Malus kānāwai, refraction o na kukuna o ka malamalama polarizers

1809 Ua lawe mai e pili ana i ka loli i loko o ka 'epekema honua kaiāulu. An lunaʻenehana, mai ka Palani ma E. Malus loaa ke hou aku i ka malamalama polarization. Ma ia mea,ʻo ia accidentally hukihuki lakou i ka noonoo ana i ka mea i ina ke aniani ua ke ka ao ka puni ka laau lewa mai ke aniani, o ka malamalama pinepine ' e hiki ke kamepiula nā mahuahua a me ka emi ana. Akā, i ka malamalama a pau, aole ia i hele mai, akā, wale intensifies paha hoʻonāwaliwali, akā, ma ka kekahi kulana he aniani wale. Keiki hookama, ua kapaia "ke kānāwai o Malus," ka mea, ua ike ia ma ka 'epekema kaiāulu.

Mai ke kālaikūlohea ua ike i ka malamalama hiki ke huli i ka pelane-polarized mea ulana lole. Keia ia lŘlŘ ka wā hoʻohana kūikawā manaʻo, a hiki ke hele wale i kekahi ao ao fluctuations. An kumu o keia i ke kai piha laua i ka pelane o oscillation, malamalama transmissive a me ka manaʻo perpendicularly i ka lohi likeʻole. E like me ka polarizer hoʻohana anisotropic me Media, a me ka mahalo i ka kamakawiwo ole maʻi lele, e like me nā pōaka. Ka loa kaulana o maoli kumu ka tourmaline. He mea ikaika lawa i ka hoʻokemu malamalama kukuna i kona uila maʻi lele p ÷ haku i ka pilikia makapō (axis), i pili pū kēia i like me ka hopena Malus kānāwai. Akā, me ka malamalama o i ia mea ia laua, kokoke i ke kemu. Ua wehewehe i ka malamalama maoli hele ma ke aniani papa kemu wale hapalua, a linearly polarized me kona uila maʻi lele laua hoonohonoho tourmaline pilikia makapō iho (axis).

More kupono e lawelawe aniani ua like ka ia waiwai me ka polaroid. Ua ninoieo artificially makaukau colloidal Film, i mea e pono ai i ka mea e loaa polarized ka malamalama o ka. Like i loko o ka tourmaline, i ka pae'ōnaehana rula ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hookahi? Inoaia, a absorbs malamalama p ÷ haku i ka kamakawiwo ole ao ao. A ua ole i olelo ia keia kŰia i loko o ke kānāwai o Malus. kekahi kumu noonoo.

Akā, i ka wa a ka polarization o ka malamalama na kukuna mākaukau kaua paha ma ka wā o ka refraction a me ka noʻonoʻo i ka mau 'ana me ka isotropic dielectric - ka mea, o ke kānāwai o Malus. He hahau mai i kekahi mau physicalʻike manaʻo pili me ka pou kuekueni o ka malamalama.

Akā, i ke kānāwai o Malus, he hopena i ua ua kālaiʻia ma luna, 'aʻole i koi ia ia i ke ano o ka polarization o ka papa, a wale. Aia nā 'ē aʻe.

Kekahi mea i ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka Polar kukuna o ka malamalama ua kapaia he polarizer. Akā, ka mea, ua aʻo a me ka hoʻokolokolo ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka mea kālailai.

No ka laʻana, ma laila nō nā nā pōaka, a i hoʻonohonoho kekahi ma hope o ka mea 'ē aʻe no laila, i nā koʻi lipi kuahene ka huina. Ka mua Miss malamalama nona ka uila maʻi lele ua kuhikuhi ia laua i kona iho (axis). Na ke keʻena o ka mea nana i ulana pinepine 'e e hoolohi lua aniani. A ma hope o nā polaroid ka mea, e ia i ka like loa o ka pila nui vectors. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka lākiō o kēia mau intensities ka hapaʻauhau i ke kahua o ka ikaika hawewe.

Ua penei no ia mea, i ka malamalama maalo ae la oia ma ka mea kālailai, ma kona mana i ka mana o ka mea nana i ulana, em ala hele ma ka polarizer, a hoonuiia e ka cosine o ka huina ma waena o ia mau mea i loko o ka hale ma. Kēia lākiō He He kŰia e wehewehe i ke kānāwai o Malus.

Ua hiki no hoi loaʻa a me ka papalua refraction o ka malamalama kukuna, a mea he kumu o ka waiwai, i ka wa i hele aku ai na nā pōaka. Kēia Ua weheweheʻia nā hiʻona i nā makana i loko o anizatropa ka propagation o ka malamalama i ke kaiapuni. No ka laʻana, hoʻouna he aniani i hookoe mai i hāiki malamalama mea nana i ulana, kaahele o ka mea, ma laila nō e nā hookaawale kaola i mea ia laua i kekahi i kekahi. Kēia, e hiki mai ana ma kekahi hihia, a hiki ina ka malamalama i hana 'ia ma luna o ke aniani i loko o ka maʻamau kulana. Kekahi o ia ua kapaia, he pono ole, a mea he hoomau o ka iniiaiie mea nana i ulana, a me ka lua o ka - hana, no ka mea, i ka waiwai haiahū kūmau.