Ke aloha i huiʻia, a me ko lakou Mea Maluna

Na Mea Maluna Ua muli ma luna o ka pähola 'ana o ke aloha i huiʻia, ka Nine Inch' ole o A. M. Butlerova. Kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana Mea Maluna - o ka hookumu ana o ka 'epekema nomenclature. Mahalo iā ia, e lilo i mea hiki, e haawi aku i ka inoa ana i kela a me keia o ka mua a me ka ike hou ke aloha mea, ka hoʻohana 'ana i loaʻa mall haʻilula.

Classes o ke aloha i huiʻia

Ke aloha 'ona i hoʻolahaʻia nā papa kuhikuhi ano: ka IIeEeAIEUAA a me ka helu o ooieoeiiaeuiuo hui ma ka lātoma a me ka kalapona skeletal' ole.

Kalapona iwi ho ka moiety i mea lawa ka hale lio i loko o nā Nine Inch reactions. Ke aloha i huiʻia, ua māheleʻia i loko o nui nā pūʻulu, oiai e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka hakakino 'ole o ke aloha mea.

Acyclic i huiʻia (biosoedineniya momoma ole aliphatic hui). Mau ke aloha i huiʻia i loko o ka hakakino 'ole nā pololei' ole ai manamana kaula carboxylic.

Carbocyclic i huiia - i ka waiwai me ka paʻa carboxylic kaulahao - pōʻaiapuni. Mau biosoedineniya maheleia i loko o nā pūʻulu: onaona a me ka alicyclic.

Heterocyclic maoli ke aloha i huiʻia - 'ona i loko o ka' ole o nā lātoma a i he apo i hanaʻia o ka kalapona nā'ātoma a me nā'ātoma o nā Nine Inch oihana mua (oxygen, naikokene, luaipele) heteroatoms.

I huiʻia o kēlā me kēia lālani (pae) e māheleʻia i loko o kekahi papa o ke aloha i huiʻia. Ke aloha 'ona no i ka kekahi papa me ka nānā' ana i ke alo i loko o kona lātoma o kekahi ooieoeiiaeuiuo nā pūʻulu. No ka laʻana, na papa o hydrocarbons (ka wale papa o ke aloha i huiʻia i nele ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu), amines, aldehydes, phenols, carboxylic nāʻakika, ketones, waiʻona mai ke kino, etc.

I ka hoʻoholo 'ana ke aloha i huiia, no a hiki i ka papa helu, a hoʻokuʻu akula kalapona iwi a me ka carboxylic lei (acyclic pilina), ka loop (carbocyclic hui) ole nucleus (heterocyclic i huiʻia). A laila e hoʻoholo i ke alo i loko o ka lātoma o ke aloha mea'ē aʻe'ātoma (iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai) pūʻulu, e laʻa me, hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH,'amino, imino, sulfgidridnoy pae - SH, etc. Na ooieoeiiaeuiia pūʻulu a me nā pūʻulu hoakaka biosoedineniya no i ka kekahi papa, kona papa kuhikuhiE physical a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Ua pono e mai la oia i kela a me keia iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu ole wale e hōʻike ana i kēia mau waiwai, akā, no hoi e loli ai nā nā'ātoma a'ātoma pūʻulu, i ka wā hoʻokahi ikea ai a me kā lākou mau keiki.

E hookomoia ma na nā lātoma o acyclic a me cyclic hydrocarbons a heterocyclic i huiʻia me hydrogen'Ātoma ma kekahi ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu hoomakaukau ke aloha i huiʻia a e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi papa. Eia nō kekahi loiloi pūʻulu e hooholo wale nô o ka ke aloha i huiʻia ai i ka kekahi papa: hydrocarbons RH, halogenated hydrocarbons - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-HI-R2, waiʻona like 'ole a me nā phenols R-OH, carboxylicʻakika - R-COOH , la o Etera - R1-O-R2, galogenoangidridy carboxylic nāʻakika R-COHal, nā mea kemika R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, organometallic i huiʻia - R-Me, mercaptans R-SH.

Ke aloha i huiʻia me i loko o kā lākou hakakino 'ole ka loiloi hui, haawiia keia i like ke aloha i huiʻia me na mea hana, elua a oi - i huiʻia me ka hui hana. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ke aloha i huiʻia me ka noonoo ole hana paha e hydrocarbons, waiʻona mai ke kino, ketones, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic nāʻakika, nitro i huiʻia, etc. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka i huiʻia me ka poʻe'ē he oihana paha e hydroxy, keto, etc.

Mau nui ka luna 'bioorganic hui: nā polokina, proteid, lipids, nukelea nāʻakika, carbohydrates, nā lātoma ma i ka nui helu o okoa ooieoeiiaeuiuo nā pūʻulu.