Kind o connective'aʻaʻa 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Ma kānaka, loaʻa nō kekahi mauʻano o ka'aʻaʻa. I mai la lakou a pau hula i ke kūlana i loko o kā mākou ke ola. I kekahi o nāʻano nui ia hoʻi ka connective'aʻaʻa. Kona ilepili kaumaha mea ma kahi o 50% o ke kanaka kaumaha. He He loulou i hoʻohuiʻia pu i na nā'aʻaʻa o ko mākou kino. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka moku'āina o na mea he nui o na mana o ke kanaka kino. ʻO kēia ka mea, ua manaoiaʻano o connective'aʻaʻa.

Overview

Connective'aʻaʻa, 'ole a me ka hana ana o na mea i ua? Anoee no na kenekulia, mea kuleana no ka hana ana i na mea he nui nā loko, a nenoai. Kona mau 'umekaumaha mea mai ka 60 a hiki i 90% o ko lākou kaumaha. Ua ano he kākoʻo ponoi, i kapaʻia ka stroma, a me ka integument hui, i kapaʻia ka dermis. Main hiʻona o ka connective'aʻaʻa:

• na kumu o ka mesenchymal;
• mall similarity;
• hana kākoʻo hana.

Ke kumu nui loa o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa connective'aʻaʻa pili i ka fibrous type. Ua ninoieo o elastin a me ka collagen olona. Together me ka epithelial connective'aʻaʻa mea he integral hapa o ka ili. I ka Ia manawa ia e hoohui mai ia ia me ka Muscle olona.

Connective'aʻaʻa Ua loa okoa mai ka mea e ae ma ia mea, ua hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ke kino, 4ʻokoʻa Hawaii:

• puluniu (ligaments, tendons, fascia);
• ka hana (iwi);
• tuko pīlali (cartilage, ami);
• loli (lymph, i ke koko, intercellular, synovial, cerebrospinal loli).

Nō hoʻi, 'elele o keia ano o ka lole e: sarcolemma, momona, extracellular mua, iris, sclera, microglia.

Ka 'ole o ka connective'aʻaʻa

Ua nā paʻa aeee (fibroblasts, fibroblasts) aha i ka waihona ipu mea. He fibrous ho okumu. Ka mea, ho i ka intercellular waiwai. Eia hou, inā loaʻa kela noa aeee (momona, eha, obese a me kekahi poe e ae.). Connective'aʻaʻa ua haku o ka extracellular'ōpū mai (kumu). Jelly-me hana mau ana o ka waiwai, ua pono i kona haku mele 'ana. 'ōpū mai,ʻo ka lahui hydrated tuko pīlali ua hanaʻia e ka mea kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha i huiʻia. Ka mea, e mai ma kahi o 30% o ke kaumaha o ka intercellular waiwai. Pela ka mea i koe, 70% o ka wai.

Mea Maluna o connective nā'aʻaʻa

Na Mea Maluna o kēia 'ano o ka'aʻaʻa ua huikau ma ko lākouʻano. Pela, ua māheleʻia ka papa kuhikuhi hoailona ia mea, ma ka huli, he e hoʻokaʻawale pūʻulu. Hoomaopopo kēia mau 'ano:

• Maoli connective'aʻaʻa mai a ka hookaawale fibrous a me kekahi, okoa kūikawā waiwai. Ka mua Ua maheleia i loko o: e wehe ai a me ke kaumaha o (non-hookuuia a me kaʻae), a me ka lua o ka - ma ke kelekele, reticular, mucous, pigment.
• Ka iwi, a ua maheleia i cartilage a me ka iwi.
• Trophic, i a i ke koko a me ka lymph.

Kekahi connective'aʻaʻa e hoʻoholo i ka loiloi a me ka morphological pono o ka meaola. Keiki, he mea ano hiʻona:

• 'aʻaʻa specialization;
• versatility;
• multifunctionality;
• adaptability;
• polymorphism a multicomponent.

General oihana o ka connective'aʻaʻa

ʻano o connective'aʻaʻa hana i ka kēia mau hana:

• mall;
• hoʻolako 'ia' ana o ka wai-paakai koena;
• trophic;
• mechanical e hoomalu ana o ka puniu wale no;
• he mōlina (e laʻa me, ke kinona o ka maka me ka nānā 'ana i ka sclera);
• kaulike kūpaʻa o ka'aʻaʻa permeability;
• musculoskeletal mechanical e (cartilage a me ka iwi, a me nā tendons aponeuroses);
• aiiay (immunology a me ka phagocytosis);
• ea (ka hoʻololiʻana i ka hou? aneie rula, wahi iho la hoola ana);
• homeostatic (komo i loko o kēia nui kaʻina hana o ke kino).

Ma kekahi mau hua'ōlelo, i ka hana o ka connective'aʻaʻa:

• haawi aku i kanaka kino shape kumupaʻa, ka ikaika;
• ka hoomaluia mai, a me ka hui ka penaʻana viscera ma waena o lākou.

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana iloko o ka intercellular waiwai connective'aʻaʻa kākoʻo. Kona kumu i nā maʻamau pūnao. Neural a me connective'aʻaʻa, a ua hoakaka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka kela hui, nenoai, a me ko lakou hooponopono.

Ka 'ole o ka acee? Iuo oeiia o fabrics

Ka 'ole o ka connective'aʻaʻa loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli konaʻano. Ua ninoieo o kekahi keena, a intercellular waiwai. A kiʻiona hiʻona o keia lole - kiʻekiʻe regenerative nona iho. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka plasticity a me ka maikai ka hoʻololiʻana i ka hoʻololi? Aneie ana. ulu i kekahi ano o ka connective'aʻaʻa, a hoʻomōhala i ka lilo ana o nā'ōlelo a me ka loli o ke keiki undifferentiated keena. Ka mea, i loko mai o ka mesenchyme, a ho embryonic'aʻaʻa i hana mai i ka mesoderm (waena germ, ahu iho).

Intercellular waiwai kapaia extracellular mua, he he iiiaanoaa o okoa i huiʻia ('okanikaʻole a me ke aloha). Ua mea ma luna o lākou haku mele 'ana a me ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hana mau a me ka connective'aʻaʻa. Oia ka waiwai, i ke koko a me ka lymph, i loko o kona haku mele 'ana no intercellular waiwai i loko o waiʻona, kapa wai koko. Cartilage'ōpū mai i ke ano o ka tuko pīlali. Intercellular waiwai iwi a me ka tendon olona, he paa insoluble mea.

Ua loaʻa ka extracellular'ōpū mai nā polokina e like me elastin a me ka collagen, proteoglycans a me glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Kona 'ole ke komo i loko o mall nā polokina laminin a me ka fibronectin.

E wehe ae oe a anuanu connective'aʻaʻa

Kēia mau 'ano o connective'aʻaʻa apo ia i loko o ka' ole aeee a me extracellular'ōpū mai. I kā lākou e wehe ai i ka hailona oi ma mua i loko o ke anuanu. Ma ka hope Kīwala'ō ma keʻano o ke olona. Nā mana o kēia mau nā'aʻaʻa i paa ma ka lākiō o ke keena, a intercellular waiwai. Loosely-connective'aʻaʻa hanaʻiaʻano nui trophic kuleana pili i. Ma keia hihia, ka mea, ua komo i loko o ke kākoʻo me mechanical haʻawina. Cartilage, iwi a me ka densely fibrous connective'aʻaʻa i loko o ke kino hana musculoskeletal me mechanical kuleana pili i. 'Ē aʻe - trophic a me ka aiiay.

E wehe ae oe connective'aʻaʻa

Unformed e wehe ai i fibrous connective'aʻaʻa, 'ole a me ka oihana o ka a i ho'ākāka' ia ma kona keena, ua loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau nā loko. Ma na mea he nui o ko ia ia 'ano apau loa o ka hookumu ana (stroma). Ua ninoieo o collagen a me ka laholio olona, fibroblasts, macrophages, wai koko keena. Kēia lole ua pu ma na oihana a pau o ka circulatory nenoaiu. Ma kona moe kolohe puluniu o ke kaʻina hana o ka pūnao o ke koko ma na keena ma a he mea he hoʻololi o māhuaola mai kona'aʻaʻa.

Ke intercellular waiwai He 3 ano o ka olona,:

• Collagen e hele ana ma kekahiʻaoʻao. Mau olona, i ka palapala o ka pololei a me ka wavy kaula makalii (hae). Lākou mānoanoa mea 1-4 microns.
• Laholio, iki pūhaka collagen olona. Ka mea, i hui (anastomosed) i kekahi i kekahi, ho okumu i shirokopletistuyu pukapuka.
• Reticular wehewehe aku ma kā lākou thinness. Ka mea, e ulana pūʻia i loko o ka hei.

Ke kelepona hele hehee wale e wehe ai i fibrous'aʻaʻa mea:

• Fibroblasts, a nō ka mea oi aku ka nui. Ka mea, i ka kālī shape. He nui o ia mau mea a pau i hoʻolako pono me spike in. e hiki ke paʻi Fibroblasts. Lakou komo 'ana i loko o ke kahua o ke kumu waiwai o kēia' ano o ka lole, i ke kumu o kona olona. Mau keena paka collagen a me ka elastin, e like me nā waiwai o ka extracellular'ōpū mai. Pualani fibroblasts kapa fibrocytes. Fibroklasty - mau keena i hiki hōʻuluʻulu a me ka hoʻokemuʻana i ka extracellular'ōpū mai. Ka mea, ua oʻo fibroblasts.
• Macrophages, i hiki ke ua hoʻokōʻia, elongated a me ka ole kinona. Mau keena ke hōʻuluʻulu a me ka hoʻokemu pathogens a me necrotic'aʻaʻa, neutralize toxins. Ka mea, i pili 'ole i loko o ke kahua o ke hoʻonele. Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o gistotsity (i loko o ka quiescent moku'āina) a me ka loaʻa (eha) keena. Macrophages i kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia lākou hiki i amoeboid ka neʻe 'ana. E like me kā lākou me Kinohi ka mea, i ke koko monocytes.
• Ka momona aeee i hiki hoi e loaa ma ka cytoplasm o ka caiiaaaieea pua paha i loko o ke kino o na kulu. Ka mea, e spherical ma ka shape a me ka hiki, e pau ka i ka'ē aʻe mall pa alima o nā'aʻaʻa. Kēiaʻano a he anuanu adipose connective'aʻaʻa. Ua malama mai ka wela poho i ke kino. Ma kānaka, i ka adipose'aʻaʻa ka puleʻAmelika, ma lalo o kaʻili ma waena o ka mea na nā loko, i loko o ka hoʻokomo akula pahu. Ua Ua maheleia i keʻokeʻo a me ka eleele.
• Ka wai koko keena ma ka intestinal nā'aʻaʻa, iwi ka lolo a me ka lymph aka wahi. Kēia mau meaʻuʻuku mall huahelu i kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia lākou a puni a me ka'ololaha shape. paani ka mea, nui ka kūlana i loko o ke kino o ka pale nenoai. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kino. Wai koko aeee ulu koko globulins, a hula ka nui kūlana ma ka maʻamau functioning o ke kino.
• Kia aeee i pinepine i kapaia o'aʻaʻa basophils i wehewehe aku ma kā lākou mau grit. I kā lākou cytoplasm he kūikawā granules. Ka mea, e hele mai i loko o kekahi kinona. Mau keena i ke aupuni 'o nā'aʻaʻa o nā mea a pau nā loko i i ke ahu iho o ka moe kolohe connective'aʻaʻa unformed. Ua Ua haku o ka waiwai e like me heparin, hyaluronicʻakika, histamine. Kā lākou mau pololei manao - ka secretion o kēia mau waiwai, a me ka rula o ka microcirculation i loko o nā nā'aʻaʻa. Ka mea, i manaoia'ōnaehana paleʻea keena o kēia 'ano o ka'aʻaʻa, a he kuleana no kekahi li nui, a allergic reactions. 'aʻaʻa basophils i kia a puni na moku ke koko a me ka lymph aka wahi ma lalo o kaʻili i kaʻulaʻula iwi ka lolo, spleen.
• Pigment aeee (melanocytes) i loaa i ka lahui manamana ai ke kino. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila melanin. Mau keena i loaʻa i loko o kaʻili, a me ka iris o ka maka. By me Kinohi pee ectodermal keena, e like me ka pōmaikaʻi me nā mea loaʻa o ka ai-kapaia neural nalu.
• Adveptitsialnye keena, a i aia ma ka ipu koko (capillaries). Ka mea, ua kaulana ma kā lākou mau elongated shape a me ka mea ma ka waena konu o ka Kora naʻEsau. Mau mall naehana ke hoonui a me ka hoʻololi i loko o nā 'ano apau loa. Ka mea, ua ma kā lākou uku ka mea, i ka pau 'ana o ka make keena o ke'aʻaʻa.

Anuanu fibrous connective'aʻaʻa

No ka connective'aʻaʻa pili lole:

• Manoanoa unformed, a he o ka helu nui o densely hoonohonoho olona. Ua nā He uuku helu o ke keena hoolilo therebetween.
• Mānoanoa kaila, kapa hoʻohanohano ma ka kūikawā hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o connective'aʻaʻa olona. He ka iniiaiie hale i nā puke ligaments a me nā hale i loko o ke kino. No ka laʻana, tendon i hanaʻia ma ka pili loa kaulike ia laua puchochkami collagen olona, i ka wa waena o i ua hoopihaia me ka hoʻokumu paʻa waiwai, a me ka wiwi laholio i ulanaʻia. Densely fibrous connective'aʻaʻa o kēia 'ano he wale fibroblasts-keena.

Loaa hou ai mau mea nō laholio puluniu, a iloko o kekahi mau laulau (leo). O kēia mau mea, i ka iwi hanaia a moku, ka trachea a me bronchi pa. Ka mea, flattened a ua hoʻokōʻia manoanoa laholio olona, i ia laua, a me na mea he nui o lakou i ai manamana ai. Ka makahiki ma waena o ia i ka moe kolohe ole connective'aʻaʻa.

cartilage

Huiʻo ia i keena hana cartilaginous'aʻaʻa, a me ka nui ka leo o ka intercellular waiwai. Ua ua papahana e lawe mai me mechanical hana. Aia nō 2 ke ano o na keena ho okumu i kēia lole:

1. Chondrocytes, me ka'ololaha kinona a me ka Kora naʻEsau. Ka mea, ua loaʻa i loko o capsules, a i hohola a puni ka intercellular waiwai a pau.
2. Chondroblasts, i mea flattened opiopio keena. Ka mea, e ma ka periphery o ka cartilage.

Poe akamai i mahele i ka cartilage i loko o 3 hoailona ia mea:

• Hyaline, ua hang nei ma na nā loko, e like me ka iwiʻaoʻao ona, ami, Air. Intercellular waiwai o ka cartilage translucent. He mai he ala apuupuu hana mau. uhi Hyaline cartilage me ka perichondrium. Ua loaʻa bluish-keʻokeʻo hue. Ua ninoieo o ka iwi o ka embryo.
• Laholio, a mea he hale mea o ka larynx, ka epiglottis, ka mea mawaho pepeiao Canal paia, ka cartilage o ka auricle hapa, uuku bronchi. laholio olona, i ka ulu 'ana ma kona intercellular waiwai a pau. Kēia cartilage mea ole kalipuna.
• Collagen, i mea ke kumu o ka intervertebral iwi kuamoʻo, menisci, ka symphysis pubis, a me sternoclavicular ami. Kona extracellular'ōpū mai maupaʻa he anuanu fibrous connective'aʻaʻa, oia hoi o laua collagen olona, puchochkov.

Kēiaʻano o connective'aʻaʻa, nānā 'ole o ka wahi ma ke kino i ka mea hookahiʻaoʻao pale. Ua Ua kapaia ka perichondrium. Ua Ua haku o anuanu fibrous'aʻaʻa haku o laholio a me ka collagen olona. Ua loaʻa he nui helu o nä olonä a me nā ipu koko. Cartilage ua ulu hoomaikai i ka hou 'ana o ka mall hehee wale o ka perichondrium. I ka Ia manawa e hiki ke koke hoʻololi lakou. Mau mall oihana mua i lilo iho i loko o cartilage keena. Kēia lole i kona mau peculiarities. Penei, ka extracellular'ōpū mai o oʻo cartilageʻAʻohe ipu koko, no laila ka mea, ua mana ma nā maholahune o 'ona, mai ka perichondrium. Kēia lole Ua wehewehe aku ma kona kohoʻia, ia mea hoʻopale i ka puʻe, a i ka lawa palupalu.

Ai pili aku iwi'aʻaʻa

I huiiaʻi me iwi Ua maopopo paakiki. He mea pono i ka calcification o kona intercellular waiwai. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka connective'aʻaʻa o ka iwi - ke kākoʻo nui-mechanical. Mai ka mea, kukulu iho la i ka iwi a pau o ka iwi. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mall oihana mua o ka pūnaewele puni honua:

• Osteocytes (iwi aeee), a i ka luna 'shape Hihia'. Ka mea, i ka olelo hoopomaikai kāna mau 'ōlelo o ka pouli malu. Mau keena i loaʻa i loko o ka iwi cavities,: wahi a na contours o na osteocytes. I kekahi therebetween intercellular waiwai. Mau keena e hiki ke paʻi.
• Osteoblasts, ka iwi mea he mall hehee ai. Ka mea, i ka poepoe shape. Ma kekahi o ia ma laila i kekahi mau nuclei. Osteoblasts i loko o ka periosteum.
• Osteoclasts, i mea nui multinucleated keena komo i loko o ka make ana o calcified iwi a me ka cartilage. kekahi kanaka ka ke ola ma ka mea, he loli o ka 'ole o ka lole. I ka Ia manawa me ka'opi kaʻina ua lawe mai i ke kahua o ka hou 'ikamu i kupu mai ma ka wahi o ka make, a ma ka periosteum. Ma keia eiiieaena komo i ka hope o ke keena, osteoclasts a me osteoblasts.

Kaulu'aʻaʻa maupaʻa ka intercellular waiwai a pau iloko olaila o amorphous honua waiwai a pau. Aia i osseinovye puluniu i mea ole i loaʻa i loko o nā nā loko. No ka connective'aʻaʻa pili lole:

• lohi loa-puluniu i hōʻike 'ia ma ka embryo;
• lau, i loaʻa i loko o nā mamo a me ka wahine.

Kēiaʻano o ka lole komo o ka mall naehana me ka iwi una honua. Ua Ua hanaʻia ma keena, i ka pau capsules. Ma waena o ia mea, he maikai-puluniu intercellular waiwai, iloko ona i kakauia kalipuna paakai. Osseinovye olona, me ka nui mānoanoa, ma ka iwi papa foredeck laua pili i kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, e moe ana ma ka kekahi ao ao. Ma ke kokoke iwi papa o na olona, e p ÷ haku i ka olelo o ka mea'ē aʻe hehee wale. Kēia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe mea paʻa o ka lole.

Iwi papa ke aupuni 'i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ke kino e hoonohonoho i loko o ka kekahi mea. Ka mea, i na ālai 'hale o lalo, omo a me ka hui iwi. Ma kēlā o keia mau papa i ka nānā 'ana ma luna' nenoai. No ka laʻana, ka iwi omo ua haku o 3 papa.

• Foxmike, kahi ma luna o ka ili o ka una honua ano i ka mall huahelu o ka kēia aeaiiuo, ahu iho. Naʻe, ka mea e i hana i ka piha apo.
• Middle hana osteons, ma i ka iwi papa i hanaʻia a puni na moku koko. Ma keia hihia, ka mea i hoonohonoho concentrically.
• Kūloko, ai ka, ahu iho o ka iwi papa e ālai i ka wa ma ka iwi lolo.

Iwi ulu a ua hoihoi hou ia ma muli o ia kā lākou e uhi ana i ka pā ili o ka periosteum oia hoi o connective'aʻaʻa a me osteoblasts o ie puluniu. Mea pōhaku paʻakai hooholo i ko lakou ikaika. Me ka shortage o nā wikamina a me hormonal kāna hana kalipuna maʻiʻo ia me ka nui loa hoemiia. Iwi i hana i ka iwi. Ma na ami ka mea, ho i ka musculoskeletal nenoaiu.

Mai, kena ae la ia e connective'aʻaʻa nawaliwali

Lawa ka ikaika o na olona, o collagen, i ka nawaliwali o ka ligamentous i hoʻomākaukauʻia hiki i maʻi nui e like me scoliosis, i lalo wawae, hui hypermobility, ia kāna i mau kino, retinal poe, koko maʻi, sepsis, osteoporosis, haʻahaʻaʻeha hoʻi, gangrene, hoʻokano, ka rumatika, cellulite. He nui akamai i ka pathological moku'āina o connective'aʻaʻa nā ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea oihana, no ka mea, o ke kuleana o ia no ka circulatory a me ka lymphatic nenoai.