Luminescence: nā'ano, nā'ano, ka ho'ohana. 'O ka hopena o ka luminescence ho'olālā?

Luminescence - o ka ea puka ana o ka malamalama ma kekahi mau mea i loko o ka kŘpa anu moku'āina. Ka mea, i kekahi, mai ka pāhawewe o incandescent kino, e like me ke ahi wahie a me ka lanahu, i ka hao i hoʻoheheʻeʻia, a me ka uea enaena ma ka pila nuiʻikena. luminescence ea puka ua malamaia:

• ma ka Neon a me ka kukui hāweo kukui, kīwī, Radar pale a me fluoroscopes;
• i loko o ke aloha 'ona e like me luminol a luciferin ma fireflies;
• ma kekahi pigments hoʻohana ma foxmike hoʻolaha;
• me ka uila a me ka holaKahua.

Ma nā mea a pau i kēia mauʻike manaʻo mālamalama ea puka ua ole, kena ae la ia e paio hahana maoli nō ka mea ma luna o mehana ea, no laila, ua kapaʻia ia anu malamalama. Ka mea hiki waiwai o ka luminescent pono hana o kā lākou hana, e hoʻololi i kaʻike makaʻole ano o ka ikaika i loko o hiki malamalama.

Sources a kaʻina

luminescence kŰia ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o ka ikehu omo mea, no ka laʻana, mai ke kumu mai o ultraviolet a X-kukuna, huina'ine kaola, Nine Inch reactions, a no laila, ma luna o. d. kēia hualoaʻa ma ka waiwai nā'ātoma i ka pīhoihoi moku'āina. No ka mea, o ka poe, no ka lako e hoike i kona palapala moku'āina, a me ka ikehu ke kemu ua hoʻokuʻuʻia me ka malamalama, a / a me ka wela. Ke kaʻina komo ai wale ka waho electrons. luminescence ka hoʻokōʻana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka degere o ka huli ana o ka excitation ikehu i loko o ka malamalama. I ka helu o ka mea i i lawa hana no ka mea hiki ana,, kŘpa a uuku.

Luminescence a me ka incandescence

luminescence excitation ua ole e pili ana i ka excitation o nā'ātoma. I ka wela nā hoʻomaka e glow like me ka hopena o ka pu u kukui, kā lākou nā'ātoma i loko o ka hauʻoli moku'āina. ʻOiai ka mea, e kuekueni a hiki i mehana ea, ia mea nui i ka pāhawewe ana i loko o ka mamao welaʻula spectral māhele 'āina. Me ka mahuahua ana wela hoʻololi ai i ke alapine (frequency) o electromagnetic a pāhawewe i loko o ka hiki māhele 'āina. Ma ka kekahi lima, ma kiʻekiʻe loa ana wela a mea ua loaʻa, no kekahi laʻana, ma ka hawewe paipu,'ātoma hookui hookahe koko ana ke e, no ka ikaika i ka mea, ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā electrons, mai o lakou, a recombine, K'lauea malamalama. Ma keia hihia, luminescence a me ka incandescent e indistinguishable.

Kukui hāweo pigments a me ka make,

ʻike mau pigments a me ka make i ano like ka mea, noonoo i ka hapa o ka pae i ka mea manuahi ke kemu. A uuku hapa o ka ikehu ua hoohuliia i loko o ka wela, akā, he nui ea puka ia lŘlŘ. Inā, nae, ke kukui hāweo pigment absorbs malamalama ma ka laulā o kekahi wahi, e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu akula photons, okoa mai ka noʻonoʻo. Kēia ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka kalameaʻai paha pigment lātoma, ma i ultraviolet malamalama hiki ke hoohuliia i hiki, no ka laʻana, uliuli ka malamalama. Oia luminescence ki ina hana like i hoʻohana 'ia ma foxmike hoʻolaha, a me ka holoi me ka pauka. Ma ka hope Ina, ka "clarifier" i koe i loko o ka'aʻaʻa ole wale, e noonoo i ke keʻokeʻo, akā, no hoi, e hoʻolilo i ka ultraviolet pāhawewe i loko o uliuli, he lenalena o compensating a me ka 'ō keokeo.

i kakahiaka nui haʻawina

ʻOiai uila holaKahua, a hoopaa hoi i glow o fireflies a me fungi ua mau, ua hoikeia mai i ke kanaka, hoomaka ae la ka mua luminescence haʻawina a me ka kemikala mea, ka wā Vincenzo Kaskariolo alchemist a me shoemaker o Bologna (Italy), i ka 1603 g. Hahana loa läÿau, he barium sulufahate (barite i loko o ka palapala, kaumaha hookoe mai i kekahi) me ka lanahu. Ka lepo i loaa ma hope o ka huʻihuʻiʻana, po uliuli luminescence kinoea, a me Kaskariolo ike i ka mea hiki ke hoihoi hou ia ma ka hookauwa ana'ku i ka lepo i ka Map. I ka waiwai a pau i ka inoa o "Lapis solaris" a sunstone, no ka mea, alchemists manaolana i ka mea i hiki ke huli waihona ipu i eliiaʻi i loko o ke gula, o ka hōʻailona o ka i mea o ka la. Afterglow ua kena ae la i ka uku kuala o na mea he nuiʻepekema o ka wā, haawi mea a me nā inoa, a me "phosphorus", a 'o ia hoʻi "lawe o ka malamalama".

I kēia manawa i ka inoa "phosphorus" ua hoʻohana 'ia wale no ka Nine Inch hehee ai, oiai ka microcrystalline luminescent mea i kapaʻia he phosphor. "Phosphorus" Kaskariolo, apparently, ua barium sulfide. Ka mea mua i loaʻa pū nā pāʻoihana phosphor (1870) lilo i "pena Balmain" - pāʻoihana o ke kalipuna sulfide. I ka 1866, ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka hale lio mua kiniki sulfide phosphor o - kekahi o ka mea nui ma ka' enehana kēia.

Kekahi o ka mea mua? Iie haʻawina o ka luminescence, a ua hoikeia mai ma awi aku wahie a me kaʻiʻo a me ka fireflies, i hana ia ma 1672 ma ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia nä känaka' epekema Robert Boyle, ka mea, eia nae, aole ia i ike e pili ana i ka biochemical kumu o keia malamalama, aka, i kekahi o na kumu o ka waiwai o bioluminescent nenoai:

• Glow anu;
• ka mea hiki ke uhi pūʻia Nine Inch Luna e like me ka waiʻona, hydrochloricʻakika a me ka ammonia;
• pāhawewe pono komo i ka lewa.

I nā makahiki 1885-1887, ka mea i ike i ka maka nā pōʻalo mai fireflies West Indian (pyrophorus) a me ka clam Foladi ka wā i hui pūʻia ai ka malamalama.

Ka mua pono ka chemiluminescent mea, ua nonbiological kemikala i huiʻia e like me luminol, 'ike akula i ka 1928 makahiki.

Chemi- a bioluminescence

Ka hapa nui o ka ikehu kuu i loko o ka Nine Inch reactions, pakahi aku la ia'okesaside reactions, i ke ano o ka wela. Ma kekahi reactions, akā, he hapa hoʻohana i ka naita electrons mai i kiekie ae pae, a me ka kukui hāweo nā lātoma mua o ka chemiluminescence (Cl). Haʻawina hōʻike i Cl mea he ao kŰia, akā, i ka luminescence pinepine 'mea ai uuku i ka mea pono i ka hoʻohana' ana o ka 'ikepili koʻikoʻi detectors. Aia mau, nae, kekahi o nā hui e ho'āʻo vivid Cl. Ka maikai ikeia o kēia mau mea luminol, a ma luna o'okesaside me ka hydrogen peroxide ke hua mai i ka ikaika uliuli a uliuli-uliuli malamalama. Other ikaika o Cl-waiwai - a lucigenin lofin. I loko nō o ko lakou huali Cl,ʻaʻole nō a pau o ia mana i hoʻololi 'Nine Inch ikehu i loko o ka malamalama, oa. K. a emi mai ma mua o 1% o na nā lātoma hoʻokuʻu akula malamalama. Ma ka 1960s ka mea i loaʻa i nā nā mea kemika o oxalicʻakika, oxidized ma anhydrous nā'uheheʻe ma ke alo o ka loa kukui hāweo onaona hui hoʻokuʻu akula huali ka malamalama me ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka 23%.

Bioluminescence mea he kūikawāʻano o ka chemiluminescence catalyzed ma nā'ūhū. Ke luminescence auoiaea o kēia mau reactions ke hiki 100%, a 'o ia hoʻi i kēlā me kēia lātoma o ka luciferin reactant komo K'lauea moku'āina. A pau i ike ia i keia la bioluminescent naoh catalyzed'okesaside reactions 'ia i loko o ke alo o ka lewa.

thermally hauma¯na luminescence

Thermoluminescence o ia hoʻi, i thermal pāhawewe akā, e hooikaika ana i ka malamalama ea puka pono hana, na electrons a i malia ma ka wela. Thermally hauma¯na luminescence malama i loko o kekahi mau nā minelala hao, a oi loa aku hoi ma ka aniani phosphors ma hope o ka mea, i ka malia e malamalama.

photoluminescence

Photoluminescence a ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka hana o ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe hana 'ia ma luna o ka mea, hiki ke hana i loko o ka laulā o ka hiki malamalama ma ka ultraviolet i ka m-Ray a me ka gamma pāhawewe. Ma luminescence, e poloʻai pule ma photons, ke kōā o ka kinoea malamalama mea nui like ia a oi aku ma mua o ka ke kōā o ka pīhoihoi (m. E. ua like no a emi mana). Kēia koena unuhi i loko o ke kōā, kena ae la ma ka hou 'ana o ka mea e hoʻopā ai ka ikaika i loko o kuekueni o nā'ātoma a me Ion. I kekahi manawa, me ka mālama nui kukuna mea nana i ulana, kinoea malamalama hiki i ka pōkole ke kōā.

Ka mea i ka PL hiki ke malia e ultraviolet pāhawewe, i loaaʻi ma ka German physicist Johann Ritter i ka 1801, oia i kekahi mea o nā phosphors glow brightly i loko o kaʻike makaʻole māhele o ka poni hapa o ka pae, a pela wehe i ka UV pāhawewe. I ka huli ana o ka UV i hiki malamalama mea o ka nui he mea hiki nui.

Gamma a m-kukuna ka naita phosphors, a me nā mea pōaka mea i ka luminescence moku'āina ma ka ionization kaʻina ukali ma recombination o electrons a me ka Ion, ai luminescence ia lŘlŘ. Ke hoʻohana no ka mea, i loko o fluoroscopy hoʻohana ma ka radiology, a me ka scintillation counters. Ka hope mooolelo, a ana i ka gamma pāhawewe i kauoha ia ma luna o ka iwi kuamoʻo kapa komo iā ia me ka phosphor, i mea ma'ōnohi hui 'ana me ka ili o ka photomultiplier.

triboluminescence

I ka wa a na nā pōaka o kekahi waiwai, e like me ke kō i, paopaoia, i nanaia hunaahi. Ka ia ua ike i na mea he nui ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole waiwai. A pau kēia mau 'ano o ka luminescence ua loaʻa ma ka maikaʻi a me ka io ka pila' āhewa 'ana. Recent hua mai ma mechanical e kaawale ana surfaces ma ka crystallization kaʻina. Light ea puka laila, e wahi ma ka hookuu - kekahi 'ana ma waena o nā moieties o na nā lātoma, kekahi ma excitation o luminescence o ka lewa ma ke kaawale ili honua.

electroluminescence

Like thermoluminescence, electroluminescence (EL), i ka manawa kikowaena acee? Iuo oeiia o luminescence na hiʻona o i ka ua kinoea i ka malamalama i ka wa a ka uila hookuuia ma kinoea, ke kinowai a me ka paa mea. I ka 1752 Bendzhamin Franklin hoʻokumu i ka luminescence o ka uila-ʻonou uila hookuuia ma ka lewa. I ka 1860, i ka hookuuia kukui i mua nō ia i loko o ka Royal Society o London. Ua hua mai la i kekahi kukui keokeo malamalama me ke kiʻekiʻe anakahi uila hookuuia ma ka i carbon dioxide ma haʻahaʻa puʻe. Hoikehonua, kukui hāweo kukui i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kekahi me ka hui pu ana o electroluminescence a me ka photoluminescence Hereme nā'ātoma malia e uila hookuuia kukui, ka ultraviolet pāhawewe kinoea e ia ua hoohuliia i loko o hiki malamalama Via ka phosphor.

EL malama ma na nā uila aʻa lolo i electrolysis ku i ka recombination o Ion (a pela me ka ano o ka chemiluminescence). Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka uila kula i loko o ka lahilahi papa o luminescent kiniki sulfide ea puka o ka malamalama i, ua a i haawi ia ia e like me electroluminescence.

A nui helu o nā kī ana luminescence ma lalo o ka aoao o ka hōʻeleu i electrons - daimana, saredio, aniani phosphorus a me kekahi luna 'platinum paakai. Ka mea mua e pili ana o ka cathodoluminescence - Oscilloscope (1897). Similar pale ka hoʻohana? Ienoai aa mea pōaka phosphors i hoʻohana 'ia ma kīwī, radars, oscilloscopes a me ka huina'ine microscopes.

o ka Radio

Radioactive hehee wale ke hoʻokuʻu akula, alpha (particles) (helium nuclei), electrons a me gamma kukuna (he kiʻekiʻe-ikehu electromagnetic a pāhawewe). Ka pāhawewe ke luminescence - he glow malia ma ka radioactive waiwai. I ka Alpha huna bombard mea pōaka phosphor, hiki ma lalo o ka microscope moku flicker. Keia rula hoʻohana English physicist Ernest Rutherford, e hooiaio i ka'Ātoma loaʻa he kikowaena Kora naʻEsau. Pakiko-luminous HW hoʻohana no kaʻaʻai kiaʻi a me nā mea hana i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka RL. Ka mea, iloko o ka phosphor, a me ka radioactive waiwai, no ka laʻana tritium paha radium. Kilakila maoli luminescence - o ka holaKahua borealis: radioactive keʻano o ka hanaʻana ma luna o ka lā hoʻokuʻu akula i loko o ka lewa nunui nā paʻi hua o electrons a me ka Ion. A hiki lākou e hoʻokokoke mai i ka Honua, kona geomagnetic ke kahua e kuhikuhi ia ia i ka auamo. Kinoea-hookuuia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka luna papa o ka lewa, a hana i kekahi holaKahua kaulana.

Luminescence: ke kālaikūlohea o ke kaʻina

Ea puka o ka hiki malamalama ( 'o ia hoʻi, E. With hawewe ma waena o 690 a me 400 HI HI) excitation pono ikehu, a me ka nānā' ia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa Einstein kānāwai. Energy (E) ua like ia Planck ka ikaika (h), hoonuiia ma ke alapine (frequency) o ka malamalama (ν) ai kona māmā holo i loko o ka holo (c), puunaueia e ka ke kōā (λ): E = hν = hc / λ.

Ke'ī mai, i ka ikehu e pono ai no ka excitation papa koa mai ka 40 kilocalories (no ka ulaula) i 60 kcal (no ka lenalena), a he 80 calories (i ka lole poni) no Mol o ka waiwai. Kekahi aoao o ka hōʻike ikehu - ma ka huina'ine volts (1 eV = 1,6 × 10 ^-12 erg) - mai ka 1.8 hiki i 3.1 eV.

Ke excitation ikehu ua hoolilo i ka electrons kuleana no ka luminescence e lele mai kona aina pae i ka kekahi kiʻekiʻe. Mau hana hea nānā 'ana i nā kānāwai o ka quantum mechanics. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'maomeka o excitation hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea ia ia lŘlŘ i hookahi nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma, a ma ka pu ana o nā lātoma i loko o ke aniani. Ka mea, i hoʻoili ma ka hana o ka hōʻeleu i (particles), e like me electrons, hopena Ion a photons.

Pinepine, i ka excitation ikehu mea me ka nui loa ma luna ma mua o koi 'ia e hoala mai i ka huina'ine i ka pāhawewe. No ka laʻana, phosphor luminescence aniani kīwī pale, cathode electrons hua mai la me ka ikaika a kaulana o 25.000 volts. Aka hoi, i ke ano o ke kukui hāweo malamalama mea kokoke kuokoa o ka huna ikehu. Ua Ua 'ole ma ka pae o ka pīhoihoi moku'āina o ke aniani ikehu-oaio? A.

kukui hāweo kukui

Nā (particles), ma muli o ia i luminescence ia lŘlŘ - keia mawaho electrons o nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma. Ma kukui hāweo kukui, e like me Hereme'Ātoma ua hookukeia'ku ia ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ikehu 6,7 eV a oi, hookiekie ana i kekahi o ka mea ma waho electrons mau a hiki i ka pae kiʻekiʻe. Ma hope o kona hoi hou i ka lepo, moku'āina i ke koena unuhi ma ka ikehu ua kinoea me ultraviolet malamalama me ka ke kōā o ka 185 HI. Ka hoʻololi ma waena o ka waihona ipu a me kekahi pae produces ultraviolet pāhawewe i 254 HI, i ka huli, hiki e inu 'ē phosphor hoʻomakaʻia hiki malamalama.

Kēia pāhawewe mea pakahi aku la ia, pili i haahaa puʻe Hereme mahu (10 ^-5 lewa) hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kinoea hookuuia kukui o haʻahaʻa puʻe. Pela no ma kahi o 60% o ka huina'ine ikehu ua hoohuliia i loko o ka monochromatic UV malamalama.

Ma kiʻekiʻe puʻe, i ke alapine (frequency) maoli. Spectra komo hou mai o kekahi spectral laina o 254 HI, a ua haawi mai i ka pāhawewe i ka ikehu mai ka spectral laina e like me kekahi lolouila pae: 303, 313, 334, 366, 405, 436, 546 a me 578 HI. High puʻe Hereme kukui e hoʻohana no ka hoʻomālamalama, mahope mai o ka hiki 405-546 HI uliuli-uliuli malamalama, oiai e hoano hou ana ma ka malamalama ulaula hapa o ka pāhawewe ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi phosphor like me ka hopena huli keʻokeʻo.

I ka kinoea nā lātoma i pīhoihoi, kā lākou luminescence spectra hōʻike akea i paa ai; ole e hoalaia i ka pae ikehu kiʻekiʻe akā, ka poʻe hauʻoli vibrational a me rotational noi o na nā'ātoma ma ka pau wale electrons. Keia mea no ka mea, vibrational a me ka rotational ikehu o na nā lātoma, he 10 ^-2 a me 10 ^-4 o ka hoʻololi ikaika, a hui mai, e hoakaka i ka ai iiiaanoaa o iki okoa ke kōā eiiiiiaiou o ka hookahi koa. Ua nui nā lātoma i kekahi mau overlapping holehole mai ai, hoʻokahi no kēlā me kēia 'ano o ka hoʻololi. Ka pāhawewe nā lātoma ma ka pāʻoihana advantageously ribbonlike ua kena ae la ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka helu kŘpa a nui o ka pīhoihoi nā lātoma a me'ūheheʻe nā lātoma. Ma na nā lātoma, e like me ia ma na nā'ātoma komo i loko o ka luminescence mawaho electrons o hakakino orbitals.

Fluorescence a me ka phosphorescence

Kēia mau hua'ōlelo hiki e hookoaia ole wale ma muli o ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka luminescence, akā, no hoi ma kona ano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo. I ka ka huina'ine ua malia i kekahi singlet moku'āina me ka loiloi maloko 10 ^-8 mau, mai i ka mea hiki wale hoʻi ma ka honua, ka waiwai kī ana kona ikehu like fluorescence. Iloko o ke hoʻololi, ka milo lākou 'aʻole e hoʻololi' ana i. Walaʻauʻana a me ka pīhoihoi Hawaii i ka like multiplicity.

Huina'ine, naʻe, hiki ke hoalaia mai i ka oi aku ka ikehu 'ilikai (i kapaʻia "ka pīhoihoi triplet moku'āina") no nā hana maikaʻi hoʻi. Ma quantum mechanics, na nā mahele, mai ka triplet moku'āina i ka singlet hiki ole, a no laila, i ka manawa o ko lākou ola nui aku. No laila, i ka luminescence ma keia hihia, he nui aku lōʻihi manawa: he mea phosphorescence.