Mana e like ai. Ka pono koi no ka uila

Mana e like ai ua koi 'ia e hoike i ka laupaʻi nā hoailona, e ana i ka papa kuhikuhi. Auana koi 'ia e malama i kaʻaeʻana GOSTs ano e like me fluctuation o ke anakahi uila a me ka alapine (frequency). Ke kaumaha ma muli o nā aiee o ka pili nā mea kūʻai mai walaʻauʻana kiko'î hoʻololi i, a i ma kā lākouʻiʻo deviations alakai i ka hoʻokō 'ole' ana i nā nā mīkini home.

I loli ai i nā 'ano o nā papa kuhikuhiE?

ka mana e like ai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka nui helu o nā kumumea e hoʻololi i ka hana ma ka oi o na palena o na rula. Pela, ke anakahi uila i ke inflated ma muli o ia i ka ulia i ka substation. Low Hawaiʻi hou i loko o ke ahiahi hora paha ma ke kau wela, i ka wa a kanaka e hoʻi i ka hale, a loaʻa he TV, uila kapuahi, ea-hoʻoikaika kino nenoaiu.

mana e like ai e like me ka moku'āina mau hae e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane iki. I ka poe ilihune loa lako latike, nā mea kūʻai mai i e hoʻohana anakahi uila regulators. Hooponopono o na ano ia a hiki i ka CPS, i hiki ke lolouila ka wā aia no he discrepancy.

Ka mana e like ai e hilinaʻi ma ka kēia kumumea:

• Diurnal likeʻole pili me ka ole paha ai pili aku nā mea kūʻai mai i ka aoao o ke kai i loko o ke kai wahi.
• Loli ma Ambient lewa: ona mau, ke kahua o ka hau ma luna o ka lako kaula.
• makani loli, ka wā mana ulu vetroviki.
• Ka pono pilina, ka mea, i kekahi mai ma manawa.

No ke aha lā i ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ka papa kuhikuhiE?

e hoonoho A laupaʻi cia haiahū kūmau a me ka hewa o keia hoopunipuni kiko'î e like me ka GOST. Mana e like ai ua kākau i loko o ka palapala 32144-2013. Ua i legitimize mau huahelu aie i ka pilikia o ke ahi consumer mea, e like me ka pono me malfunctions o ka pou nā mea hoʻonoho 'ikepili i ka loli ma ka anakahi uila. Ka hope ka manaʻo, he pono ole i loko o ka haukapilaʻo, noiʻi-oaio? A, koa iauaeoia.

Kona mea e like mea kiko'î o ka uila kūkulu hou i loko o 2013 ma ka pili ana i ka hooulu ana o ke kuai ikehu kuai, a me ka muli o hou mīkini uila no. Hana uila i loko o kona lako hou e e me huahana e halawai kekahi mau ana hoʻohālike. Ma ka hanana i hoakaka ia 'ano hiki ke hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele hoʻomalu kuleana. Inā i ka hewa o ka mea e hoʻopā ai anakahi uila fluctuations loli paha hiki ke loli kanaka, ka mea, i ke kāinoa mua criminalized.

E ahaʻia ana i nā mea kūʻai mai ia oe e hoole aku i ka maʻamauʻai?

mana e like ai kiko'î loli i ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka hana o ka pili manaʻo, ia pinepine i noho pilikia i? iecaianoaaiiuo. Haule productivity laina, e māhuahua ka mana hokii. Mai ka ua hoemiia ka Hawaii kona kumu ikehu ka wā o ka haule ana anakahi loina ka papa kuhikuhi. Hoʻopōkole 'oe i ka hana ola o kukui, ka luminous koko o nā kukui i emi ma mua paha flickering, pela no ia e loli ai i nā huahana ma ka hale hoʻoulu mea kanu. A nui ia i loko o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o nā biochemical reactions.

E like me na kanawai o ke kālaikūlohea anakahi uila emi ma kekahi mau haawe ana ma luna o ka Hawaii kahawaiʻo ia i ka kokololio hoomahuahua i kaʻikena. Kēia, ma ka huli, hele aku ai i ka malfunction o ka palekana mea hoʻololi. E like me ka hopena, i ka'īpale heheʻe ma kahi momona a kuni i ka mea fuses, ma poʻe hewa nui luku aku i ka Hawaii o Kahualoa Kokohi irrevocably uila no hehee wale. Ma lalo o like ana, ka uila mika hoʻomaka e milo i ka mämä holo kiʻekiʻe. Ka mea nāna o na pa poino poho.

'Oihana no ka loiloi' ana i ka papa kuhikuhiE

I kekahi nā malihini? Mana e like ai hoʻoholo ma na ano o ka ekolu-pae latike, a he ākea ma ka lulu popilikia i puhi ai 50 Hz:

• Napoo anakahi uila haiahū kūmau waiwai e hoʻoholo i ka nui ano ma i nā mea kūʻai mai hiki ke hoʻohana me ka ole. Luna ma ka lalo maʻamau palena 220 o 209 a me ka luna o 231 V.
• I ka laulā o ka hoʻokomo o anakahi uila o ka likeʻole ma waena o kaʻikena nā loina a me ka ikaika hawewe. Mika o ke kulu kalapona aiao.
• Flicker ua maheleia i loko o pōkole-kau mahele lāʻau i loko o 10 minuke, a me ka loihi nānā '2 hola. Hōʻike i ka degere o ke kanaka maka pā lonoaʻili i ka malamalama flickering, i i ke kumu ma ka fluctuation o ka mana lako.
• ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma nā lāʻau ikiʻai wale anakahi uila koi manawa me he okoa cia ke kaumaha ma muli o ka aoao o ka kŰia.
• Nā coefficients no ke kālailaiʻana i ka mea e like ai o ka papa: ka ei sinusoidal cia? Aiaiiuie overvoltage, harmonic eiiiiiaiou o asymmetry o ka io a me ka 'Aʻohe kaʻina.
• anakahi uila hou iho au wā mawaena ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka? aeiino? aiao hoonoho e like me GOST.
• Mains alapine (frequency) haiahū kūmau i nā hualoaʻa ma ka poho o ka pou māhele a me nā kaula.

Latch hoʻokomo o mea haiahū kūmau

Mana e like ai e ho'āʻo i ka e ke kūpono denomination i hoakaka ia, ka pela mai ma ke kanawai. Noonoo ana i ka hewa i ala mai ka wā ana U me. F. Inā he mau hewa, e ke kelepona i ka Luna Aupuni, e lawe mai i ka uila wale mai ana ka kuleana.

General olelo no ka mana kona mea e like aiao kikowaena anakahi uila deviations i i maheleia i mau pūʻulu.

• Normal ana i ka wa a ka haiahū kūmau mea ± 5%.
• Ke kali ana oscillation ano o ka mea i hoonohoia e ± 10%. Kēia e ia no ka 220 V palena iki paepae o ka 198 V, a me ka i kā mākou 242 V.

anakahi uila ke ola e mākaukau kaua i loko o ka manawa wā mawaena ole oi aku mau minute.

Swipe e hoʻololi i ka papa kuhikuhiE

Mana e like ai kūmau no kēia aiao nā hooponopono, e like me ka oscillation anakahi uila eiiiiiaiou. Ka mea, e hoʻokau i ka likeʻole ma waena o ka luna, a malalo ikaika hawewe paepae. Ua haawiia i na ke ahonui, o ka haiahū kūmau, mai ka i aiao kupono i ka ± 5% kali, no ka laulā o ka ke kaupalenaʻana ano e ole oi ± 10%. Ka hānai aʻeo ka hoʻolele '220 e ole fluctuate oi a emi o 22 V, a me ka 380 hana maʻamau i loko o nā palena o ka ± 38 V.

Ke kūpono anakahi uila kowali oscillation ho omaulia ma ka 'aoʻao o kēia mau ΔU = U _max -U _min, i nā hualoaʻa ma ka puke maʻamau, i hoakaka ia ma ka% e like me ka helu _{ΔU = ((U max -U min} ) / U palena iki) * 100%.

Instability hoʻokomo waiwai

mana kona mea e like ana'ōnaehana kikowaena flicker. Kēia anakahi ka hopuʻia he kūikawā manaʻo - flickermeter, i lawe aku oe i alapine (frequency) i nā pane. Nā hualoaʻa loaa e hoʻohālike me ka pā lonoaʻili hālawa o ka optic kino.

GOST hoʻokumu palena hoʻololi i flicker:

• Pōkole kau fluctuation ke keʻena e ole e oi aku mamua o 1,38.
• Lōʻihi manawa loli e haule i loko o ka waiwai 1.0.

I ka wa e hele mai ai i ke kee na palena o ke anakahi kaapuni o incandescent kukui, ka mea, ua koi 'ia o ka hopena ua i loko o ka kēia mau palena:

• Pōkole manawa fluctuations ma - he anakahi ua hoonoho ia 1.0.
• Hooloihi ae i aiao loli - 0,74.

tangible oko

Mana kona mea e like ana nā ana e like ke keʻena me anakahi uila lāʻau ikiʻai wale. He wehewehe i ka pahikaua i luna, a iho i lalo o ka uila i loko o ka i koho wā mawaena. Nā kumu no kēia kŰia i e i ka wā hoʻokahi ka hoʻololiʻana o ka helu nui o nā mea hoʻohana, i ka hope o ka electromagnetic a 'ākeʻakeʻa ma muli o ka thunderstorms.

E kau iho i manawa o ke anakahi uila ke ola, 'aʻole i pili i ka consumer:

• Ke kumu no fluctuations - kēiaʻino a me nā maoli electromagnetic a 'ākeʻakeʻa. Ke loaa au mea i oi aku mamua o 15 microseconds.
• Inā i nā lāʻau ikiʻai wale, he ma muli o ke 'ole-ʻaʻahu ka hoʻololiʻana o nā mea kūʻai mai, i ka wā i nui hou a me ka mea like me 15 MS.

Ka nui helu o he ulia pakalaki i na substations ia lŘlŘ aie i ka uwila hahau i loko o ka mea hoʻonoho. Koke poino alakaʻi mele'īpale. I ka nui o ka overvoltage ke hiki haneri o kilovolts. E hana i kēia, he mālama manaʻo, akā, i kekahi manawa, ka mea e ole e kū mai, a me he mea he koena Loaʻaʻia. Ma kēia mau minute, i ka pilikia, aole ia i ana no i ka'īpale e kū'ē'ē mai.

Duration recession hoʻokomo waiwai

Ke ana aiao i ho'ākāka 'ia me ke anakahi uila hou iho i kau i loko o nā palena ± 0,1U _{palena iki} wā mawaena o kekahi mau umi o milliseconds. No ka mea ulana pukapuka, 220 ua 'ae' loli anakahi i 22 V, 380 V ina ia mea i oi aku mamua o 38 V. ka hohonu o ka recession ua pōpilikia e like me ka _{hōʻike: ΔU N = (U palena iki -U} min) / U palena iki.

Spadla lōʻihi like 'ole he pōpilikia e like me ka _{hōʻike: Δt N = na K -t N} , ʻaneʻi na _k - o ka manawa i ka wa a ke anakahi uila i, ua hoihoi hou ia, a me k _N - wahi o ke kumu, i ka manawa o ke anakahi uila kulu ana.

Mana e like ai ka mālamaʻana pono e lawe i loko, no ka alapine (frequency) o ka hanana o ka hoʻolako 'ole', ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka _{haʻilula: = (m (ΔU N Fn} , Δt N) / M) * 100%. ʻaneʻi:

• ka m (ΔU _n, Δt _N) ua hoakakaia e like me ka helu ana o recessions i loko o ka manawa i hoakaka ia no ka hohonu ΔU _N a me ka lōʻihi like Δt _n.
• M - huina heluʻai recessions i ka i koho wā.

No ke aha la i ka waiwai o ka recession

Aiao hoʻokomo o ee iaaanu aey lōʻihi emi ua koi 'ia e Loiloi i ka pono o ka mea eʻai i loko o ka ikehu laupaʻi hua'ōlelo. I keia uku, e loli i ke alapine (frequency) o he ulia pakalaki i ka substation ma muli o ke kookoo ka palaleha, uila. Ka hopena o ka noiʻi wahi i wāhiʻia i ei no ka degere o ka ole ma ka mea ulana pukapuka, me ka nīnau.

'Ikepili helu apono' oe e He kokekau wale hopena a e pili ana i ke kumupaʻa o ka uila mana lako. uila pūnaewele e hoʻolako 'ikepili no ka paipai kāohi ana ma iauaeoia.

alapine (frequency) haiahū kūmau

O ka hoʻokō 'alapine (frequency) i loko o kekahi mau palena e pili ana i ka makemake Customer koi. Ma ka hoemi i ka exponent ma ka 1%, i ke poho o ka oi ma mua o 2%. Kēia translates i loko o aneiai koina, hoemiia hana a hana. No ka mea awelika kanaka, keia hele aku ai i hoonuiia dala o ka loaa ana i ka uku no ka uila.

hoʻokomo Hawaii rotational wikiwiki hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka papa kuhikuhiE alapine (frequency). Paio hahana maoli nō ka paio hahana maoli nō hehee wale i ka uuku hanaia ana hoemi i ka aiao mea emi o 50 Hz. I ka inflated nā loina i e poino nā mea kūʻai mai a 'ē aʻe maomeka mea i papahana no ka kiʻekiʻe ikehu.

i ke alapine (frequency) haiahū kūmau hiki i nāʻano uilaʻoe hana aloha ia. Mai ka TV pale leo ia lŘlŘ i loli anakahi ma ± 0.1Hz. Ma waho aʻeo ia pilikia makapō mā, maoli i ka pilikia o ka withdrawal o ke kumumea hehee wale i lalo. Nā Papahana O Ka Hana me ka mana kona mea e like deviations protrudes ka lawelawe ana hookoe lako wahi e ka ho'ā 'akomi hoʻihoʻi anakahi uila i loko o ka hoakaka ia manawa au.

coefficients

No ka maʻamau hana o ka lako hou i hoʻolauna ka mālamaʻana o nā kēia mau kumumea:

• Ole-sinusoidal anakahi uila waveform. sine nalu ei mea ku pono i ka mana nā mea kūʻai mai: uila heaters, au paialewa mau imu, kuʻihao machines. I Ina o deviations o keia aiao ho'ēmi i kā ka hana ke ola o ka Hawaiiʻanuʻu, o Nyos i ka mika hana nona iho, ole o ka holo'ōnaehana ma ka thyristor ana.
• ? Aiaiiuie overvoltage ua quantifying loli i loko o ka hoʻokomo o ka lāʻau ikiʻai nā loina.
• N-la harmonic mea sinusoidal ano i loaa mai ma ka hoʻokomo o anakahi uila ano. Ka pōpilikia waiwai i loaa mai i ka papaʻainaʻikepili no kēlā me harmonic.
• Ke asymmetry o ka hoʻokomo o waiwai io ma ka aʻe paha ka 'Aʻohe kaʻina mea nui e noonoo no ka loa hihia o haoʻa i ka makana o ke kūlana. Mau kumu i hoʻomaka ai ka hapanui ma ka poho o ka papa e pili ana i loko o ka hoku a triangle.

Ano o ka palekana i ka unpredictable loli ma ka lako hou i

Ka hoʻomaikaʻi mana e like ai E e lawe mai ma luna o kekahi loio i hua'ōlelo. Akā, i ka hoomalu ana o ka lako a me ka consumer ua kuleana e kūkulu ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā kēia mau mea:

• Stabilizers hōʻoia malama o ka mana o ka hoʻokomo o ee iaaanu aey i loko o ka hoakaka palena. Mea e like ai i ka ikehu ua loaʻa a hiki ma deviations o ka hoʻokomo o waiwai io ma ka oi ma mua o 35%.
• Uninterruptible mana lako i ke hoʻololi e malama i ke ola o ka consumer i loko o ka hoakaka ia wā o ka manawa. Power lako a mea ku pono i ka ikehu waiho i loko o kona iho o na pu ki. A hiki aku i ka mana outage, bespereboynik hiki ke malama i ka ola o ka mea a pau oihana lako a pan no kekahi mau hola.
• Na mea o ka hoomalu ana, mai ka mana kēia e hana ana ma luna o ka loina o ka mika. Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo o cia loa i ke kali i hamama kaapuni ia lŘlŘ.

i nā 'ano o ka hoomalu, e e hui, e hoolako i ka piha manaolana i ka pipiʻi lako a pan iloko o ka ulia i ka substation noho pū.