Mālama '-Raphaelite pena me ka pôhili. Mālama '-Raphaelite pena Halaman

Mai na 1850s maʻEnelani, hoomaka ae la e kūkulu i ka hou hema ma ka poetry a me ka pena. Ua Ua kapaia "ka mālama '-Raphaelites." Kēia 'atikala maka i ke kumu manao o ka noʻeau kaiāulu,ʻike hoʻokumu theme, mālama'-Raphaelite pena me ka pôhili.

ʻO wai nō ka mālama '-Raphaelites?

Ma ka ho'āʻo pono e hele aku, mai o nā mooolelo manakā, aʻoia iʻo aesthetics o ka Victorian au hou, he pae o Artists i hana i kana mau olelo i loko o ke akamai. Ua Ua komo iloko aneane pau spheres o ke ola, i hana i ka maikai a me ka hana palapala o ko lākou mau haku. A me ke akamai kauoha, a me ka poeikohoia o ka pena, he mau ka ia inoa - ka mālama '-Raphaelites. Pictures hōʻike lākouʻo Solomona a me ke kakahiaka nui pakebona. I ka mea, fraternity inoa olelo no ka iho. Pena hoihoi kanaka haku ka poe i hana mua o ka hoea ana o Raphael a me Michelangelo. Iwaena o lakou - Bellini, Perugino, Angelico.

Kuhikuhi ana hoʻomohala i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia.

muli

A na 1850s a pau nō Pelekāne, ua ma lalo o ka'ēheu o ka Halau o Arts Royal. Kona peresidena, Sir Iosua Reynolds, e like me kekahi 'ē aʻe ka Luna o ka luna kulanui reluctant eʻae HOU a me ka ho okolohua paipai i kona mau haumana.

Ma ka hopena, i kēia mau puka hoopaa i kekahi mau Artists me ka like wale ma no oe i mau hui pu iho la me ka launa hoahanau. Ka mua o kona elele lilo Holman Hunt, a Dante Rossetti. Lakou halawai ma ka exhibition i loko o ke kula kēia, a me ka papa o ke kamailio ana, ike iho la i ko lakou mau manao, ua loa like.

Rossetti kākau ihola i ka pena "Kamaliʻi o Virgin Mary" i keia manawa, a me Hunt kokua aku la ia ia hoopau ia, aole ia e mea, akā, i ka'ōlelo. Kela manawa, i ka makahiki 1849, i pakī mai ka canvas ma ka hōʻike. Ke keiki kanakaʻae i ka laekahi English pena e hele ana ma ka mea maikaʻi loa au i loko o kona mōʻaukala. I mea e somehow hoola i kēia oe palapala, ka mea, ua pono, e hele aku hoʻi i hoʻokumu paʻaʻana i doakademicheskim, no ka naau kupono, a sensuality.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE 'elele o

Initially, ka mālama '-Raphaelite launa hoahanau, nona nā kiʻi i hanu hou ke ola i loko o ka moʻomeheu o Beritania, oia o ehiku kanaka.

1. Holman Hunt. He ola i ka lōʻihi o ke ola, noho oiaio i kona manao ma ke akamai a me kona make ana. He ua i ka mea kākau o kekahi mau paʻi puke, haʻi iā mākou e pili ana i ka launa hoahanau lala, a wehewehe i ka mālama '-Raphaelite pena. Mawaena o na pena loa kaulana o ka pena - "Pua o ka Make" (haipule pena o Iesu), "Isabella, a me ka ipuhao o Basil" (ma muli o ka poem Dzhona Kitsa), "kao hele" (kākau ma ke kumu o ka Mea Paipala moʻolelo).

2. Dzhon Mille. He ua kapaʻiaʻo ia me ka muli haumāna o ka Halau o Arts, a ma hope lilo kona pelekikena. John ma hope o ka lōʻihi ka hana i loko o ke kaila o ka mālama '-Raphaelite launa hoahānau i kipaku aku. E hānai i kona ohana, hoomaka ae la oia e pena kiʻi ma ka mea a me ka pomaikai. Ka loa kupaianaha hana - "Kristo i loko o ka hale o kona Mākua" (haipule kiʻi, piha ka hōʻailona o ka wā e hiki mai ke ola a me ka make ana o Kristo), "Ophelia" (kākau ma ka Episode muli o "kauhale"), "Oe" (pena o ka weuweu wā o kaʻike hoʻokumu, ua lilo ia i mea kaulana i hoʻolaha ke kopa).

3. Dante Rossetti. Ua piha nā pena i ka cult o ka nani a me ka eroticism o na wahine. Kana wahine Elizabeth lilo he nui kukakuka iho o ka pena. ʻO kona mau make ke olonā wāwae o ka Dante. He waiho ia i loko o ka pahu o kona mau moʻolelo i kākau lima o poem, akā, ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, e hele mai ana ia ia iho, ua i ka exhumation, a lawe mai ia lakou, mai ka lua kupapau. Pepeiaohao nui na hana: "Pomaikai Beatrice" (depicted ka wahine a Dante, i mea ma waena o ke ola a me ka make), "Proserpina" (Roma akua me ka grenade i loko o kona lima), "Veronica Veronese" (symbolic pena i ka Hōʻike 'ka makakū kaʻina).

4. Maykl Rossetti. Dante ka hoahanau, ka poe i aʻo ma ka Academy. Akā, ma ka hope aʻu i koho i ka alanui manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka mea kākau. Mālama '-Raphaelite pena i Hoomau pinepine malalo no ia indiscriminately. He He Kawaihae o kona kaikaina. He ua kālaiʻia i ke kumu o manaʻo o ka ao ao.

5. Tomas Vulner. He ua he sculptor a me ka haku mele. I kona hoi koke ana hana, ua kākoʻo i ka manaʻo o ka mālama '-Raphaelites, huli i ke ano maoli, a lawe i ka mooolelo o ka nīnūnē lāliʻi. He paʻiʻia poem i loko o ka Magazine o ka hoahanau, akā, laila, hele 'ana aku, mai ko lākou mau manaʻo, a i kia ma ka panina' ano apau loa.

6. Frederick Stevens. Artist a me oe manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Iwi koke ia i lilo Mohai i ke tālena mai o ka pena, aʻeleu ma ka noʻonoʻo loi. He manao iki o kona makemake, e wehewehe i ka lehulehu manao o ka hoahanau a me ka hoonani mālama '-Raphaelite pena. Ua malamaia kekahi o kona mau pena: "Ka, Makuisa a me Griselda", "Mother a me Child", "ka Makeʻana o King Arthur."

7. Dzheyms Kollinson. Au i ka manaoio, no laila ia i pena haipule kumuhana. I haʻalele i ke kaiāulu ma hope Millet pena i nema aku i loko o ka ahakanaka, a kapa hoino. Mawaena o kana mau hana - "Ka Hemolele Family", "hōʻole Elizabeth o Hungary", "Sisters".

Mālama '-Raphaelite pena a kena ae la i ka hailona o ka hakaka, i ka helu ana e like-manao kanaka. Ka mea, ua i kekahi hapa o ka hoahanau, akā, hahai ma hope o nā kumu o nā manaʻo. Iwaena o lakou - o ka artist L. Alama-Tadema, akamai F. M. Brown, ka pena William Deverell, mea humuhumu lope ano M. Morris, kaha kiʻi Hughes a me na mea e ae.

Ka noʻonoʻo loi i loko o ka loiloi mua ke kahua

Mālama '-Raphaelite pena initially i hoʻokipaʻia e manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni he mahana. Ka mea, ua like ia me ka hanu o ka hou lewa. Naʻe, ke kahua escalated ma hope o ka hoolohe i loko o ka malamalama o ka kekahi mau haipule pena, kākau i loko o ka politika-kaʻaeʻana i nā canons.

Ma 'ana, i ka pena "Kristo i loko o ka hale o kona Mākua" Mille palaki. Ma ka canvas depicts awaawa lewa, halepapaa, kokoke i ke mauu nei poe holoholona o ka hipa. Wahine puupaa kukuli iho la ia ma mua o ka uuku o Iesu, ka mea i hana ino aku ia i kona lima me ke kui. Millet Ua piha kēia kiʻi hōʻailona. A kahe ana ke koko lima - he hoailona o ka wā e hiki mai crucifixion, pola me ka wai, a ua Ioane Bapetite - ka hōʻailona o Epiphany, he manu nunu la e noho ana ma luna o ka anuu, ua hōʻike 'ia me ka Uhane Hemolele, i ka hipa - me ka luahi hala ole.

Ua kapaʻia kēia pena hoino kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ka nūpepa "Ka Times" Pani 'ōlelo' pena kipi i loko o ke akamai. Others, e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻohālike o ka Mea Hemolele Family me na makaainana, wehewehe aku e like me ka hana o ko Millet ka outrageous a me ka hoʻopailua.

Rossetti kiʻi "Annunciation" Ua hoi ma lalo o hoouka. Pena hehi aku, mai ka Mea Paipala Canon, ka Virgin ua hoʻokomoʻia keʻokeʻo kapa. Ma ka canvas ua hōʻike makau. Ina Stone manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka mālama '-Raphaelite hana me ka lapuwale archeology.

ʻO wai ka mea i ike i ka mea nona i ka hopena o ka fraternity, ināʻaʻole ma kona mauʻaoʻao i ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni Dzhon Roskin, kona manao helu a pau.

Kanawai authoritative kanaka

Dzhon Roskin i ka mea kākau moʻoleloʻoe, a ua palapala aku ma mua o kekahi 'epekema hana mua ike i ka hana o ka mālama'-Raphaelites. Aha i kona mea hou ia ia i ike i ka manao a me ka pau manaʻo kau mai i loko o kona 'atikala, ua loaʻa i ko lakou wahi i loko o ka hoahanau o ka canvas.

Ruskin koi anal i loko o ka pā o ka 'ano, e hoolohe i ka lāliʻi, wehe i hookauia iho e ka canons a me ke kiʻi, e hoohuli i ka mea, e e. A pau keia ua hui pū a me ka mālama '-Raphaelite polokalamu.

A manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni Ua palapala kekahi mau 'atikala no "Ka Times", a hoʻomaikaʻi lākou i ka hana o Artists. He kuai i kekahi o ko lākou mau pena, kākoʻo Artists, a morally, a financially. Ruskin makemake i ka hou a me ka hana kaila o ka pena ʻaila i pena. Mālama '-Raphaelites a laila i hana mai i kekahi mau kiʻi o kona hoʻomalu a me ka haipule.

ke kuka

Initially, na Artists huli wale nō i ka Euanelio kanaka, hoʻomālama ma luna o ka ike o na kanaka haku o ke kakahiaka nui pakebona. Ka mea, i ole imi e hoopai i kekahi kiʻi o ka ekalesia canons. I ka papa kuhikuhiE AIM ua e hoolilo i ka philosophical manaʻo ma luna o ka canvas. Ia mea ke kumu o ka mālama '-Raphaelite pena i piha me ka symbolic.

"Ka Hana o Virgin Mary" Rossetti i loko o ka malama ana i na mea e pono ai o ka Victorian'āina. Ua hōʻike i ka uku kaikamahine i loko o ka mālama i kona makuwahine. Ua Ua ana i kākauʻia heluhelu Dante ua waiho i loko o ka lima o ka Virgin kuikele. Ua i humuia ma ka canvas ka līlia - he hōʻailona o ka maemae a me ka hala ole. Ekolu pua ma ka anei i - i ka Makua a me ke Keiki, a me ka Uhane Hemolele. Palm lau a me ka pua kala a me ke kakalaioa - na joys, a kaumaha o Maria. Ke kiʻi,ʻaʻole meaningless mea, nā waihoʻoluʻu a me nā hana - a pau ke hoʻololi e kuhikuhi mai i ka philosophical hoohalike.

A iki hope-mālama '-Raphaelites pena, nona nā kiʻi o Laielohelohe lehulehu noonoo, hoomaka ae la no ka hoʻoponopono' i ke kumuhana o kanaka like ole ( "Lady Lilith"), ka hanaʻino o na wahine ( "Woken modesty"), emigration ( "The Last oʻEnelani").

An nui kūlana i loko o ka hoahanau o ka hana hoʻokani i pena ma muli o ka hana o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia haku mele a me nā kākau moʻolelo. Pena hooeueuia lakou e ka hana o Shakespeare, Keats, a me ka Italia Dante Alighieri.

wahine kiʻi

pena me Halaman o ka wahine huapalapala i loko o ka mālama '-Raphaelite loa e lauwili. Ka mea, Ua hui pu wale i loko o hoʻokahi - ma luna o lākou canvasses noho alii wahine nani. Ladies i kākauʻia invariably maikai, malie, me ka hoʻopā o ka pohihihi. Aia i kekahi mau kumuhana: poino, ka make, unrequited aloha, uhane maemae.

Muli o kona kulana pinepine ka mea, ua hoala hou mai i ke kumuhana o ka moe kolohe ana, ma ka wahine ua paku ole ia i hilahila ka malamalama. O ka holo ana, ia mea heʻino hoopai no kona hana.

Women pinepine haawi i loko i ka hoowalewale, a kuko i loko o ka pena o ka mālama '-Raphaelites ( "Proserpine"). Akā, he mea kekahi nana e hoole'āina lā, ma ke kanaka o ke culprit haule wāhine (like i loko o ka pena o "Marianne", 'Woken modesty').

ka Model

Ka hapanui o nā ana hoʻohālike no kāna mau pena i ka artist e koho hoa a me ka hanauna. Rossetti pinepine palapala aku i koʻu makuahine a me ka kaikuahine ( "Ka Hana o Virgin Mary"), akā, no hoi io i ka lawelawe ana o kona haku wahine Fanny ( "Lucretia Borja"). Ia Elizabeth ua e ola ana, i kana mea i aloha ai wahine, wahine kiʻi loaa i kona maka.

Effie Hinahina, o ka wahine o Millet a me ka oiai ma-wahine o Ruskin, e lawe pio ai ma ka ho film "ka mea no ke kala o ka" Makuahine o John a me ka palaki.

Annie Miller, wahine mare Hunt, posed aneane pau na Artists o ka hoahanau. Ua Ua depicted i loko o ka pena o "Elena Troyanskaya", "Woken modesty", "ka wahine i loko o Yellow".

Landskap

Landskap kakau iho la wale kekahi o na Artists i loko o kēia ao. Ka mea, i hele mai o nā pā o nā keʻena, a hana i loko o ka wehe lewa. Ua kōkua pena e hoʻopio i na hope au mamuli, kā lākou mau kiʻi mea hemolele.

Lilo hola mālama '-Raphaelites ma ke ano maoli, no laila, i ole e hala he hookahi au mamuli. Kēia hana koi i titanic ke ahonui, a me ka hiki i ka ho okumu ana. Paha manawa i na ano o ka? Ia? Aiiu i ole lilo panorama kuhikuhi ana e like me ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā Huli i.

Ka hapanui o nā loina o ka pena ano ma ka pena Hunt maopopo lewa "English palena" a me Millais 'Akuma ka lau ".

disintegration

Ma hope o kekahi mauʻana nā hōʻike o ka mālama '-Raphaelite launa hoahanau, hoomaka ae la e haule iho ma ke kaʻawale. Ka lawe ana mai i ko lakou aloha o ka Middle Ages ua i lawa. Kela kanaka keia kanaka i huli i kona ala. Hunt wale koe malama pono i na loina o keia au a hiki i ka hopena.

Pono i hele mai i ka MH 1853, ka wā Millais i ka wale nô o ka Academy Royal. Launa hoahanau wawahi i loa. Kekahi ua nee aku mai pena no ka lōʻihi manawa (e like, Rossetti i i ke kākau 'ana).

I loko nō o ka maoli cessation o ke ola, ka mālama '-Raphaelites hana like me ka olelo no kekahi manawa. Naʻe, i ke ano o ke kakau ana o nā kiʻi, a me ka mau mau kumu nānaina.

hopena o ka mālama '-Raphaelites

No ka Artists, no ko ka i ka hope kahua o ka papa, nā Simeona Solomon (hana hoʻopioʻana i ka pā o ka neʻeʻana a me ka homosexual aestheticism mau noʻonoʻo), Evelyn De Morgan (kākau ihola ma luna o mythological Halaman, e like me "Ariadne auf Naxos"), kaha kiʻi Genri Forda.

Aia nō i ka helu o ka Artists poe i alakaʻi ai i ka mālama '-Raphaelite pena. Photos o kekahi o ia pinepine iʻikeʻia i loko o ka ahakanaka o Beritania. It Sophie Anderson, Frenk Diksi John Godward,'Edemuna Leighton a me na mea e ae.

waiwai

Prerafaelitizm kapa kokoke i ka mua noʻeau olelo oʻEnelani, i mea kaulana ma waena o ka honua. Kela a me keia manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni, i loko o i kona mau manao, a me ka pono, e Loiloi i kaʻike hoʻokumu o ka pena. Oiaio no hoʻokahi wale nō mea - e Aloha no komo i loko o nā mea a pau, ao ke ano o ka kaiāulu.

Ano nui reinvented. Palapala houʻepekema hana, e like me "ka mālama '-Raphaelites. Life a me ka hana ana o 500 pena." Kekahi ke hele mai i ka hopena i na elele o keia au i ka hoʻokomo o ka Symbolists. Kekahi la e pili ana i ka aoao o ka mālama '-Raphaelite hippie a hiki Dzhona Tolkina.

Canvases hōʻike i alakai Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha ma Pelekane Nui. Kue i ka mahaloia manaoio, mālama '-Raphaelite pena i loko o ka leʻaleʻaʻeleʻele, ua i waiho waho. Exhibition no i pena i mua hōʻike ma Rusia i ka 2008 ma ka Tretyakov Gallery.