Kūloko 'ole o ka rana. Features rana 'ole

Poloka - he typical Luna o amphibians. An kumu o keia holoholona e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i nā 'ano o ka papa holoʻokoʻa. He 'atikala wehewehe i au mamuli o ka kipi' ole o ka rana.

kino veils

Marsh rana ola i loko o ka wai kino, a me ko lakou mau kapa a pau. Ua loaʻa i ka mea mawaho 'ole - he palahalaha i lalo ke poo, a mae i ka pōkole torso, hoemiia huelo, pōkole forelimbs me ka eha manamana lima a me ka waiho loihi ana hoʻi - me elima. Ka mea, e kōkua i ka maopopo i ka maloko 'ole o ka rana unuhi e hoike ana i ka iwi a me ka nui hui, nenoai.

Mua, ua nana i ka ili o ka holoholona. ua uhiia rana ka kino me ka ala apuupuu hanau ili me ka nui o ka multicellular glands i pee mucus. Kēia huna lubricates kaʻili, kōkuaʻana e noho ma ka wai, ka hoʻopukaʻana i ke kinoea mail. Eia hou kekahi, ka mea i malama mai i nā palapala microorganisms.

Lahilahi a me ka'ōlewa rana ili ole wale i malama a perceives mawaho stimuli, akā, i Radio nui ka kūlana ma ke kinoea mail. Eia, rana absorbs ka wai wale n? Ma ka ili. I mea no ke aha la ia mea e pono loa o ka manawa i loko o ka ona mau wai paha.

iwi

Poloka skeletal 'ole i nā hiʻona i ka pili ana me ka ka hoʻololiʻana i nā hana o ke hock. Ua ninoieo o ka puniu wale no, spine, mau lala a me ka iwi cii. Kalevari flattened, ka laula. Ma oʻo holoholona ka mea hoopakele i ka nui o ka nui cartilage'aʻaʻa e hoohui mai ia na rana Crossopterygii iʻa.

Pōkole spine ua poe e eha māhele: kumu, sacral,'ā'ī a me ka huelo. Cervical spine ninoieo o wale hoʻokahi apo-hoʻokino vertebra, akā, mahalo i kona ka hoʻoneʻe rana hiki ek'ki i kou poo.

Kumu māhele nā ehiku vertebrae. Na iwi aoao o ka holoholona i. Sacral Hoʻohana ua kekahi poe e he hookahi vertebra, hui pelvis. Hope, i ka hope, hookaawale iho la na poe lōʻihi iwi urostyle i ua hana o ka 12 fused vertebrae.

Kanu'ōiwi nā rana skeletal hana hoihoi 'ku ai i ke' o ka ho okumu i ka lala, a hoʻohui i ke kāʻeiʻaoʻao iwi spine. forelimbs kāʻei nā ka sternum, elua kōmi 'ana, nā poʻo nui, a me nā iwi o ka clavicle wale forelimb ninoieo o ka poohiwi, forearm a me ka lima a me nā manamana eha (i ka lima o ka manamana lima i loko o kona uuku).

diawahine ia lala kaei no ka mea, o ka mea e haawe nui ka oi nunui ma mua o ka poohiwi. He ua poe fused pelvic iwi. hindlimb iwi nā loko o kona wale nô ka'ūhā, a me ka pale wāwae me elima manamana. Ka lōʻihi o nā wāwae i ka diawahine ia mau a hiki i 'ekolu mau manawa hou ma mua o ke alo.

muscularity

Poloka nāʻiʻo hiki ke maheleia i loko o Hoʻohana nāʻiʻo o ke kumu a me ka lala, torso nāʻiʻo i metameric 'ole (like i na nāʻiʻo o ka iʻa). Nāʻiʻo o ka diawahine ia lala, a ā ua maopopo pono ke kino.

alimentary kahua

Features rana 'ole maopopo hiki ma luna o ke kumu hoohalike o ka' ole o kona digestive nenoaiu. A pau o ka na nā loko o amphibian loaʻa i loko o ka coelomic lua. Kēiaʻano o ka eke o kona mau paia i haku o epithelial keena. I loko o ka lua he he uuku nui o ka wai. Ka hapa nui o nāʻeke lawe i ka digestive nā loko.

Digestive'ōnaehana hoʻomaka oropharyngeal lua. Ma kona lalo i pili 'ōlelo i hoʻohana i ka rana, e hopu i ka nā mea kolo. Aie i ka hana 'ole ia mea hiki ia e kipaku i kiʻekiʻe māmā holo, mai ka waha mai, a hahai ma hope o ka luahi.

Palatine iwi, e like me ka luna, a malalo iwi niho liʻiliʻi amphibians i conical ma ka shape. Lākou e hana ai,ʻaʻole no nā māna, akā, ma luna o nā mea a pau, e malama i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie i loko o ka waha. 'O kēia kekahi similarity me amphibious iʻa. Ke huna, pee ma ke salivary glands, moisturizes ka oropharyngeal lua a me ka ai. Kēia kōkua ai i nā kona 'ai, inu. Digestive nā'ūhū rana tuha 'Aʻole i loaʻa.

Rana digestive'āpana huli no pharynx. Keia ua ukali ma ka esophagus, a laila, - i ka'ōpū. Ma hope o ka'ōpū o ka duodenum, ua waiho iho la i ke koena o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi i loko o nā puka lou. Ke Aloha liʻiliʻi cloaca. Ranaʻai a me ka digestive glands - ake a me ka pancreas.

Ka Ho 'me ke kōkua o ka' ōlelo? Iecaianoaaiiuo mea i loko o ka oropharynx, a laila, ma ka puʻu, i loko o ka esophagus komo i ka'ōpū. Keena Aia ma na paia o ka opu, hydrochloricʻakika a kaʻawale ma ka pepsin e paipai digestion. E möakäka hou semidigested kaumaha e ia i loko o ka duodenum, a i ninini pancreas mea huna, a kahe akepaʻa bile leki uea.

Ke kiʻekiʻe o ka duodenum hele i loko o ka uuku naʻau liʻiliʻi, kahi a pau ka mahuaola i ke kemu. Leftover ai i ua ole hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hāʻule i loko o ka hope liʻiliʻi - pōkole, a ākea rectum, pau cesspool.

Na na 'ole o ka rana a me kona larvae meaʻokoʻa. Nā mākua i Moana, a hānaiʻano nui ma luna o nā mea kolo, akā, na tadpoles - loa maoli herbivores. Ma kā lākou mau a kuni ihola ia i mea mana e papa me i ka larvae i kepa pu ia me ka mea uuku ka līoho e ola ana i loko o kēia mau unicellular meaola.

naehana kahua

Mea hiʻona o ke kipi 'ole o ka rana nano a me ka hanu. Ka mea ka ia a me ka malamalama, he nunui kūlana ma ke kaʻina hana o ka kinoea launa like Radio he capillary refill amphibian ili. Ia maʻiʻaʻai i hui kaulua lahilahi-paʻa mauʻeke o hei pā ili, a he nui pukapuka o na moku koko.

E like me ka rana hanu ana? Amphibian hoʻohana kiwikā hiki ke wehe a me ka panina o nā puka ihu, a lalo neʻe oropharynx. I mea e Inhale, e weheʻia nā puka ihu, a ua kuu iho la i ka lalo oropharyngeal lua, a me ke ea mea i loko o ka waha o ka rana. A hele aku la ia i na ia maʻiʻaʻai, puka ihu pani, a me ka lalo o ka oropharynx pii. Ke exhalation ua hana ma akemāmā haule aku i ka paia, a me ka neʻeʻana o ka abdominal nāʻiʻo.

I kane, ke glottis ua hoopuniia e kūikawā arytenoid cartilages, i hoka ai vocal kaula. High ka leo ua hoakaka ia ma ka leo i mau aa moni, a i hanaʻia ma ka mucosa o ka oropharynx.

excretory kahua

Kūloko 'ole o ka rana, a aho, kona excretory nenoaiu, Ua hoi loa hana hoihoi, no ka mea, o ka neoneo nā huahana o amphibians hiki ia auoiaea ma na maʻiʻaʻai a me ka ili. Akā, ka hapanui o ia i excreted ma nā puʻupaʻa, a i aia ma ka sacral vertebra. Sami nā'ōpuʻu, ua oblong kino, e pili ana i ke kua. Mau keʻena ma lalo nei i kūikawā glomeruli i hiki ke kānana koko hālāwai hope huahana.

Mimi auoiaea o na ureters i loko o ka bladder, kahi e Ka waiho waho. Ma hope o hoʻopiha, ka bladder Muscle i loko o ka abdominalʻilikai cloaca hoemi ia a me ka wai a ua hookuu mawaho ma ka cloaca.

circulatory kahua

Na na 'ole o ka rana Ua oi luna' ma mua i loko o ka iʻa. I ka naʻau o ka makua rana, ekolu-pahu, iloko olaila a mau atria a me ventricle. No ka mea, hookahi ventricular arterial a venous koko ua hapa 'ia' hui, ke mau holo ua ole loa kaawale. Infundibulum me he lonikū helical kiwikā kolo ana aku, mai ka ventricle, a hāʻawi i ka hui arterial koko, a me kekahi mau moku.

Ka'ākau atrium Ua hele poʻe'ē he koko: venous hele mai ana, mai ka mea na nā loko, a me ka arterial - mai ka ili. Ma ka atrium hema, mai ka ia maʻiʻaʻai komo i ke arterial koko.

Hoemiia atria ka poʻe, a me ke koko o ka mea mau ka hili i loko o ka hoʻokahi ventricle. Aie i ka 'ole o ka nohona kiwikā lonikū arterial koko kahe i na nā loko o ke poo a me ka lolo, i hui - i na nā loko, a māhele o ke kino, a me ka venous - i kaʻili a me ka ia maʻiʻaʻai. Schoolchildren hiki e paakiki e maopopo ai ke kipi 'ole o ka rana. Ka hoʻokukeʻana amphibian circulatory'ōnaehana kōkua visualize pehea holo hana.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o tadpoles i wale kekahi holo, hoʻokahi atrium a me kekahi ventricle, e like me ka iʻa.

He okoa ka 'ole o ka rana a me ke koko o ke kanaka. Poloka ula koko aeee i ka nucleus, he'ololaha kinona, a me ke kanaka - he biconcave kinona, ka Kora naʻEsau ua nalowale.

endocrine'ōnaehana

Ke endocrine'ōnaehana nā rana thyroid, reproductive a me pancreas, adrenal a me ka pituitary glands. Ke thyroid gland produces hormones e pono no i ka pau 'ana o ka metamorphosis, a malama i pūnao, ke keka glands i kuleana no nā'ōlelo. Ke pancreas ua komo i loko o ka digestion o ka ai, ka adrenal glands kōkua hooponopono pūnao. Ke pituitary gland produces i ka helu o ka hormones e ho ololi i ka ulu, ulu a me ke kala o ka holoholona.

ko mākou hopohopo kahua

ʻO ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu o ka rana ua wehewehe aku ma ka haahaa nui o ka? Acaeoey, ia mea like i loko o ano i ka'emi'ōnaehana o ka iʻa, akā, ka mea, ua oi holomua hiʻona. Ka lolo Ua maheleia i loko o 5 pauku: waena, waena, alo, medulla a me ka cerebellum. Ke forebrain Ua pono e hoʻomōhala ai, a ua maheleia i mau hemispheres, kela mea keia mea o ka i mai ke kīloi paʻewa ventricle - he kupaianaha lua.

I e pili ana me ka monotonous neʻe, a me ka nui nele o ka hoʻokō ', ka cerebellum mea uuku. Medulla nui. A pau o ka rana lolo mai o ka umi hui o nā aʻalolo.

makaukau no

Mea hou i loko o amphibians makaukau pili me ka auoiaea, mai ke koʻana koko meakino ma ka aina maloo. Ka mea, eia, ua oi paʻakikī ma mua i loko o ka iʻa, like e kōkua i ka ho okele, a ma ka wai, a ma luna o ka'āina. Ma tadpoles ulu kīloi paʻewa laina nā loko.

Ke huna, ahu iho o na epidermis eha, tactile a me ka wela receptors. Papillae ma ka olelo, i ka lewa, a me nā ā o ka hana o nā loko o kaʻaiʻana. olfactory nā loko komo o ka hui kaulua olfactory i mau aa moni a i wehe i ka mea ma waho a ma loko o na puka ihu i loko o ka 'āina a me ka oropharyngeal lua, niioaaonoaaiii. Ma ka wai, me ka puka ihu paa hou mai la, honi kino mai e hana.

E like me ka lohe ulu waena pepeiao i loko i ka mokuna e listen ka leo kuekueni ma ka eardrum.

rana o ka maka o nā hale a huikau, no ka mea, ua pono i ka ike ma lalo o ka wai, a ma luna o ka'āina. Pale aku i nā maka o nā mākua hoʻoneʻe lihilihi a me nictitatingʻili lahilahi. Ma tadpoles kenekulia malaila. Ke cornea o ka maka rana convex maka aniani - lenticular. Amphibians ike loa lakou e maona ai a i waihoʻoluʻu hihio.