Le Chatelier ka rula: he scientific Ua Hopu o ka 18th kenekulia

I ka nui, e hoike ana i ke ola o Le Chatelier ka rula, he nui ike mai ke kula. Akā, kakaikahi ka poe i maopopo a hiki mea pono o ka punawai-ike rula hoomaopopo.

Palani nä känaka 'epekema hai aku la i ke ao nei e pili ana i ka hōʻeuʻeu equilibrium ana o ke kānāwai i loko o 1884. No ka hopena o ka umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, ke loaʻa i mea nui loa, a hele koke akula i ka noonoo ana o ka 'epekema kaiāulu. Akā, ma muli o ka nele o ka hoʻonohonoho '' epekema alu like 'ana, a me ka hapalua kenekulia aku nei, i ka' epekema Ua Hopu o Le Chatelier wale i ike i kona mau kanaka hoʻokahi. I ka makahiki 1887, i ka pohupani hale o ka Nine Inch equilibrium i loko o ka mawaho keia loli, i mai la i ka Kelemānia nä känaka 'epekema Karl Ferdinand Braun, kū kaʻawale ike i ka ua' epekema kānāwai, e like me ma lalo o-manawa pōkole loa ma ka Palani Open. Aʻole ma ka paha, keia rula ua pinepine haawiia e like me ka rula o Le Chatelier - Brown.

Pela ka mea i ka loina o Le Chatelier?

i ka'ōnaehana i equilibrium mea mau kilo, e malama i kona kaulike, a me counteract i ka mawaho koa, kumumea a me na kumu. Keia rula i pili i kekahi nenoai, a no kekahi keʻano o ka hanaʻana: Nine Inch, uila, me mechanical, thermal. A mau mea hiki nui o Le Chatelier ka rula mea e reversible Nine Inch reactions.

Ole o ke ana wela i ka naoh i kela mea pololei e kaukaʻi ma ke 'ano o ka naoh ma thermal hopena. Me ka mahuahua ana wela malama equilibrium naeaeaa i ka endothermic naoh. Ua hakumakuma o ka wela, niioaaonoaaiii, hiki aku i ka 'oni iki o Nine Inch equilibrium i exothermic naoh. Ke kumu no ka keia ua mea i ka pahu kui nenoaiu o equilibrium mawaho koa ia i loko o ka moku'āina emi kalele iho ma mawaho aʻe ike i ka oiaio. Kaukaʻi o endothermic a me exothermic keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka moku'āina o equilibrium ua kaheaia ma ka van't Hoff:

V2 = v1 * y me (T2-T1) / 10

kahi v2 - o ka Nine Inch naoh ana i ka loli o ka mahana, v1 - loiloi mua naoh māmā holo, y me - he anakahi o ke ana wela like.

Kuekene nä känaka 'epekema Arrhenius loko i ka haʻilula exponential kaukaʻi o naoh uku ma ana wela.

K = A • E (-e (RT)), kahi E - ho'ā hope ikehu, R - ao kinoea a eia i, T- ke ana wela i loko o ke kahua. Ke kumukuai A ka ikaika.

E like me ka manaʻo koikoi, piʻi pū malama Nine Inch equilibrium naeaeaa ma ke ala e hiki aku ma ka waiwai lawe i emi ka leo. Inā i ka buke o ka wahi ho pono nui ae ka leo o ka naoh huahana, ka equilibrium ua 'oni iki ma ka wahi ho eiiiiiaiou. Alaila, ina ka buke aku i ka buke o ka naoh huahana o reactants, ka equilibrium ua 'oni iki i ka kūpono Nine Inch i huiʻia. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i kela a me keia kameleona o ke kinoea ninoaaeyao ka ia ka leo ma lalo o maʻamau ana. Akā, i ka loli ma ka puʻe i loko o ka'ōnaehana, aole ia e mau pili i ka Nine Inch koena. Le Chatelier ka rula hōʻike i ka hou naoh i loko o ka inert kinoea hoʻololi i ka manaʻo koikoi, akā, i ka'ōnaehana i loko o equilibrium. Ma keia naoh me ka nui loa wale nō i ka manaʻo koikoi i ua pili i na reactants (heliumʻAʻohe noa electrons, ka mea, aole ia i pane koke ia me ka 'ona i loko o ke kahua).

Hou i ka naoh i kekahi nui o ka waiwai hiki aku i ka 'oni iki o ke equilibrium a hiki i kaʻaoʻao o ke kaʻina hana ma keia waiwai i emi.

Equilibrium mea hōʻeuʻeu. Ua Ua "wawahi ai i ka" a "ua kūponoʻia" maoli ai i loko o ka papa o ka naoh. E wehewehe i kēia kahua ma ka laʻana. Hydrogenation bromine pāʻoihana hana hydrobromicʻakika. Aia hele mai kekahi manawa i ka wa a ua hana i ka huina hoonui hope nui loa, kona noi aku i ka huina nui o ka monomolecule hydrogen a me bromine, ka naoh kōmi 'aʻole hoʻi. Inā i hoʻohuiʻia i ka'ōnaehana ka hydrogen paha bromo, ka naoh hele i loko o ke ku pono ana i ka ao ao.