iho me ke ano gloss - kālā aniani naoh. It E e kaulana ia mea, ua nui 'ona i mea ole e pili pū ana i ka aldehydes, akā, ka mea, he poe i hiki ke komo i loko o ka luna naoh. No ka 'ike o kēia hui hoʻohana mea hoʻokahi qualitative naoh no aldehydes - keleawe aniani naoh. Ma ka naoh o aldehydes me Fehling mea kemikala me ka uliuli kala like 'ole (he koʻana koko pāʻoihana o cupric hydroxide, he mekala' åkilikai a me kaʻakika tartrate paʻakai) o divalent keleawe ua hoemi ia monovalent. Penei, e hina ia ula-eleele precipitate o cuprous'okesaside.

A, pehea ka mea, ua lawe mai ka naoh o kala aniani? Ua makemake mea ia, aohe mea i simpler mahana i lawa i loko o ka ipuhao ammoniacal pāʻoihana o ke kālā a me kekahi o na aldehydes (e laʻa me, he monakō koko pāʻoihana a formaldehyde) akā, ua kokoke loa i kahi ua ole mau Pelekane ka lanakila. I kekahi manawa, ua malama i ke kahua o kaʻeleʻele wehe 'ana o ke kālā i loko o ka pāʻoihana, kahi o ke aniani ka penaʻana ma luna o nā paia o ka mea aniani. He aha ka ke kumu nui no ka hoʻokō 'ole'? No ka 100% hopena ia mea pono e hoopili aku i ka naoh keia, a hoomakaukau akahele i ke aniani ili honua.