Kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ke akamai o ke au kahiko o Rusia. Haipule i pena o kahiko Rusia

Ka hooulu ana o ke akamai a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone kaila o ka luakini Rusia kona kêia kanaka i loko o na ohu o ka manawa. I ka 988 Kievan Rus 'me ka hookamaia o Kristiano au, he nui loa ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau, a hiehie i ka hiʻona o ka huali nani o ka hikina a me ke komohana ascetic naau kupono. Iloko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka nunui-oe mika a me ka palapala nō i hana i ka hana i ho'ākāka 'kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ke akamai o ke au kahiko o Rusia.

Historical kāʻei kua o ka palapala kaila o ka kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ke akamai o ke au kahiko o Rusia

Arts a kahiko Rusia me he kia hoʻomanaʻo no ka mālama '-Christian moʻomeheu mea i ike ole i ke kālā noʻepekema, a me ka kiʻi kaula o kēia wā ua poe e wale he mau laau kii o na kii. ʻO ia kulana home 'ole o ia me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone kia hoʻomanaʻo i o ka mālama'-Christian Rusia, loa paha, ma muli o ia ka mea i hanaʻia ka mea, o ka lāʻau, a i ole, ua malamaia i ka lā.

Pena i loko o Rusia, hoomaka ae la e 'ike kona kokololio kūpono' ana i loko o 10th ke kenekulia, ka wā, ma hope o ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka pono ma luna o ka mokuna o Rusia ka Slavic Hawaiʻi Cyril a me Methodius i hiki ke wehe aʻe o ka hana ma waena o Lūkini, a Byzantine poe paahana e kono aku ia ma hope o 988 makahiki i loko o ke kūlanakauhale Lūkini o Prince Vladimir.

I ke kakahiaka nui 11th kenekulia, i ke kahua i loko o ke kūlana politika a me ka nohona spheres o ka Old Lūkini moku'āina Ua hoʻomohala i loko o ia ke ala i ka pagan haipule ke keʻena auaiaea e hoomaka ana limanui aliʻi papa mai a pau spheres o ka lehulehu ola. Pela, ke kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ke akamai o ke kahiko Rusia, i lilo ai kona ulu no ka mea, o ua hui keia Poakolu Byzantine hooilina.

Elue no ka hooulu ana i stylistic hiʻona o ke kuhikuhipuʻuone

hele mai ma lalo o ka pololei ole o Byzantine kuhikuhipuʻuone, i mea ka synthesized ano o ka heiau kahiko hale, ke kiʻekiʻe o ho okumu i ka ua 'ike nui 10th kenekulia' ano o keʻa-na¯ haʻawina ekalesia kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ke akamai o ke kahiko Rusia like me ka holistic kaila Ensemble, Ua loa okoa, mai ke kakahiaka nui Kalikiano basilicas. Ka hali 'semicircular Dome ma luna o ka paakiki kihi o ka quadrangular kumu o ka luakini, ka hoʻohana' ana i ka polokalamu hoʻomohala e "holo" i ka Dome o ke kākoʻo'ōnaehana a kōkua kona puʻe ma luna o ka pā pōhaku, ua loaʻa Byzantine nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ka i kā mākou? Anoe o ka na kahua o ka luakini, a hana i ka houʻano o Christian ekalesia hale.

Ka luna i hoakakaia manao hiʻona hai aku i ka maha, i ke kumu o ka i mea ka pela-kapaia "he Helene keʻa", a mea he kihikihiʻo elima hoonohonoho equidistant mai kekahi i kekahi.

Nui hope - i loko o ka 19th kenekulia - ma Rusia hoʻokumuʻia ka ai-kapaia "feria-Byzantine" kaila o ka luakini, na hale, kahi i squat Dome 'ano apau loa i aia ma ka lalo pahu, metala o window arcades a me ke Keena Kalaiaina o ka luakini o ka hoʻomaopopo like ele ele, i hookaawale ia e mau pou, a me ka laau kea maluna vaults.

Elue no ka hooulu ana i stylistic hiʻona o ka pena

Arts a kahiko Rusia me heʻano kaawale o noʻeau mea hoʻonani o na luakini i shape hope ia oa ?? eoi? Ma hope o ka bapetizo ana o Rus i lawe mai ai lākou iconic ka hoao ana kono Byzantine haku. Nolaila, lehulehu murals a me frescoes o i kakahiaka nui Karistiano ekalesia mālama '-Mongol manawa indistinguishable ma Lūkini, a Byzantine kumu.

I kumumanaʻo, na ke aloha i ia manaʻo icons, i pena o kahiko Rusia ka mea mahuʻi Hale Pule Nui o ka Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, i ka hana i loko o i penaʻia ma Byzantine haku. Ka luakini iho i ole, ua hookoeia mai ai, akā, kona Kalaiaina mea hoʻonani ua ikeia mai ka hōʻike ana i ua loaʻa i loko o ka 17th kenekulia. Kono pena noho ihola i loko o ka hoailona, a hoonoho i ke kumu no kona maalea aʻo. Kaulana o Alypius a me Gregory ua i ka mea mua Lūkini Artists ka poe i haʻalele i kēia kula o ikona pena.

Penei, no, icons, i pena o kahiko Rusia e lawelawe ai i kaʻimi naʻauao a me ka methodological ka hoʻomauʻana mai i kaʻike o nā kūpuna o'Ākia haku.

Specificity kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ka? Ieoaeunoai ke ano o ka noho hale a me na luakini o kahiko Rusia

Moʻomeheu o Makamua Rus, pena, iconography a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone a mea he hookahi Ensemble, uuku loli ana e ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka lehulehu a me ka noho hale, a hoʻomau i ka hana i kekahi typical Terem hale a mau hale aliʻi. Byzantine kuhikuhipuʻuone mau hae i i ea ae i kekahi mea hiki maluhia o ka hale, a me kela mea keia mea o lakou i kaawale mai o kaʻenemi ho'āhewa wale. Art o Makamua Rus, akamai a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone, i hiki ke hōʻikeʻia e ke kumu hoohalike o ke Pskov a me Tver hoailona hale,ʻeleu ma luna o lākou mall maluhia, kōkua i ka Dome o ka hale me ka maksimalnnym ai hanaʻia naʻe e hali ana i nā hale.

Iconic Old Lūkini pena

Moʻomeheu o Makamua Rus, nona nō ua holo ma lalo o ka hulina keiki o Byzantine nō, ua lawe kinona ma ka hopena o ka 15th kenekulia, ua paka i kona loa vivid a me kekahi 'ano assimilated me ka palapala Old Lūkini nō i kūpono. A inā paha kekahi ia oe ano, e like me noʻeau humuhumu a me ka wahie i ke kalakalaiʻana iʻikeʻia Old Masters, ka loa hoʻomano hoʻohana a hoʻomohala i loko o ka poli o ka haipule nō ka mea, loaa pono ma hope o ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ke Karistiano a hiki i Rusia.

Orthodox moʻomeheu o kahiko Rusia, i ka pena i ua poe ole wale luakini murals a me iconography, akā, i lehalehu t a me ka Nails ilaila, hōʻikeʻana creeds, a hoʻohana 'ia ma ka maʻamau o ke ola mau nä poʻe o ua haʻalele kona hoailona ma ka Kalaiaina mea hoʻonani o nā hale a me nā mea hoʻonani o ke alo.

ʻano o ke kala a me ka haku mele 'ana

Monasteries a me ikona-pena nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao o ka wā kahiko Rusia i kekahi wahi o ka lehulehu o iao? E piʻi like a me ka ike maopopo ana i loko o kemika, e like me ka mea, haawi mai likeʻole nā mea hoʻohui hua HW.

Ka'āhihi pena o icons ma parchment a me ka mea nona advantageously hoʻohana i ka ia ka inika. Ka mea, he cinnabar, sapeiro, ocher, kēpau keʻokeʻo, a me na mea e ae. Pela, he oiaio no kona hiki nā mākau koe pena o kahiko Rusia: na kahiko nō o Byzantium hiki ole loa e puku i nā ano o ka hana ana i nā pōpō.

Eia naʻe, i loko o kēlā mau 'ana i kūpono o ka pena, he aʻo kāna punahele' ana i kūpono a me kāu kiʻina hana - ana i ka hana i ka HW wale a me ka hakakā o kona palapala noi i ka ili honua.

E like me ka novogorodskomu kōmi'ōkuhi ikona-pena o ka 16th kenekulia, loa he makemake ko ma na haku hoʻohana cinnabar, Lazor, keokeo, prazelen. I ka kōmi'ōkuhi no ka manawa mua ia ikea na inoa o kēia mau waihoʻoluʻu - melemele,ʻulaʻula, eleele, omaomao.

White o ka loa hanohanoʻano, ka hapanui pinepine ia i loko o Blend o ke ano, i hoʻohana 'ia no ka noi o na wahi i wāhiʻia, a "razbelivaniya" nā waihoʻoluʻu. White hua ma Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Ano o ka hana o lakou o ka'okesaside o ke kēpau holehole mai ai me ka hou aceticʻakika ma ka holoi i ke kūpono keʻokeʻo caramel.

Ke kumu nui ke keʻena o ka "pilikino palapala" a hiki i ka iconography o kēia lā, he ocher.

Arts a kahiko Rusia, e like me kona Byzantine hae komo ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi mau ano koho waihoʻoluʻu o ka mea i loko o ka palapala o ka mea hemolele kiʻi.

Kekahi o ka hoʻomano hoʻohana kumu o waihoʻoluʻu ua cinnabar - Hereme sulfide luaipele. Cinnabar i koʻu mau i loko o ka kaulana ma Europe Russian Nikitinsky kahua. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka inika hang nei i cinnabar trituration me ka wai, i ukali ma ka mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia ia i loko o ka concomitant a pyrite i eliia pyrite. Cinnabar hiki auou caiaiai e ho'ēmi minium loaa ma ka calcination o ke alakaʻi i'okesaside.

Lazor i keʻokeʻo, papahana no ke kākau 'ana i wāhiʻia, a paka nanahe o nā waihoʻoluʻu. I ka hala, i ke kumu nui o ke kumu sapeiro, he Afghanistan waiho. Eia naʻe, mai ka 16th kenekulia, he nui helu o ka aoao, e paka i ka uliuli pigment o ka sapeiro.

Ma waho aʻeo ia mau kumu o make, i ua hoʻohana ma Lūkini iconography bakan,ʻula, prazelen, omaomao, verdigris, Krutik ( "Sinilo") hoʻokomo akula cabbage, sankir (brownish leo) gaff, Reft, hihiu. kahiko pena ka terminology no na kala a pau o na olelo okoa.

Art kaila o kahiko Lūkini icons

Kēlā me kēia territorially integral moku'āina 'ē aʻe ia lŘlŘ i kekahi ka hoʻohuiʻana o nā hana noʻeau a me ka aesthetic mau hae, a hoi lilo kekahi e pili ana me ka olua hāpana. Oia ka noho kaʻawaleʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono '-ulu ke kahua o ke aupuni, a me ka moÿomeheu hoike ana o ke akamai o ke au kahiko o Rusia. Makamua pena hou ma mua o kekahi 'ē aʻe' āpana o oe ka hoʻokuleana i oaoieei-a me ka pilikia makapō loli, no laila, e olelo mai no hoi e pili ana i kona hiʻona pili loa aku i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ke kākau ki ina hana like.

Mongol kaua luku nui o ka fresco iconography a me kia hoʻomanaʻo i o kahiko Rusia, ke olonā wāwae, a ke wehe 'ia i ke kaʻina o nā kākau hou na hana. Eia naʻe, he kekahi kiʻi o ka hala ka hiki e hoihoi i ka palapala i ka malamaia, a scant hulikoehana hoʻopunipuni.

O kēia mau mea, ka mea, ua ike ia i loko o ke au o ka mālama '-Mongol kaua o monumental pena o kahiko Rusia i he nui hopena ma luna o kou iconography o' ana i kūpono - brevity o ka lua pele kūkuluʻia a me gloomyʻuʻumi iho i ke kala - akā, ma ke kenekulia 13th, ke kala hoʻomaka e haawi aku ai i ka huali pumehana waihoʻoluʻu. Penei, i keʻano hana Byzantine icons i ke kenekulia 13th a me ka mea i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka kaʻaluna o refraction me na mea kahiko Lūkini lahui nō i kūpono e like me freshness a me ka mālamalama o nāʻano, rhythmic lua 'ole a me ka immediacy o ke ano, ka' aoʻao.

Ma keia au, o ka loa kaulana haku hana, donosshie i Contemporary nō o Makamua Rusia - keia papa hiki ke poe ma ka Moscow Kauhalenui Peter, Archbishop Theodore o Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev a me Daniil Black pokole.

Hiʻona o Old Lūkini fresco

Mural pena i loko o Rusia i ole nei ma mua o ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ke Karistiano, a ua loa aie mai ka Byzantine moʻomeheu i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka kaʻaluna, a? Acaeoey o kekahi mau Byzantine modifying na 'ana i kūpono a me ka lako a pan.

Mua, e ka olelo ana i ka moʻomeheu o kahiko Rusia, i ka pena i mua ola i loko o ka palapala o mosaics, hoʻololi ka hoʻohana o ka puna o ka hoomakaukau mea, ana podmozaichnoe limestone lepo ma lalo o ka mural, a me ka hope o ka 14th kenekulia ua i hoʻololi mai i ke kahiko Byzantineʻano hana o ke kākau 'ana a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka mea - hou primordially Lūkini? eaia fresco.

Mawaena o ka radically hoʻololi manufacturing keʻano o ka hanaʻana kumu a me ka pena hiki e kūlana kilakila puna hoʻokumu wale n? I ke kumu o ka maemae limestone, mua nāu kekahi i ka ikaika o ka pōaka one a me ka pohaku keokeo? Inoaia. Ma ka hihia o Lūkini pena fresco puna kumu - gesso - ka mea, ua i ma ka lōʻihi incubation Lime ma ka admixture me kaʻai a me ka mea kāhinu, glue.

Old Lūkini pictorial humuhumu

Ma hope o 988 makahiki, me ka Hekikai o vizantiyskiyh mooolelo i loko o ke akamai o ke kahiko Rusia, i ke akamai kahiko Ua laha i loko o ka wahi o ka cultʻano hana wahi, o ka oi aku i loko o ke kino Nails.

A hailona no ka mea i hoʻopiʻi 'Tsaritsyno nā hālāwai hoʻonaʻauao hana ma lalo o ka auspices o ka manaʻo nui duchesses Sofi Paleologa Solomon Aloetic, Queen Anastasia Romanova a me Irina Godunov.

I waho Nails like me ka haipule nō o ke kahiko Rusia i ka hailona o na lua, a Kimia hiʻona me ka ikona. Eia naʻe, lehalehu t humuhumu - mea he like hana, me ka maopopo o ka makana o ka pelekikena a kanaka haku. Ke ikona pena depicted ma ka canvas maka, palapalaia maluna penei a me ke koena o ka lole, herbalist - mea kanu. Ke kāʻei kua Ua humuia'ākilikai nā kala like 'ole; maka a me na lima - silika pae ili nanahe, me ano laulea i kau ma luna laina ma ka contours o ka maka; Ke kapa a me ka a puni mea paha i humuia me ke gula a me ke kala lopi, a nunui-i nā pōpō silika.

No ka ikaika nui ae o ka lole underlay ho'ōniʻoniʻo canvas a lole, a ua paʻa ma lalo o ka lua o ka naʻau o ka pahee'aʻaʻa.

No paʻakikī mea bidirectional mea humuhumu i ka hae, a hae. Ma keia hihia, ke kilika a me ke gula ka pae ka puka nō ia ma.

Front humuhumu, he palahalaha noi - nui a me ka ea pelona hoʻonaniʻia luakini, waiho iho ma lalo o nā icons, i uhiʻia i ke kuahu, noi ma luna o nā hae. Ma na hihia a pau, i pili fabrics me nā kiʻi o nā haipule a hiki i ka puka o ka luakini a me ka hale, e like me loko o ka? Eaia keʻena.

Ia kenekoa oko o kahiko nō

Moʻomeheu o ka Makamua Rus - pena, iconography, kuhikuhipuʻuone - ua kekahi kenekoa variantivnost ka hoohuoi ana nā ka mea hoʻonani o na luakini, a me nā kuhikuhipuʻuone a me ka? Ieoaeunoai hiʻona o ka hale.

No ka laʻana, ka mea no a kahiko Rusia, i komo ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ke akamai, e like me ka mea hoʻonani Kalaiaina o ka ekalesia a mosaics, a frescoes, hemolele hōʻikeʻia e ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka Hale Pule Nui o St. Sophia. Eia ka mea, he noa pu a me ka mosaic a me ka mural pena, hōʻike mau primer, ahu iho ma lalo o ka ninaninau luakini. Ka Church o ka hoopahaohaoia'na o ke kauhale Large Vyazemy a pau puna kumu i ka maemae Lime me fillers. A ma Spassky Hale Pule Nui Spaso-Andronievskogo hoailona me ke alahaka puna gesso hōʻike koko albumin.

Pela, ua hiki ke manao nei makou, o ka singularity, a kū hoʻokahi o kahiko oe e moe i loko o kona kenekoa kohoʻia a me kanaka pilikino koho a me nā mākau o Lūkini Artists e hoopakele waihoʻoluʻu a me ka ano o ka manaʻo, e like me ka kona aina rula.