'O kahi pa'a'ole a me ka wai ikaika ma ka wai hydrolysis o ka pa'akai

E maopopo pehea puka mai paʻakai hydrolysis i loko o kā lākou mau koʻana koko pāʻoihana, e hoʻomaka i ka wehewehena o ka keia kaʻina.

Ka ho'oholo a me nā'ano o ka hydrolysis

'O kēia ka'ina hana ka hana hana a nā kinona wai me nā kinona pa'akai, e hiki ai i kahi mea palupalu (ai'ole acid), a me ka hopena o ka mea. Hiki ke pani'ia kekahi pa'akai e like me ka hopena o ka hopena'oko'a o kahi kumu a me ka waikawa. Ma muli o ka nui o ko lākou ikaika, ua ho'oka'awale'ia nā'ano like'ole o ka kahe hana.

Nā'ano o ka hydrolysis

I ke kilokino,'ekolu mau'ano o ka hopena ma waena o ka pa'akai a me ka wai wai. Ho'olako'ia kēlā me kēia hana me kahi loli o ka pH o ka'ōnaehana, no laila, ua mana'o'ia e ho'ohana i nā'ano like'ole e ho'oholo ai i ka helu'ōmole hydrogen. Eia kekahi la'ana, ho'ohana'ia ka'āpana violin no ka lā'au aiki, phenolphthalein ka mea kūpono no ka pane. E nānā pono kākou i nā hi'ohi'ona o kēlā me kēia'ano o ka hydrolysis. Hiki ke ho'oholo i nā kumu ikaika a nāwaliwali mai ka papa'aina, a ua ho'oholo'ia ka ikaika o ka waikawa mai ka papa'aina.

'O ke kino wai ma ka cation

No ke'ano o ka pa'akai,'ike mākou i ka chloride ferric (2). 'O ka Ferric hydroxide (2) he wahi nāwaliwali, a he ikaika ka waiuma hydrochloric. Ma ke ka'ina o ka pilina'ana me ka wai (hydrolysis), hiki ke kūkulu'ia o ka pa'akai pa'akai (iron hydroxochloride 2), a me nā waikawa hydrochloric. Eia kahi mea akaka ma ka pāʻoihana ʻakika, e hoomaopopo kona hiki hoʻohana uliuli litmus (pH emi o 7). I kēia hihia, hiki i ka'alela'i i loko o ka cation, no ka mea, ho'ohana'ia kahi mea palupalu.

E ho'oku'i hou aku kākou i kekahi hi'ohi'ona hou o ka papa hydrolysis no ka hihia i hō'ike'ia. E no'ono'o i ka pa'akai o ka pa'akai. 'O ka magnesium hydroxide he kumu nāwaliwali, a'o ka waiuma hydrochloric he kumu pa'a. Ma ke ka'ina o ka pilina me nā'ōmoku wai, ho'ololi'ia ka magnesium chloride i ka pa'akai ma'amau (hydroxochloride). Makanekiuma hydroxide, kona haʻilula ua nui na poe i M (OH) _2, iki wailana i loko o ka wai, akā, e hāʻawi mai i ka ikaika hydrochloricʻakika pāʻoihana, heʻakika 'ia.

'O ka waihana ma o ka anion

'O ka ho'ohālikelike'ē a'e o ka hydrolysis he'ano ia no ka pa'akai, i hana'ia e kahi base (alkali) a me kahi wai malo'o. No ke'ano o kēia hihia, e no'ono'o i ka sodium carbonate.

I loko o kēia pa'akai kahi kahua pa'a o ka sodium, a me ka'aila acidic momona. 'O ka pilina'ana me nā waicule wai ka mea i loa'a ai ka pa'akai pa'akai - sodium hydrogencarbonate,'o ia ho'i, nā hua wai wai e loa'a mai. Eia, ka mea i hanaʻia i loko o ka pāʻoihana o ka paʻakai hydroxide, a haawi i ka pāʻoihana o ka'ākilikai 'ia.

E ho'oku'u hou aku kākou i ho'okahi hi'ohi'ona no kēia hihia. Potasiuma sulfite - ka paakai, a ua hanaʻia e ka ikaika kumu - potasiuma hydroxide, a me ka nawaliwali sulfurousʻakika. I loko o ka pilina me ka wai (i ka manawa o hydrolysis), ka hana'ia o ka pālolo potassium (hydrosulfite) a me ka mea kanu potassium (alkali). 'O ke kumuhana i loko o ka hopena, he ma'alahi, hiki ke ho'opa'a'ia me ka phenolphthalein.

Ho'opiha wai piha

'O ka pa'akai o ka waipū momona a me kahi mea palupalu e ulu ana i ka waihā piha. E ho'ā'o kāua e'imi i ke'ano o kona kūlana, a me nā huahana e hana'ia ma muli o kēia hopena'oko'a.

E ho'okohu i ka waipili o kahi mea palupalu a me ka wai malo'o ma o ka hi'ohi'ona o ka sulfure alumini. Hana'ia kēia pa'akai e ke alumini hydroxide, he'ano palupalu ia, a he nāwaliwali ho'i ka sulfate hydrogen. Ke ho'ohui pū'ana me ka wai, mālama'ia ka waipili wai piha, no ka hopena o ka hana'ia'ana o ka hydrogen sulfide, a me ke aluminika waihā e like me ke ku'i'ana. Hana'ia kēia pilina ma luna o ka cation a ma luna o ka anion, no laila ua ho'ohālike'ia kēia'ano o ka hydrolysis.

Eia kekahi, no ke'ano o ka pilina me kēia'ano pa'akai me ka wai, hiki ke helu'ia ka sulfoni magnesium. I loko o ka ho'ohui'ana o kēia pa'akai he magnesium hydroxide, a'o kona kumu'o Mg (OH) 2. He wahi palupalu ia, hiki'ole ke ho'ololi'ia i ka wai. Eia kekahi, aia ka hydrogen sulphi i loko o ka magnesium sulfide, a he palupalu. Ke ho'ohui me ka wai, hana'ia ka waihā (ma ka cation a me ka anion), ma muli o ka hopena o ka magnesium hydroxide i ho'ohālike'ia, a ho'oku'u'ia ho'i ka sulfate hydrogen e like me ke kinoea.

Inā mākou e no'ono'o i ka waipū o ka pa'akai, i hana'ia e ka wai ikaika a me kahi kumu pa'a, a laila e ho'omaopopo'ia'a'ole e leka. Ka meakino i loko o nā pāʻoihana o ka paʻakai e like me koloriside, paʻakai nitrate, potasiuma, noho'ākilikai.

Ka Hopena

'O nā kumu ikaika a nāwaliwali,'o nā waikawa i ho'okumu'ia ai ka pa'akai, e pili ana i ka hopena o ka waiwaiwai, ka hopena o ka mea i loa'a i ka hopena. 'O nā'ano hana like'ole i ke'ano.

He mea ko'iko'i ka wai o ka wai ma ka ho'ololi kino o ka lepo o ka honua. Loa'a i nā pale umauma i ma'alahi i ka wai. Ke ho'ouluulu lākou i nā'ōmole hydrogen sulfide, a ho'oku'u'ia i loko o ka honua i ka wā o ka lua pele.

'O nā pōhaku'ele'ele i ka manawa o ka ho'ololi'ana i nā waihā, e ho'opau iki i nā pōhaku. 'O kekahi la'ana, he huahana'aila e like me ka malachite ka huahana o ka waihā o ka copper carbonates.

Ho'oma'a'ia kahi hana ikaika o ka waihā'ana ma ka Moana Honua. 'O ka magnesium a me ka calcium bicarbonates, i hana'ia e ka wai, kahi ha'aha'a iki. Ma nā'ano kūlana, kūpono ke ka'ina hana o ke ki'i'ana i nā mea'ai moana, a me nā meaola kai e ho'opōhala nui a'e.

I loko o ka'aila, aia nā mea haumia o ka wai a me nā pa'akai o ka konupūmā a me ka magnesium. I ka wā e puhi'ia ai ka'aila, hana'ia kā lākou hui pū me ka wai. I ke kahe'ana o ke hydrolysis, ua ho'okumu'ia ka hydrogen chloride, ma ka hui pū me ia me ke kila, ua ho'opau'ia nā mea hana.