'O ke kelepona kahi manawa e nānā ai i ke ao holo'oko'a

Ia mea,ʻaʻole paʻakikī, e koho i ka telescope - keia mea he'ōnohi ka manaʻo i ka papahana e kanaka hoʻoponopono i nā kino lani. 'Oia'i'o,'o kāna hana nui,'o ia ka'ohi'ana i ka radiation electromagnetic radiated e ka mea mamao a no ka kuhikuhi'ana iā ia i kahi i ho'okumu'ia ai ka ki'i nui a i'ole ka hō'ailona hōhonu. I kēia lā, nui nā'ano lelescopes like'ole - mai ka home, i hiki ke kū'ai'ia e kekahi, i nā mea kikowaena, e like me "Hubble", hiki ke nānā i nā milioni a me nā piliona o nā makahiki he hohonu i ke ao holo'oko'a ...

He hapa o ka mo'aukala

Ua mana'o'ia ua'ike'ia ka mea i'ike mua'ia i 1609, ua hana'ia kekahi lelescope'elua lensia e Galileo Galilei. Akā,'a'ole kēia ka hihia. I ho'okahi makahiki i hala, ua makemake ka Dutchman Johann Lipsersgay e hō'ailona i kāna hana,'o ia ho'i nā lemona i ho'okomo'ia i loko o ka pahu, a kapa'ia'o ia he "telescope", akā, ua hō'ole'ia'o ia no ka maika'i o ka ho'olālā.

Ma mua o ka hopena o ke kenekulia 16, ua ho'ā'o'o astrooma Thomas Digges e nānā i nā hōkū ma o nā aniani a me nā lelo. 'Oia'i'o,'a'ole i lawe'ia ka mana'o i kona hopena maika'i. 'O Galileo wale nō'o ia i "manawa pono, ma kahi'ākau": alaka'i'o ia i ka paipu Lippersgay i ka lani, ua wehe'o ia i nā lua a me nā mauna ma luna o ka Honua a me nā mea'ē a'e'ē a'e. 'O ia ke kumu i kapa'ia ai'o ia ka mea kilokilo mua e ho'ohana i ka lepepila. 'O kēia ka mea i hō'ea i ka wā o nā lelescopes hō'ailona.

Nā'ano o ka mea hana lewa

I ka ho'oka'awale'ana i nā telescopes i nā'ano like'ole e hiki ke ho'okumu'ia ma ke'ano o ka māmā'ano e ho'āla i nā mālamalama i nā'ōkeke, lens and mirror-lens (combined) devices. 'O kēlā me kēia'ano he pono kona mau pono a me nā mea'ino'ole, no laila, i ke koho'ana i kahi pūnaewele kūpono, pono e mālama'ia nā kumu he nui: nā kumu a me nā mea o nā'ike, nā koi no ka nui, ke kaumaha a me ke transtability, ka uku, a pēlā aku. E ho'ā'o e ho'omaopopo hou i ke'ano o ka mea kelepona, a he aha nā'ano nui o kona'ano i mahalo nui'ia. No laila, he aha ke'ano o ke kelepona?

Nā lelescopes o ka leki ma'amau

I loko o kēia mau lelescopes ho'ohana'ia e pili ana i ka leka, i mea e loa'a ai i kona kukuna'ohi. E like me ma ka 'ē aʻe'ōnohi manaʻo (Panel, microscopes, a pela aku ...), a pau i ka mea i akoakoa nā aniani kaulona i loko o ka hoʻokahi mea - i ka maka aniani.

I kēia manawa, ua ho'ohana nui'ia nā telescopes hō'ailona e nā amateurs, no ka mea, ua helu'ia no nā'ike wale nō ma nā hune a me ka mahina.

Nā mea nui:

• E pili ana i ka ho'olālā maika'i, kūpa'a a me ka ma'alahi o ka ho'ohana'ana.
• 'A'ole pono ka palekana kūikawā.
• Hana maika'i i ka pena i loko o ka hana apochromatic a maika'i i ka achromatic.
• 'Ike maika'i i ka nānā'ana i nā hōkū'elua, nā hīkū, ka mahina, no ka nui o nā puka.
• 'O ka ho'onui'ia'ana o ka manawa.
• 'A'ole makemake ka leka i ka ho'ololi'ana, e like me ka mea i ho'oponopono'ia e ka mea hana i ka wā o ka hana'ana.

Nā mea maika'i'ole:

• Ho'ohālikelike'ia me katadioptrikami a me nā ho'olālā, loa'a ka pi'i aku i'oi aku ke kumu kū'ai ma kēlā me kēia ana o ke ana o ka maka.
• Ho'opau'ia ka palena palena palena o ka mea āpau e ke kumukū'ai a me ke kīkē.
• Ma muli o nā palena o ka puka, hiki i nā mea ho'ohālikelike ke kūpono'ole i ka nānā'ana i nā mea lō'ihi a mamao.

Nā hō'ike lelescopes hō'ole

'O ke kelepona ho'ākāka'o ia ke'ōkuhi opio, kahi i hana'ia ai ka hana o kahi leki uila i ke aniani. 'O ke aniani nui ke kaha li'ili'i (spherical) a i'ole nui (pōhā).

Nā mea nui:

• Ke ho'ohālikelike'ia me ka katadioptrikami a me nā mea hō'ailona,'o ke kumukū'ai o ke anawaena o ke aniani ke emi iho.
• Ho'ohālikelike a kūpono no ka lawe'ana.
• Aie i ka puka kŘpa a nui, he nui e hana ana i nā loina o ka mamao a me ka maule mea: hoku huhui waina a lākou, nebulae, galaxies.
• No chromatic aberration. Pi'i nā ki'i, me ka li'ili'i'u'uku

Nā mea maika'i'ole:

• Ke ho'onui'ia ka ho'onui'ana i ka manawa, no ke aniani kilokilo nui.
• Ho'okaumaha'ia ke ki'i ma muli o ka puka waho, me ka pale'ole i ka ea wela a me ka lepo.
• I kēlā a me kēia manawa, pono ke kau'ana o nā aniani, i hiki ke nalowale i ka hana a me ka halihali'ana paha.

'O ke aniani kilokilo, ai'ole ka catadioptric

'O ke kelepona catadioptric he mea kelepona kahi e ho'emi'ia ai nā'ano ho'ohālike ki'i like'ole me ka ho'ohana'ana i nā aniani i loko o ia mau mea me ka ho'oponopono'ana i nā lelo. Ma muli o ka'ike'ana o ka mālamalama i loko o ka pahu i nā manawa he nui, hiki ke lō'ihi ke nānā'ana. Hiki i kekahi mau ki'i ke ki'i i kahi ki'i. Inā ho'ohana mākou i ka lelescope catadioptric no kēia kumuhana,'o nā ki'i ke'ano maika'i loa.

Nā mea nui:

• Ka ho'oponopono'ana i nā ho'oha'aha'a ki'eki'e ki'eki'e.
• He mea nui no ka nānā'ana i nā mea li'ili'i, e like me ka Moon, a ma hope o nā mea ma kahi lō'ihi.
• Ho'opili'ia ke kīpili i ka lepo a me nā'auwa'a wela.
• Ho'ohālikelike'ia me nā ho'ohālikelike a me nā mea ho'ohālike me ka puka ho'okahi, e mau ana ka mea nui loa.
• I ka ho'ohālikelike'ana me ka mea pale, ua emi loa ka uku o nā'āpana nui.

Nā mea maika'i'ole:

• 'O ka lō'ihi o ka ho'onui'ana.
• 'Oi aku ka nui o ka puka like'ana me ka mana'o o nā reflectors.
• Ua pa'akikī ke ala o ke alakau ma muli o ka pa'akikī o ka ho'olālā.

Nā lepepona i kēia manawa

E hele mai i ka lōʻihi ala (e hoʻomaka ana me ka telescope o ka XVII kenekulia a me ka pau 'akomi makahiki he kanaka nunui), ua weheʻia ka telescope nunui manawa e noiʻi i ka lani ka po. Akā, he nui nā kumu e pale ai i kekahi,'o ka pūnaewele ikaika loa i ka honua, mai ka hana'ana i ka noi'i. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke komo i ka hopena a me ke kuhupapa'u, a me nā kapua'i kapu. He kūlana nui ka ho'olālā kikowaena ma kēia kūlana, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka'ōnika, ma nā kūlana ho'olālā, ka ho'oku'u'ana i nā ki'i me ka ho'ohaunaele'ole. 'O kekahi o ia kūlana kahi Hubble Space Telescope. 'O nā ki'i i hana'ia e kāna mau'ike pono loa,'o ia nā mea mamao loa o ke ao holo'oko'a, i ho'one'e'ia e nā billiona mau kilomita, e hā'awi ana i nā astronomers e'ike i nā hōkū hou, nā hīkū a me nā'enela.