'O Pierce Charles Sanders - ka mea nāna i ho'okumu i ka papa mele a me nā ha'awina kumuhana: biography, mau hana nui

'O Pierce Charles Sanders he mea kilokilo'Amelika, he loea, he kālai'ike a he mea'epekema, a'o kekahi i kapa'ia ka "makuakāne o pragmatism." Ua ho'ona'auao'o ia i ka lā'au kālai'ike a ua hana'o ia ma ke'ano he hepekema no nā makahiki he 30. Ua mahalo'ia'o ia no kāna mau ha'awina nui i ka loea, ka makemakika, ka'ikepili a me nā'ōmoku. Eia nō ho'i, ua kaulana ka'enekema'Amelika i ka'ike'oiai'o ia e ho'okumu i nā mea nui o ka'ike kilokilo - pragmatism.

Hō'aia

'O Charles Pierce he mea'imikala i ka makemakika, nā'ikepili, ka'ikepili, a ma kekahi mau'ano o ka huli'ana o nā'enehana like'ole. Ua mana'o'o Pierce iā ia iho ma mua a he mea loea. Ua hana nui'o ia i kēia'ike. Me kēia, ua wehe'ia ka ala no nā mea hou a me nā hopena. Ua'ike'o ia i ka loea ma ke'ano he lālā kūikawā o nā kumuhana, a'o ka mea nāna i ho'okumu. Eia hou, ua wehewehe'o Charles Pearce i nā mana'o o ke kumu ho'owalewale, a me ka ho'opi'i'ana i ka makemakika a me ka ho'onāukiuki. I kēia manawa i ka makahiki 1886,'ike'o ia e hiki ke hana i nā hana ho'ohihi i nā ka'a ho'okele eletise. Ua ho'ohana'ia ka mana'o ho'okahi i nā makahiki he nui ma hope aku no ka ho'okumu'ana i nā kamepiula kamepiula.

He aha ka pragmatism?

'O ka Pragmatism kekahi mea'ike i'ike'ia ma ka United States of America i ka makahiki 1870. 'O nā mana'o Pragmatism i mana'o'ia he mea hana no ka wānana a ho'oholo'ana i nā pilikia a me nā hana, a hō'ole ho'i i ka mana'o o ka hana a kānaka e pili ana i nā mea like'ole me nā mea like'ole, e like me ka mea like me ka mana o nā'ike ki'eki'e ma ka hopena. Ke'ōlelo nei nā Pragmatists'o ka'oia'i'o wale nō ka mea e loa'a ai nā hopena a me nā hana maika'i. 'O ke mele o Charles Pierce e wehewehe ana i ka "holomua o ka honua",'oiai'o ka po'e akamai, nā mea maoli a me nā Thomists (nā mea e pili ana i nā Katolika) e pa'a i ka mana'o o ke "ao holo'oko'a". 'O ka pragmatism he'ikepili ia e kū'ē i nā ho'ā'o a pau e wehewehe i nā mea like'ole a pili hou i kekahi'oia'i'o o kekahi kuhikuhi i kahi ku'ikahi li'ili'i ma waena o nā po'e ma ke kula ma lalo o ka ho'okolokolo'ana.

He aha nā huaola?

'O Semiotics ke a'o'ia'ana o ke'ano o ka'ōnaehana hō'ailona. 'O kēia ka'ike'ana i nā hō'ailona o nā ka'ina semiotic, ka inoa, ka inoa, ka like, ka loiloi, ka'ōlelo, ka hīmeni, a me ka hō'ailona. Ke'ike nei kēia'enekema i ka noi'i'ana i nā hō'ailona a me nā hō'ailona o ke'ano o ka'ike. 'A'ohe like me ka' ōlelo 'ana, e a'o pū ana nā kumuhana pūnaewele i nā pūnaewele'ole o nā hō'ailona.

Nā Semiticics o Professor Charles S. Pierce

Ke ho'omaopopo nei nā seminics o Charles Pierce i kekahi mau mana'o nui (nā mana'o o nā hō'ailona, nā mana'o a me nā pilina pili). Ua maopopo iā ia'o kēia wahi o ka noi'i'ana he pono ho'okahi. No laila, ua ho'oholo'o Pierce i nā'ano like'ole o nā seminio, eia kona mahele'ana:

• Nā Hō'ailona: nā ki'i ki'i, i kahi mea nui a me ka kuhikuhi'ana i kahi mea ho'okahi. Eia kekahi la'ana, hiki iā'oe ke lawe i kahi hō'ailona hō'ailona "me ke akahele: nā keiki", e hō'ike ana i nā keiki holomua. Hō'ike kēia ala ala i ka emi'ana o ka wikiwiki ma ke alanui a ua ho'okomo'ia ma kahi kokoke i nā kula ki'eki'e o ke kulanui, nā kula keikikāne, nā papa ha'uki'ōpio (ai'ole ka mea hana), a pēlā aku.
• Hō'ailona-hō'ailona:'ike'ia a kuhikuhi'ana i nā mea (a i'ole nā hana) pili i kekahi i kekahi me he mamao ma ka hola a i'ole kahi. Eia kekahi la'ana, hiki iā'oe ke kuhikuhi i nā hō'ailona o ke ala e hā'awi i ka'ike huaka'i e pili ana i ka inoa, ka alaka'i a me ka mamao i ke kauhale e hiki mai ana. Eia kekahi,'o nā hi'ohi'ona ki'i e hō'ike ana, e'ōlelo ana, e pale ana i ka makamaka - e nānā'ia he hō'ailona hō'ailona, no ka mea, aia ka ho'opuka'ana i ka pilina o ke kanaka (ma kēia hihia - huhū).
• Nā hō'ailona-hō'ailona:'o ka mea i hō'ike'ia a me ka hō'ailona o ka mea ho'okahi ma lalo o ke'ano o kahi'āpana (kahi mākou e kama'ilio nei e pili ana i kahi papahana mua). Eia ma ka la'ana, hiki iā'oe ke ho'ohana i ka hō'ailona alanui e hō'ike ana i ka hua'ōlelo'ekolu "ho'ohuli". 'O ke'ano o ka hō'ailona o ka hō'ailona he "ho'oku'u", akā,'a'ole pili kona inoa i ka hana ho'onani, no ka mea, he'ekolu kaukoki i ho'ohuli wale'ia. Ma lalo o ke'ano o ka prism, hiki ke hō'ailona'ia nā hō'ailona'āina, kahi i hō'ike'ia ai ka mea i hō'ike'ia no nā mea a pau. Hiki i nā hō'ailona nā hua'ōlelo a pau mai nā'ōlelo e hiki nei, akā,'o ka hua'ōlelo (e like me "crok," "meow", "grunt", "tarahtet" a me nā mea like) e hā'ule i loko o ka papa inoa o nā kumu.

Charles Pierce: Pilikanaka

Hānau'ia i ka lā 10 o Kepakemapa i ka makahiki 1839 ma Cambridge (Massachusetts) i loko o ka'ohana o ka mea kālai'ike kaulana'Amelika a me ka mea kilo kilokilo'o Benjamin Pearce. Ua alaka'i'o Charles i kahi ola nui loa: ua hō'ole nā mākua i ka a'o a a'o i kā lākou mau keiki no ka maka'u e pale aku i ko lākou ola pono'ī. Eia kekahi,'o ka ho'ona'auao a'o a me ka'ike o ka hale home, i'ike pinepine'ia e nā po'e ki'eki'e nui a me nā mea ko'iko'i nui,'a'ole i'ae iā Pierce e koho i kahi ala'ē a'e mai ka'epekema. Ma waena o nā mea ho'okipa he pinepine ka po'e mathematicians a me nā mea'epekema, nā po'e haku mele, nā loio, a me nā mea kālai'āina. Ma kēia wahi, ua mālama'o Charles Pierce i ka hō'olu'olu a me ka hoihoi.

'O Pierce ka lua o nā keiki'elima o ka'ohana. He'ehā mau kaikunāne i loa'a iā ia ke kuhikahi i ka pilikino a me nā kūlana ki'eki'e. Ua ukali'o James Mills Pierce i kona makuakāne i ke Kulanui'o Harvard, kahi i ho'omaka ai'o ia e a'o hohonu i ka makemakika.

'O kekahi kaikua'ana,'o Herbert Henry Pierce, he'oihana ko'iko'i ma ka'ike'ike'ike no nā mea'ē. 'O ke kaikaina,'o Benjamin Mills Pierce, ua a'o'o ia no ke'enekini a ua lanakila'o ia ma kēia māhele, akā ua make'o ia i ka'ōpiopio. 'O ke kauā o nā kaikunāne,'o Charles paha, ma muli nō ia o ka'ike nui a me ka mana o ko lākou makuakāne, a me ke'ano o ka'ike o ka'ike e pili puni iā lākou i nā manawa a pau.

Charles Pierce: nā puke, nā hana'epekema

'O ka kaulana a me ka kaulana o Pierce ke hilina'i nui nei i kāna huapalapala'enepekema i pa'i'ia ma nā puke pai'enekema'Amelika. Ua nānā hou'ia kāna mau hana ma ka "American Academy of Arts and Sciences", ma ka "National Academy of Sciences" i loko o ka puke pai no ka'ike no'ono'o'o ka'ōlelo Hawai'i i ka'ike. Ua māhele'ia nā hana'epekema o Charles Pierce Sanders ma ka makemakika a me nā'ikepili i'elua mau papa: i pa'i'ia i ka wā o ka ola a ma hope o ka make'ana.

Nā puke Pierce i kona wā e ola ana

• 'O ka puke "Photometric Research" i ka makahiki 1878. 'O 188-'ao'ao monograph e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana i nā'ano hi'ohi'ona o ke kilohōkū.
• 'O ka puke "Research in the field of logic at the Johns Hopkins Institute" 1883. Ke kolo'o nā hana'epekema o nā haumāna kula ki'eki'e a me nā kauka,'o Charles Pierce nō ho'i, ma ke'ano o ke loea.

'O ka pepa nui

Ua loa'a iā Harvard University kahi wahine mai ka Pier a wahine i nā palapala he nui ma hope o kona make (1914). Ma kona ke'ena i loa'a i kahi o 1650 mau hua'ōlelo i pa'i'ole'ia no ka 100,000 mau'ao'ao. 'O ka mo'olelo mua i kākau'ia no ko Pierce mau puke he puke nui loa ia i kapa'ia "Chance, Love and Logic: A Philosophical Essay." Ua hana hou'ia ka hana ma lalo o ka ho'oponopono a Morris Rafael Cohen i ka makahiki 1923. Ma hope mai, ua ho'omaka'ia nā mo'olelo'ē a'e, nona nā puke i 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994 a me 2009.

Ua ho'opuka mua'ia ka hapa nui o Pierce's manuscripts, akā aia kekahi mau kope i'ike'ole'ia e ka mālamalama no ka pono'ole o nā palapala.

• 1931-58: "Kā'ili'ana o nā mea i kākau'ia e Charles Pierce Sanders" i loko o 8 mau puke. Maanei ua hō'ili'ili'ia kāna mau hana a pau i ka wā mai 1860 a hiki i 1913. Eia na'e, ho'omaka ka hana'oi loa a huahua i ka makahiki 1893. I ka wā mua,'a'ole i ho'olālā'ia nā ki'i a ua'ano like'ole ka nui, no laila, no ka nānā pono'ana, pono ka lima o ka mea ho'oponopono. Mai ka mua a hiki i ke ono o ka buke, i ho'oponopono'ia e Charles Hartshorne, a'o ka hiku a'ewalu ho'i iā Arthur Burke.
• 1975-87: "Charles Sanders Pierce: Haawina i ka Nation" - 4 mau helu. 'O kēia koina e loa'a ana i 300 mau mana'o a me nā'ōlelo a Pierce, i ho'opuka'ia ma kona ola mai 1869 a hiki i 1908. Ua pa'i'ia ka hō'ili'ili o nā palapala'enekema ma lalo o ka ho'oponopono o Kenneth Lane Keener lāua'o James Edward Cook.
• 1976 - ke hō'ike nei: "Nānā Hou o ka Makemakika na Charles S. Pierce" - 5 volumes. Aia ma'ane'i e pa'i'ia'o Pierce ma ka'oihana makemakika loa. Luna Ho'olaha - Carolyn Eisele. 'A'ole i ka "ho'okō" ke kūlana o ka papahana.
• 1977 - i kēia manawa: "Ka pilina ma waena o CS Pearce a me Victoria Welby mai 1903 a 1912".
• 1982 - ke hō'ike nei: "Ka Mo'olelo o Charles S. Pierce - Hō'ike Hou". 'O ka ho'omaka mua'ana o ka papahana i 2010, akā ua ho'omau'ia ka hana i kēia lā. 'O ka mua i pa'i'ia he 6 mau puke e pili ana i ke ola o ka'epekema i ka manawa mai 1859 a hiki i 1889.
• 1985 - i kēia manawa: "Ka Mo'olelo no ka Pelekane Pelekane:'O ka Mō'aukala'Epekema" - 2 mau puke. Ua ho'oponopono'ia e Carolyn Eisele.
• 1992 - ke kau nei: "E no'ono'o i ke'ano o nā mea" - nā'ōlelo a'o a Professor Pierce no ka makahiki 1898. Ka Buke: Kenneth Lane Kinner me nā'ōlelo a Hilary Putnam.
• 1992-98: Pono Peirce - 2 helu. Nā mea nui o nā hana kālai'ike a Charles Pierce. Ho'oponopono'ia e Natana Hauser (1st volume) a me ke Keena Kelikiano (2nd volume).
• 1997 - ma kēia mau mea: "Pragmatism ma ke'ano he kumu a me ke'ano o ka no'ono'o pololei". 'O kahi'o Pierce i'ōlelo ai ma ke'ano mele ma ka University of Harvard ma ke'ano o kahi puke ho'ona'auao li'ili'i. Ka Buke: Patricia Anne o Tursi.
• 2010 - ke hō'ike nei: "Philosophy of Mathmatiques: Nā Hana i wae'ia". Loa'a,'a'ole i pa'i mua'ia ma kahi o ka hana a Pierce i ka makemakika. Ka Buke: Matthew Moore.

'O ka ha'awina a ka mea'epekema nui i ka'epekema

Ua hana'o S. S. Pierce he mau'ano o nā mea ho'ouluhua ma nā loiloi'oihana, ka pilikino ma mua. Eia nō ho'i,'o ka mea'epekema'Amelika ka mea nāna i ho'okumu i ka pragmatism a me nā kumuhana. Ua mahalo nui'ia ka hapa nui o kāna mau hana'epekema ma hope o kona make'ana. Ua make ka mea'epekema i ka lā 19 o'Apelila i ka makahiki 1914.