'O ka'ōnaehana ho'opihapiha o nā mammals: nā hi'ohi'ona o ka hanana

'O nā mea momona nā holoholona e hānai ana i kā lākou mau keiki me ka waiū. 'O lākou ka po'e i ho'onohonoho loa'ia. Excretory, reproductive, digestive, naehana hanu a me ka circulatory nenoaiie o mammals, ka loa luna '' ole e like me nā kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana naehana. Akā, pono e hā'awi i ka nānā kūikawā i ka ho'ohui'ana o ka'ōnaehana'ōpena.

Nutrition a me ka digestion

'O ka mea'ai'o ia kekahi o nā hō'ailona nui o nā meaola ola. 'O kēia ka'ina hana i loko o ka'ai'ana o nā mea i loko o ke kino, i ka loli'ana a me ka lawe'ia'ana o nā koena o ka mea'ai'ole. I loko o nā'ōpona kūikawā, e'ike'ia ka hō'ili'ili'ana - ka li'ili'i o nā mea'alapona pa'akikī (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) i mea ma'alahi hiki ke komo i loko o ke koko. No ke aha e ulu ai nā po'e biopolymers i loko o ko lākou mau māhele? 'O ka'oia'i'o, he nui loa kā lākou moleculo, a'a'ole hiki iā lākou ke komo mai ka pūnāwai i loko o ke koko. 'O ka'ōnaehana ho'omeheu o nā momona'a'ole ia he'oko'a. He nui nā hi'ohi'ona e ho'oka'awale iā lākou mai nā hua'ōlelo'ē a'e.

Ka ho'onohonoho'ana i nā'ōnaehana ho'omeheu o nā momona

'O kēia pūnaewele o nā'ano he'elua mau māhele:'o ke kahawai a me nā kēpau. I ka mōhai mua ua hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ka māhuaola e paka i loko o ke koko, a me kona koena unprocessed hele iwaho. 'O nā kōpena nūnū ke komo i nā māhele o lalo nei:'o ka waha o ka waha, ka pharynx, ka esophagus, ka'ōpū, ka'ōpū li'ili'i a me ka nui, e ho'opau ana i ka wehe'ana o ka wili. Ma o ia mea, ua wehe'ia nā koena koena. 'O nā'ano o ka ho'ohui'ana o ka'ōnaehana'ōpena o nā mea momona ma ke alo o kēnā. 'O kēia nā'āpana kūikawā i kahi e noho ai nā enzymes - nā mea ho'ohālikelike e ho'ohālikelike i ka hana o ka'ōpena biopolymer.

Nā'ano o ka hō'omi'ana i loko o ke aniani waha

'O nā'ōpena o ka'ōnaehana māmā o nā momona, a'o ke kaha paha, e ho'omaka me ka waha o ka waha. Ho'opili nā po'o a me nā lehelehe i kahi pae mua. Eia ma'ane'i'elua mau'ano kai lawelawe'ai. Ho'okumu'ia ka hana me ke kōkua'ana o nā niho a me nā'ōlelo'ē, nā kinakino - enzymes o ke āpau. Ma'ane'i, ua ho'oka'awale lākou i ho'okahi'ano mea lā'au - nā pahu'ale'a pa'akikī o polysaccharides i nā mea ma'alahi, monosaccharides.

'O ka'oko'a'ana o nā niho ma muli o ke'ano o ka mea'ai a me ke ala i lawe'ia ai. 'O nā mea pīpī ka mea nui i ho'olālā'ia,'o ka herbivores ke'ano o nā niho mola o ke'ano ho'olimalima,'a'ole lawa nā niho.

'O ka hō'ino'ana i ka'ōpū

Hiki i ka'ōpū o ka'ēheu ma loko o ka'ōpū - ka hapa nui loa o ke kahawai holo'oko'a. Ho'omaka ka hana'ana o kona mau ku'i kino a ua pilina ka mea'ai. Aia ma lalo nei ke kaulike lā'au. 'O ka pilikino a me ke kahe'ana o nā momona e pili pū ana. 'O ka wai'awa'awa ka ho'ohehe'e'ana i nā protein a me nā lipids i loko o nā monomers - nā māhele. Ma kēia'ano wale nō lākou e hā'ule i loko o ke koko.

'Ihi'ia i loko o ka'ōpū

Ho'omaka ka'ōnaehana'ōpiopio o nā momona i nā'ōpū: lahi a lahilahi. Mahele maika'i'ia i ka'ōpū o ka'ōpū i nā'āpana li'ili'i e komo i loko o kāna'oihana mua. Maanei he māhele hope a ho'omo'awa'ana o nā mea i loko o ke koko a me ka lymph. I ka mua o ka poe uuku a liʻiliʻi kapaia ka duodenum. Ho'opuka'o ia i nā papa o ka pancreas a me ka ate. 'O ka'ōpū nui ka hopena hope o ka pūnaha'alemu. Maanei, pa'a ka nui o ka wai a hana'ia nā feces, e ho'one'e'ia mai ka'āpana.

'O nā'ōpū nalu

'O ka'ōnaehana ho'opunipuni o nā momona ka mea i'ike'ia ma ke alo o nā po'a. 'O kēia nā'ano o nā'ano o nā enzymes. Ka moʻolelo lua He ekolu hui o salivary glands. Hā'alo lākou i ke kī'ole. I ka haku mele 'ana o ka tuha i ka wai, nā'ūhū amylase a me ka maltase a me ka mucus mucin. Ho'ohana lākou i kāna hana. Holoi ka wai i ka mea'ai, lysozyme e ho'opili i nā mea'anohu a ho'omaha i nā'eha, amylase a maltase kahe i nā'ōpona'ūpona, he hopena ka hopena.

'O ka ho'ohui'ana o ka wai'awa'awa he waikawa hydrochloric, kahi e ha'alele ai i ka hana hana a ho'oulu i ka hana ka'a. Additional waiwai nō nā'ūhū pepsin a me lipase, a i niioaaonoaaiii a pipili nā polokina, a lipids. 'O ka waiuma hydrochloric he mea ho'okūkū, hiki iā ia ke ho'oku'u i ka mucosa pa'alū. Hana'ia kēia hana e ka hopena (mucin).

'O ka pancreas e ho'opuka i ka wai'ona, i loko o nā enzymes o trypsin, lipase a me amylase. A laila e ho'ohiolo i nā mea āpau.

He nui ka hana o ke ake. Kuhi mau i ka bele. 'O ka loa'a'ana i ka'ōpū li'ili'i, ho'onāpala i ka momona. 'O ke kumu o kēia ka'ina hana'o ka'ānai'ia'ana o kēia po'e biopolymers i loko o nā li'ili'i li'ili'i. I loko o kēia'ano, ua wikiwiki wikiwiki lākou a ho'ohuli'ia e ke kino. Ke ho'ouka'ia'ana o nā enzymes, ka ho'onui'ana i ka'oihana ka'a o ka'ōpū, me ka ho'oku'u'ana i nā hana putrefactive - he hana pū kekahi no ke ake.

He aha nā enzymes?

I kēia manawa e pili ana i ke'ano a me ka hana o ka hana o nā enzymes. Ma ke'ano he ho'ohālikelike kino, ho'onui lākou i nā hopena. 'O ka'ōhula'ōpala o nā momona ka mea kahi kahua o ka hana wale nō o nā enzymes.

Nā'ano o ka mea'ai o nā mea hānai

'O kahi kinikona o nā mea'enekini o nā mea mai ka manawa o ke komo'ana i ke kino ma mua o ka ho'oholo'ia'ana i kapa'ia'o ke kūlike. He kūpono kēia no ka ulu'ana, ka ulu'ana a me ka moakāka o nā mea ola. Ua like nā'ano like'ole o nā mammals i nā mea like'ole i ka lawe'ana i ka mea'ai. Ho'opilikia ka po'e koho i nā holoholona palupalu. No kēia mea, ua niho maika'i lākou i nā niho,'o ia ho'i nā incisors a me nā canine. He nui nā'ano holoholona like'ole a me nā mea kolo. 'O nā mea maika'i loa, he mau holoholona lūlū. 'O kā lākou'ōnaehana ho'opunipuni nui loa. Hiki'ole nā'ōkuhi mai luna mai, ua pa'i'ia lākou e kekahi'ōpoki niho o nā niho, a ua ho'opili'ia nā'oki. 'O ke'ano o ka niho o ka niho e pono ai ke kāohi i ka mau'u - ke kāhili. 'O nā kupapa, nā bipi a me ka dia, he mau māka'ila ma'amau o kēia hui o nā holoholona. He'ehā mau lālā o ko lākou'ōpū. Ke kapa nei lākou i nā inoa o ka ma'ile, ka'upena, ka puke, a me ka abomasum. I loko o nā mea'ai'elua i'eli'ia i wāwahi'ia i loko o nā mea pa'a a me nā wai. Ho'opili ka pulu mai ka'ōpū i loko o ka waha a ua hou'ia. A laila mālama pono'ia ka'ai i ka hapakolu o ka 'Oihana - he puke, a mai laila aku - i loko o ka abomasum. Ma kēia māhele hope, ua waiho mua'ia i ka hana o ka wai'awa'awa a ua pa'a loa.

'O nā holoholona launa'ole, e like me nā pua'a hihiu, pua'a a me nā hippoa, loa'a kahi'ōpū li'ili'i āpau a me ka'ōnaehana ho'opuniha ma'amau.

No ka hopu'ana i ka mea'ai, ho'ohana kekahi mau mammama i nā lālā. No laila, hā'awi ka'ele i ka'ai i loko o ka waha me ke kōkua o kahi pahu. A'o nā'ōpiopio e'ai ana i ka'ekena, he leo a me ke elelo i ho'opalahalaha'ia i ke'ano o ke kāhili. Ho'olako'ia kekahi mea kūikawā no ka'ai. He nui nā'āpena rodents i kī i ka papalina pā'ani.

'O ka'ōnaehana ho'opunipuni o nā mea momona he pa'ahana ko'iko'i, nā'ano e hilina'i ana i ke'ano o ka mea'ai a me ka noho'ana o nā holoholona.